{"id":"https://openalex.org/W2208196199","doi":null,"title":"Language-Independent Ensemble Approaches to Metaphor Identification","display_name":"Language-Independent Ensemble Approaches to Metaphor Identification","publication_year":2014,"publication_date":"2014-01-01","ids":{"openalex":"https://openalex.org/W2208196199","mag":"2208196199"},"language":"en","primary_location":{"id":"pmh:oai:ir.canterbury.ac.nz:10092/17138","doi":null,"is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"http://hdl.handle.net/10092/17138","pdf_url":"http://hdl.handle.net/10092/17138","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4377196357","display_name":"UC Research Repository  (University of Canterbury)","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"listed_in":[],"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/I185492890","host_organization_name":"University of Canterbury","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/I185492890"],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":null,"raw_type":"Conference Contributions - Published"},"volume":null,"type":"conference-paper","is_traditional":true,"indexed_in":[],"open_access":{"is_oa":true,"oa_status":"green","oa_url":"http://hdl.handle.net/10092/17138","any_repository_has_fulltext":true},"authorships":[{"author_position":"first","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5063420865","display_name":"Jonathan Dunn","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-1189-1908","observed_orcids":["https://orcid.org/0000-0002-1189-1908"]},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I180949307","display_name":"Illinois Institute of Technology","ror":"https://ror.org/037t3ry66","country_code":"US","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I180949307"]}],"countries":["US"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Dunn J","raw_affiliation_strings":["Illinois Institute of Technology , Chicago , IL","Illinois Institute of technology"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Illinois Institute of Technology , Chicago , IL","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I180949307"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"Illinois Institute of technology","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I180949307"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5052031217","display_name":"Jon Beitran De Heredia","orcid":null,"observed_orcids":[]},"institutions":[],"countries":[],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Beltran de Heredia J","raw_affiliation_strings":["Behavioral Media Networks , Greenwich , CT","Behavioral Media Networks"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Behavioral Media Networks , Greenwich , CT","institution_ids":[]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"Behavioral Media Networks","institution_ids":[]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5006345472","display_name":"Maura I. Burke","orcid":null,"observed_orcids":[]},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I180949307","display_name":"Illinois Institute of Technology","ror":"https://ror.org/037t3ry66","country_code":"US","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I180949307"]}],"countries":["US"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Burke M","raw_affiliation_strings":["Illinois Institute of Technology , Chicago , IL","Illinois Institute of technology"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Illinois Institute of Technology , Chicago , IL","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I180949307"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"Illinois Institute of technology","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I180949307"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5062217711","display_name":"Lisa M. Gandy","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-6487-8064","observed_orcids":["https://orcid.org/0000-0001-6487-8064"]},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I1629065","display_name":"Central Michigan University","ror":"https://ror.org/02xawj266","country_code":"US","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I1629065"]}],"countries":["US"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Gandy L","raw_affiliation_strings":["Central Michigan University , Mt. Pleasant , MI","CENTRAL MICHIGAN UNIVERSITY"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Central Michigan University , Mt. Pleasant , MI","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I1629065"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"CENTRAL MICHIGAN UNIVERSITY","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I1629065"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5085054440","display_name":"Sergey Kanareykin","orcid":null,"observed_orcids":[]},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I4210120380","display_name":"Howard Brain Sciences Foundation","ror":"https://ror.org/02r89bf73","country_code":"US","type":"nonprofit","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I4210120380"]}],"countries":["US"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Kanareykin S","raw_affiliation_strings":["Brain Sciences Foundation , Providence , RI","Brain Sciences Foundation"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Brain Sciences Foundation , Providence , RI","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I4210120380"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"Brain Sciences Foundation","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I4210120380"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5080380227","display_name":"Oren Kapah","orcid":null,"observed_orcids":[]},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I13955877","display_name":"Bar-Ilan University","ror":"https://ror.org/03kgsv495","country_code":"IL","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I13955877"]}],"countries":["IL"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Kapah O","raw_affiliation_strings":["Bar Ilan University , Ramat Gan , Israel","Bar-Ilan University"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Bar Ilan University , Ramat Gan , Israel","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I13955877"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"Bar-Ilan University","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I13955877"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5070914351","display_name":"Matthew Edmund Taylor","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-8946-0211","observed_orcids":["https://orcid.org/0000-0001-8946-0211"]},"institutions":[],"countries":[],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Taylor