{"id":"https://openalex.org/W2205282852","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1666/0022-3360(2004)078<0031:soerat>2.0.co;2","title":"Simulations of evolutionary radiations and their application to understanding the probability of a Cambrian explosion","display_name":"Simulations of evolutionary radiations and their application to understanding the probability of a Cambrian explosion","publication_year":2004,"publication_date":"2004-01-01","ids":{"openalex":"https://openalex.org/W2205282852","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1666/0022-3360(2004)078<0031:soerat>2.0.co;2","mag":"2205282852"},"language":"en","primary_location":{"id":"doi:10.1666/0022-3360(2004)078<0031:soerat>2.0.co;2","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1666/0022-3360(2004)078<0031:soerat>2.0.co;2","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1666/0022-3360(2004)078<0031:soerat>2.0.co;2","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S143791635","display_name":"Journal of Paleontology","issn_l":"0022-3360","issn":["0022-3360","1937-2337"],"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":true,"listed_in":["cwts-core","dongbi-c","jufo-1","norway-1","poland-70","russia-white-list-2"],"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310311721","host_organization_name":"Cambridge University Press","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310311721","https://openalex.org/P4310311702"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Cambridge University Press","University of Cambridge"],"type":"journal"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Journal of Paleontology","raw_type":"journal-article"},"volume":null,"type":"article","indexed_in":["crossref"],"open_access":{"is_oa":false,"oa_status":"closed","oa_url":null,"any_repository_has_fulltext":false},"authorships":[{"author_position":"first","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5080961086","display_name":"Jeffrey S. Levinton","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-7149-224X","observed_orcids":["https://orcid.org/0000-0001-7149-224X"]},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I59553526","display_name":"Stony Brook University","ror":"https://ror.org/05qghxh33","country_code":"US","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I59553526"]}],"countries":["US"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Jeffrey Levinton","raw_affiliation_strings":["1Dept. of Ecology and Evolution, State University of New York, Stony Brook 11794"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"1Dept. of Ecology and Evolution, State University of New York, Stony Brook 11794","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I59553526"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5048148887","display_name":"Lindsey Dubb","orcid":null,"observed_orcids":[]},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I201448701","display_name":"University of Washington","ror":"https://ror.org/00cvxb145","country_code":"US","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I201448701"]}],"countries":["US"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Lindsey Dubb","raw_affiliation_strings":["2Dept. of Genome Sciences, University of Washington, Seattle 98195"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"2Dept. of Genome Sciences, University of Washington, Seattle 98195","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I201448701"]}]},{"author_position":"last","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5081032810","display_name":"Gregory A. Wray","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-5634-5081","observed_orcids":["https://orcid.org/0000-0001-5634-5081"]},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I170897317","display_name":"Duke University","ror":"https://ror.org/00py81415","country_code":"US","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I170897317"]}],"countries":["US"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Gregory A. Wray","raw_affiliation_strings":["3Dept. of Biology, Duke University, Durham, North Carolina 27708"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"3Dept. of Biology, Duke University, Durham, North Carolina 27708","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I170897317"]}]}],"institutions":[],"countries_distinct_count":1,"institutions_distinct_count":3,"corresponding_author_ids":[],"corresponding_institution_ids":[],"apc_list":{"value":3550,"currency":"USD","value_usd":3550},"apc_paid":null,"fwci":1.5213,"has_fulltext":false,"cited_by_count":15,"citation_normalized_percentile":{"value":0.83158661,"is_in_top_1_percent":false,"is_in_top_10_percent":false},"cited_by_percentile_year":{"min":89,"max":96},"biblio":{"volume":"78","issue":"1","first_page":"31","last_page":"38"},"is_retracted":false,"is_paratext":false,"is_xpac":false,"primary_topic":{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11354","display_name":"Evolution and Paleontology Studies","score":0.8184000253677368,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1911","display_name":"Paleontology"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/19","display_name":"Earth and Planetary Sciences"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},"topics":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11354","display_name":"Evolution and Paleontology Studies","score":0.8184000253677368,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1911","display_name":"Paleontology"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/19","display_name":"Earth and Planetary Sciences"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10015","display_name":"Genomics and Phylogenetic Studies","score":0.11479999870061874,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1312","display_name":"Molecular Biology"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/13","display_name":"Biochemistry, Genetics and Molecular Biology"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/1","display_name":"Life Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11764","display_name":"Evolution and Genetic