M","raw_affiliation_strings":["Behavioral Media Networks , Greenwich , CT","Behavioral Media Networks"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Behavioral Media Networks , Greenwich , CT","institution_ids":[]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"Behavioral Media Networks","institution_ids":[]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5086823588","display_name":"Dell Hines","orcid":null,"observed_orcids":[]},"institutions":[],"countries":[],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Hines D","raw_affiliation_strings":["Behavioral Media Networks , Greenwich , CT","Behavioral Media Networks"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Behavioral Media Networks , Greenwich , CT","institution_ids":[]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"Behavioral Media Networks","institution_ids":[]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5110275365","display_name":"Ophir Frieder","orcid":null,"observed_orcids":[]},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I184565670","display_name":"Georgetown University","ror":"https://ror.org/05vzafd60","country_code":"US","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I184565670"]}],"countries":["US"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Frieder O","raw_affiliation_strings":["Georgetown University , Washington , DC","Georgetown University"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Georgetown University , Washington , DC","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I184565670"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"Georgetown University","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I184565670"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5109839968","display_name":"David A. Grossman","orcid":null,"observed_orcids":[]},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I184565670","display_name":"Georgetown University","ror":"https://ror.org/05vzafd60","country_code":"US","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I184565670"]}],"countries":["US"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Grossman D","raw_affiliation_strings":["Georgetown University , Washington , DC","Georgetown University"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Georgetown University , Washington , DC","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I184565670"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"Georgetown University","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I184565670"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5042535938","display_name":"Newton Howard","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-8503-3973","observed_orcids":["https://orcid.org/0000-0002-8503-3973"]},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I63966007","display_name":"Massachusetts Institute of Technology","ror":"https://ror.org/042nb2s44","country_code":"US","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I63966007"]}],"countries":["US"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Howard N","raw_affiliation_strings":["Massachusetts Institute of Technology , Cambridge , MA","Massachusetts Institute Of Technology#TAB#"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Massachusetts Institute of Technology , Cambridge , MA","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I63966007"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"Massachusetts Institute Of Technology#TAB#","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I63966007"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5019908505","display_name":"Moshe Koppel","orcid":null,"observed_orcids":[]},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I13955877","display_name":"Bar-Ilan University","ror":"https://ror.org/03kgsv495","country_code":"IL","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I13955877"]}],"countries":["IL"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Koppel M","raw_affiliation_strings":["Bar Ilan University , Ramat Gan , Israel","Bar-Ilan University"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Bar Ilan University , Ramat Gan , Israel","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I13955877"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"Bar-Ilan University","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I13955877"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5077351145","display_name":"Scott B. Morris","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-5362-5202","observed_orcids":["https://orcid.org/0000-0002-5362-5202"]},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I180949307","display_name":"Illinois Institute of Technology","ror":"https://ror.org/037t3ry66","country_code":"US","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I180949307"]}],"countries":["US"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Morris S","raw_affiliation_strings":["Illinois Institute of Technology , Chicago , IL","Illinois Institute of technology"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Illinois Institute of Technology , Chicago , IL","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I180949307"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"Illinois Institute of technology","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I180949307"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5076832667","display_name":"Andrew Ortony","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-9674-8800","observed_orcids":["https://orcid.org/0000-0002-9674-8800"]},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I111979921","display_name":"Northwestern University","ror":"https://ror.org/000e0be47","country_code":"US","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I111979921"]}],"countries":["US"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Ortony A","raw_affiliation_strings":["Northwestern University , Evanston , IL","Northwestern University"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Northwestern University , Evanston , IL","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I111979921"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"Northwestern University","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I111979921"]}]},{"author_position":"last","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5013934685","display_name":"Shlomo Argamon","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-8699-324X","observed_orcids":["https://orcid.org/0000-0001-8699-324X"]},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I180949307","display_name":"Illinois Institute of Technology","ror":"https://ror.org/037t3ry66","country_code":"US","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I180949307"]}],"countries":["US"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Argamon S","raw_affiliation_strings":["Illinois Institute of Technology , Chicago , IL","Illinois Institute of technology"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Illinois Institute of Technology , Chicago , IL","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I180949307"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"Illinois Institute of technology","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I180949307"]}]}],"institutions":[],"countries_distinct_count":2,"institutions_distinct_count":7,"corresponding_author_ids":[],"corresponding_institution_ids":[],"apc_list":null,"apc_paid":null,"fwci":0.581,"has_fulltext":true,"cited_by_count":9,"citation_normalized_percentile":{"value":0.66639073,"is_in_top_1_percent":false,"is_in_top_10_percent":false},"cited_by_percentile_year":{"min":88,"max":97},"biblio":{"volume":null,"issue":null,"first_page":null,"last_page":null},"is_retracted":false,"is_paratext":false,"is_xpac":false,"primary_topic":{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10181","display_name":"Natural Language Processing Techniques","score":0.9678000211715698,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1702","display_name":"Artificial Intelligence"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},"topics":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10181","display_name":"Natural Language Processing Techniques","score":0.9678000211715698,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1702","display_name":"Artificial Intelligence"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10028","display_name":"Topic Modeling","score":0.02250000089406967,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1702","display_name":"Artificial Intelligence"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11148","display_name":"Language, Metaphor, and Cognition","score":0.005499999970197678,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/3310","display_name":"Linguistics and Language"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/33","display_name":"Social Sciences"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/2","display_name":"Social Sciences"}}],"keywords":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/metaphor-identification","display_name":"metaphor identification","score":0.9940000176429749},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/ensemble-learning","display_name":"ensemble learning","score":0.6949999928474426},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/cross-lingual-transfer","display_name":"cross-lingual transfer","score":0.8320000171661377},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/natural-language-understanding","display_name":"natural language understanding","score":0.9150000214576721}],"concepts":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/C41008148","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q21198","display_name":"Computer science","level":0,"score":0.855301558971405},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2778311575","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q18534","display_name":"Metaphor","level":2,"score":0.8078268766403198},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C116834253","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2039217","display_name":"Identification (biology)","level":2,"score":0.6955389976501465},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C204321447","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q30642","display_name":"Natural language processing","level":1,"score":0.6252193450927734},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C154945302","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11660","display_name":"Artificial intelligence","level":1,"score":0.6153772473335266},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C195324797","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q33742","display_name":"Natural language","level":2,"score":0.5727080702781677},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2780876879","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q3054749","display_name":"Meaning (existential)","level":2,"score":0.5674984455108643},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C129792486","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1050419","display_name":"Language identification","level":3,"score":0.5339322090148926},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C123657996","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q12271","display_name":"Architecture","level":2,"score":0.48889079689979553},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2779439875","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1078276","display_name":"Natural language understanding","level":3,"score":0.4310232698917389},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C184337299","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1437428","display_name":"Semantics (computer science)","level":2,"score":0.4231227934360504},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C41895202","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q8162","display_name":"Linguistics","level":1,"score":0.298602819442749},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C199360897","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q9143","display_name":"Programming language","level":1,"score":0.13711276650428772},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C15744967","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q9418","display_name":"Psychology","level":0,"score":0.0607873797416687},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C542102704","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q183257","display_name":"Psychotherapist","level":1,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C138885662","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q5891","display_name":"Philosophy","level":0,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C86803240","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q420","display_name":"Biology","level":0,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C142362112","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q735","display_name":"Art","level":0,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C59822182","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q441","display_name":"Botany","level":1,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C153349607","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q36649","display_name":"Visual