Dynamics","score":0.014100000262260437,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1311","display_name":"Genetics"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/13","display_name":"Biochemistry, Genetics and Molecular Biology"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/1","display_name":"Life Sciences"}}],"keywords":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/cambrian-explosion","display_name":"Cambrian explosion","score":0.9869999885559082},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/evolutionary-radiation","display_name":"evolutionary radiation","score":0.7630000114440918},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/animal-phylogeny","display_name":"animal phylogeny","score":0.7770000100135803},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/divergence-time-estimation","display_name":"divergence time estimation","score":0.7760000228881836},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/molecular-clock","display_name":"molecular clock","score":0.800000011920929},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/substitution-rate","display_name":"substitution rate","score":0.5099999904632568},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/phylogenetic-reconstruction","display_name":"phylogenetic inference","score":0.5870000123977661},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/fossil-record","display_name":"fossil record","score":0.37599998712539673}],"concepts":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/C196662502","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q827541","display_name":"Molecular clock","level":4,"score":0.8676018714904785},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C91066513","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q38348","display_name":"Phylum","level":3,"score":0.7835546731948853},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C207390915","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1230525","display_name":"Divergence (linguistics)","level":2,"score":0.7644919157028198},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C193252679","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q242125","display_name":"Phylogenetic tree","level":3,"score":0.7381514310836792},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C151730666","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7205","display_name":"Paleontology","level":1,"score":0.6099106073379517},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2778112365","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q3511065","display_name":"Sequence (biology)","level":2,"score":0.5468400120735168},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C86803240","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q420","display_name":"Biology","level":0,"score":0.5295131206512451},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C90132467","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q171184","display_name":"Phylogenetics","level":3,"score":0.5053799748420715},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2776110070","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2455930","display_name":"Fossil Record","level":2,"score":0.4806869924068451},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C78458016","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q840400","display_name":"Evolutionary biology","level":1,"score":0.4558691680431366},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C49781872","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1045555","display_name":"Maximum likelihood","level":2,"score":0.41518688201904297},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C105795698","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q12483","display_name":"Statistics","level":1,"score":0.20822060108184814},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C33923547","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q395","display_name":"Mathematics","level":0,"score":0.14246731996536255},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C104317684","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7187","display_name":"Gene","level":2,"score":0.12902241945266724},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C138885662","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q5891","display_name":"Philosophy","level":0,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C55493867","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7094","display_name":"Biochemistry","level":1,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C523546767","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q10876","display_name":"Bacteria","level":2,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C41895202","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q8162","display_name":"Linguistics","level":1,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C54355233","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7162","display_name":"Genetics","level":1,"score":0.0}],"mesh":[],"locations_count":3,"locations":[{"id":"doi:10.1666/0022-3360(2004)078<0031:soerat>2.0.co;2","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1666/0022-3360(2004)078<0031:soerat>2.0.co;2","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1666/0022-3360(2004)078<0031:soerat>2.0.co;2","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S143791635","display_name":"Journal of Paleontology","issn_l":"0022-3360","issn":["0022-3360","1937-2337"],"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":true,"listed_in":["cwts-core","dongbi-c","jufo-1","norway-1","poland-70","russia-white-list-2"],"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310311721","host_organization_name":"Cambridge University Press","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310311721","https://openalex.org/P4310311702"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Cambridge University Press","University of Cambridge"],"type":"journal"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Journal of