arts","level":1,"score":0.0}],"mesh":[],"locations_count":2,"locations":[{"id":"pmh:oai:ir.canterbury.ac.nz:10092/17138","doi":null,"is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"http://hdl.handle.net/10092/17138","pdf_url":"http://hdl.handle.net/10092/17138","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4377196357","display_name":"UC Research Repository  (University of Canterbury)","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"listed_in":[],"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/I185492890","host_organization_name":"University of Canterbury","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/I185492890"],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":null,"raw_type":"Conference Contributions - Published"},{"id":"pmh:oai:touroscholar.touro.edu:president_pubs-1305","doi":null,"is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://touroscholar.touro.edu/president_pubs/305","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4377196437","display_name":"Touro Scholar (Touro College)","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"listed_in":[],"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/I200437953","host_organization_name":"Touro College","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/I200437953"],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":"Office of the President Publications and Research","raw_type":"conference"}],"best_oa_location":{"id":"pmh:oai:ir.canterbury.ac.nz:10092/17138","doi":null,"is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"http://hdl.handle.net/10092/17138","pdf_url":"http://hdl.handle.net/10092/17138","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4377196357","display_name":"UC Research Repository  (University of Canterbury)","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"listed_in":[],"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/I185492890","host_organization_name":"University of Canterbury","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/I185492890"],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":null,"raw_type":"Conference Contributions - Published"},"sustainable_development_goals":[],"study_designs":[],"awards":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/G5259331294","display_name":null,"funder_award_id":"W911NF","funder_id":"https://openalex.org/F4320338295","funder_display_name":"Army Research Laboratory"}],"funders":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/F4320306078","display_name":"U.S. Department of Defense","ror":"https://ror.org/0447fe631"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/F4320333051","display_name":"Intelligence Advanced Research Projects Activity","ror":"https://ror.org/01v3fsc55"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/F4320338295","display_name":"Army Research Laboratory","ror":"https://ror.org/011hc8f90"}],"has_content":{"pdf":true,"grobid_xml":true},"content_urls":{"pdf":"https://content.openalex.org/works/W2208196199.pdf","grobid_xml":"https://content.openalex.org/works/W2208196199.grobid-xml"},"referenced_works_count":24,"referenced_works":["https://openalex.org/W19387893","https://openalex.org/W53259157","https://openalex.org/W773678586","https://openalex.org/W1570068362","https://openalex.org/W1968060331","https://openalex.org/W1996908104","https://openalex.org/W2011019567","https://openalex.org/W2017433125","https://openalex.org/W2024754409","https://openalex.org/W2050797400","https://openalex.org/W2052417512","https://openalex.org/W2098520883","https://openalex.org/W2109057934","https://openalex.org/W2116394855","https://openalex.org/W2119152510","https://openalex.org/W2126530744","https://openalex.org/W2129052887","https://openalex.org/W2155067589","https://openalex.org/W2250456113","https://openalex.org/W2251003138","https://openalex.org/W2251034864","https://openalex.org/W2252128138","https://openalex.org/W2252218513","https://openalex.org/W2397081152"],"related_works":["https://openalex.org/W7062651694","https://openalex.org/W2109057934","https://openalex.org/W2251003138","https://openalex.org/W2753027563","https://openalex.org/W7097523845","https://openalex.org/W2397081152","https://openalex.org/W7099803537","https://openalex.org/W1640287562","https://openalex.org/W2170376505","https://openalex.org/W2798651446"],"abstract_inverted_index":{"True":[0],"natural":[1,82],"language":[2,83],"understanding":[3],"requires":[4],"the":[5,26,56],"ability":[6],"to":[7,52,77],"identify":[8],"and":[9,63,96,123],"understand":[10],"metaphorical":[11],"utterances,":[12],"which":[13],"are":[14,112],"ubiquitous":[15],"in":[16,31,81,94],"human":[17],"communication":[18],"of":[19,28,58,105],"all":[20],"kinds.":[21],"At":[22],"present,":[23],"however,":[24],"even":[25],"problem":[27],"identifying":[29,78],"metaphors":[30,80],"arbitrary":[32],"text":[33],"is":[34],"very":[35],"much":[36],"an":[37],"unsolved":[38],"problem,":[39],"let":[40],"alone":[41],"analyzing":[42],"their":[43,98],"meaning.":[44],"Furthermore,":[45],"no":[46],"current":[47],"methods":[48,130],"can":[49],"be":[50],"transferred":[51],"new":[53,73,106,115],"languages":[54,122],"without":[55],"development":[57],"extensive":[59],"language-specific":[60],"knowledge":[61],"bases":[62],"similar":[64],"semantic":[65],"resources.":[66],"In":[67],"this":[68,132],"paper,":[69],"we":[70],"present":[71],"a":[72,125],"languageindependent":[74],"ensemble-based":[75],"approach":[76,116],"linguistic":[79],"text.":[84],"The":[85,100],"system\u2019s":[86],"architecture":[87,101],"runs":[88],"multiple":[89,121],"corpus-based":[90],"metaphor":[91,107],"identification":[92,108],"algorithms":[93],"parallel":[95],"combines":[97],"results.":[99],"allows":[102],"easy":[103],"integration":[104],"schemes":[109],"as":[110],"they":[111],"developed.":[113],"This":[114],"achieves":[117],"state-of-the-art":[118],"results":[119],"over":[120,128],"represents":[124],"significant":[126],"improvement":[127],"existing":[129],"for":[131],"problem.":[133]},"counts_by_year":[{"year":2021,"cited_by_count":2},{"year":2020,"cited_by_count":1},{"year":2018,"cited_by_count":3},{"year":2016,"cited_by_count":1},{"year":2015,"cited_by_count":1},{"year":2014,"cited_by_count":1}],"updated_date":"2026-11-08T12:12:28.789561","created_date":"2016-06-24T00:00:00"}