Paleontology","raw_type":"journal-article"},{"id":"pmh:oai:CiteSeerX.psu:10.1.1.128.6220","doi":null,"is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"http://citeseerx.ist.psu.edu/viewdoc/summary?doi=10.1.1.128.6220","pdf_url":null,"source":null,"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":"http://jpaleontol.geoscienceworld.org/cgi/reprint/78/1/31.pdf","raw_type":"text"},{"id":"pmh:10.1666/0022-3360(2004)078&lt;0031:SOERAT&gt;2.0.CO;2","doi":null,"is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"http://www.bioone.org/doi/10.1666/0022-3360%282004%29078%3C0031%3ASOERAT%3E2.0.CO%3B2","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306402358","display_name":"BioOne Complete (BioOne)","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"listed_in":[],"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/I4210111627","host_organization_name":"BioOne","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/I4210111627"],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":"","raw_type":"text"}],"best_oa_location":null,"sustainable_development_goals":[],"study_designs":[],"awards":[],"funders":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/F4320306076","display_name":"National Science Foundation","ror":"https://ror.org/021nxhr62"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/F4320332167","display_name":"Directorate for Biological Sciences","ror":"https://ror.org/001xhss06"}],"has_content":{"pdf":false,"grobid_xml":false},"content_urls":null,"referenced_works_count":44,"referenced_works":["https://openalex.org/W1546639740","https://openalex.org/W1645338881","https://openalex.org/W1823752939","https://openalex.org/W1844951369","https://openalex.org/W1867732144","https://openalex.org/W1965459312","https://openalex.org/W1966233419","https://openalex.org/W1966972227","https://openalex.org/W1971273325","https://openalex.org/W1975060999","https://openalex.org/W1977998408","https://openalex.org/W1978854233","https://openalex.org/W1980021432","https://openalex.org/W1998342476","https://openalex.org/W2001699478","https://openalex.org/W2012533128","https://openalex.org/W2019740635","https://openalex.org/W2026369482","https://openalex.org/W2029482176","https://openalex.org/W2032227091","https://openalex.org/W2035062425","https://openalex.org/W2041269035","https://openalex.org/W2067110477","https://openalex.org/W2080974066","https://openalex.org/W2090493969","https://openalex.org/W2097706568","https://openalex.org/W2102424972","https://openalex.org/W2105111820","https://openalex.org/W2117161372","https://openalex.org/W2124179485","https://openalex.org/W2126267818","https://openalex.org/W2142958371","https://openalex.org/W2146480768","https://openalex.org/W2147660889","https://openalex.org/W2148560957","https://openalex.org/W2154284350","https://openalex.org/W2164314101","https://openalex.org/W2228514778","https://openalex.org/W2321881403","https://openalex.org/W2405108430","https://openalex.org/W2409906896","https://openalex.org/W2885503280","https://openalex.org/W3199943451","https://openalex.org/W4233359534"],"related_works":["https://openalex.org/W1823752939","https://openalex.org/W2144647966","https://openalex.org/W2234931872","https://openalex.org/W2160354623","https://openalex.org/W2009796368","https://openalex.org/W2082012455","https://openalex.org/W2040624061","https://openalex.org/W7100794064","https://openalex.org/W2067110477","https://openalex.org/W7096263872"],"abstract_inverted_index":{"A":[0],"molecular":[1,67,73],"survey":[2],"of":[3,16,26,28,37,46,55,65,87,92,99,107,117,152,190,198],"animal":[4,200],"phylogeny":[5],"(Wray":[6],"et":[7],"al.,":[8],"1996)":[9],"recovered":[10,43],"the":[11,17,35,47,61,66,77,114,118,162,166,174,179,182,188,199,206],"presumed":[12],"correct":[13,119,170],"temporal":[14],"order":[15,40],"phylogenetic":[18,97],"splits":[19],"Protostomata-Deuterostomata,":[20],"Echinodermata-Chordata,":[21],"and":[22,72,96],"Agnatha-Gnathostomata":[23],"in":[24,51,129],"studies":[25],"six":[27],"seven":[29],"gene":[30],"sequences.":[31],"This":[32],"result":[33],"raised":[34],"question":[36],"how":[38],"this":[39],"could":[41],"be":[42],"if":[44],"all":[45],"phyla":[48],"had":[49],"appeared":[50],"a":[52,103,133],"Cambrian":[53,134,193],"\u201cexplosion\u201d":[54],"less":[56],"than":[57],"10":[58],"m.y.,":[59],"given":[60],"expected":[62],"erratic":[63],"nature":[64],"\u201cclock.\u201d":[68],"We":[69],"simulated":[70,104],"trees,":[71,78],"sequence":[74],"evolution":[75],"along":[76],"under":[79,132],"different":[80,85],"evolutionary":[81],"radiation":[82,164],"scenarios,":[83],"with":[84],"periods":[86],"radiation,":[88],"relative":[89],"to":[90,168,211],"times":[91,178],"subsequent":[93],"evolution.":[94],"Simulations":[95],"analyses":[98],"sequences":[100],"derived":[101],"from":[102],"\u201cCambrian":[105],"explosion\u201d":[106],"10\u201335":[108],"million":[109,138],"years":[110,139],"did":[111,141],"not":[112,142],"allow":[113],"successful":[115],"recovery":[116],"tree,":[120],"using":[121],"neighbor-joining,":[122],"maximum":[123],"likelihood,":[124],"or":[125,194],"parsimony":[126],"methods.":[127],"Success":[128],"recovering":[130],"phylogenies":[131],"divergence":[135,149],"scenario":[136],"(520":[137],"ago)":[140],"exceed":[143],"80":[144],"percent":[145],"without":[146],"an":[147,191],"extended":[148],"time":[150],"interval":[151],"at":[153],"least":[154],"100":[155],"m.y.":[156],"An":[157],"increased":[158],"substitution":[159],"rate":[160,175,180],"during":[161],"initial":[163],"improved":[165],"ability":[167],"recover":[169],"phylogenies,":[171],"especially":[172],"when":[173],"was":[176],"8\u201310":[177],"following":[181],"radiation.":[183],"Our":[184],"results":[185],"militate":[186],"against":[187],"likelihood":[189],"Early":[192],"slightly":[195],"longer":[196],"explosion":[197],"phyla,":[201],"as":[202],"apparently":[203],"supported":[204],"by":[205],"fossil":[207],"record.":[208],"Some":[209],"limitations":[210],"these":[212],"conclusions":[213],"are":[214],"discussed.":[215]},"counts_by_year":[{"year":2017,"cited_by_count":2},{"year":2016,"cited_by_count":1},{"year":2014,"cited_by_count":2},{"year":2013,"cited_by_count":1}],"updated_date":"2026-11-04T10:54:05.112534","created_date":"2016-06-24T00:00:00"}
