{"id":"https://openalex.org/W2203198142","doi":null,"title":"Low Frequency (LF) Solutions for Alternative Positioning, Navigation, Timing, and Data (APNT&D) and Associated Receiver Technology","display_name":"Low Frequency (LF) Solutions for Alternative Positioning, Navigation, Timing, and Data (APNT&D) and Associated Receiver Technology","publication_year":2011,"publication_date":"2011-01-26","ids":{"openalex":"https://openalex.org/W2203198142","mag":"2203198142"},"language":"en","primary_location":{"id":"mag:2203198142","doi":null,"is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"http://rtcm.info/sc123/058-2011-SC123-088.pdf","pdf_url":null,"source":null,"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":null,"is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":null,"raw_type":null},"volume":null,"type":"article","indexed_in":[],"open_access":{"is_oa":false,"oa_status":"closed","oa_url":null,"any_repository_has_fulltext":false},"authorships":[{"author_position":"first","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5079308146","display_name":"Arthur Helwig","orcid":null,"observed_orcids":[]},"institutions":[],"countries":[],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Arthur Helwig","raw_affiliation_strings":[],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5034137722","display_name":"Gerard Offermans","orcid":null,"observed_orcids":[]},"institutions":[],"countries":[],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Gerard Offermans","raw_affiliation_strings":[],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5007143671","display_name":"Charles Schue","orcid":null,"observed_orcids":[]},"institutions":[],"countries":[],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Charles Schue","raw_affiliation_strings":[],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5102804508","display_name":"Brian A. Walker","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-5734-4889","observed_orcids":["https://orcid.org/0000-0002-5734-4889"]},"institutions":[],"countries":[],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Brian A. Walker","raw_affiliation_strings":[],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-5734-4889","affiliations":[]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":null,"display_name":"Tim Hardy","orcid":null,"observed_orcids":[]},"institutions":[],"countries":[],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Tim Hardy","raw_affiliation_strings":[],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[]},{"author_position":"last","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5021677781","display_name":"Kirk Zwicker","orcid":null,"observed_orcids":[]},"institutions":[],"countries":[],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Kirk Zwicker","raw_affiliation_strings":[],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[]}],"institutions":[],"countries_distinct_count":0,"institutions_distinct_count":0,"corresponding_author_ids":[],"corresponding_institution_ids":[],"apc_list":null,"apc_paid":null,"fwci":1.7253,"has_fulltext":false,"cited_by_count":8,"citation_normalized_percentile":{"value":0.86494063,"is_in_top_1_percent":false,"is_in_top_10_percent":false},"cited_by_percentile_year":{"min":89,"max":96},"biblio":{"volume":null,"issue":null,"first_page":"206","last_page":"222"},"is_retracted":false,"is_paratext":false,"is_xpac":false,"primary_topic":{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10655","display_name":"GNSS positioning and interference","score":0.986299991607666,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2202","display_name":"Aerospace Engineering"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/22","display_name":"Engineering"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},"topics":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10655","display_name":"GNSS positioning and interference","score":0.986299991607666,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2202","display_name":"Aerospace Engineering"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/22","display_name":"Engineering"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11325","display_name":"Inertial Sensor and Navigation","score":0.002899999963119626,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2202","display_name":"Aerospace Engineering"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/22","display_name":"Engineering"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11622","display_name":"Maritime Navigation and Safety","score":0.0019000000320374966,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2212","display_name":"Ocean Engineering"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/22","display_name":"Engineering"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}}],"keywords":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/gnss-outages","display_name":"GNSS outages","score":0.722000002861023},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/gnss-interference","display_name":"GNSS interference","score":0.7680000066757202},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/time-dissemination","display_name":"time dissemination","score":0.40299999713897705},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/clock-synchronization","display_name":"clock synchronization","score":0.3179999887943268},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/e-navigation","display_name":"e-Navigation","score":0.6589999794960022},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/maritime-navigation","display_name":"maritime navigation","score":0.5139999985694885}],"concepts":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/C14279187","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q5514012","display_name":"GNSS applications","level":3,"score":0.6964287161827087},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C504623915","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1427822","display_name":"Air navigation","level":3,"score":0.5988451838493347},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2780945871","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q194274","display_name":"Backup","level":2,"score":0.5795266032218933},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C74448152","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q765633","display_name":"Aviation","level":2,"score":0.5309749841690063},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C60229501","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q18822","display_name":"Global Positioning System","level":2,"score":0.46143481135368347},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C36301306","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q179435","display_name":"Satellite navigation","level":3,"score":0.4543849229812622},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2778137410","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2732820","display_name":"Government (linguistics)","level":2,"score":0.43646395206451416},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C43472768","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7855620","display_name":"Turn-by-turn navigation","level":5,"score":0.4179302155971527},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C178802073","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q8421","display_name":"Aeronautics","level":1,"score":0.3827219009399414},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C127413603","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11023","display_name":"Engineering","level":0,"score":0.3748796582221985},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C41008148","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q21198","display_name":"Computer science","level":0,"score":0.3369640111923218},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C38652104","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q3510521","display_name":"Computer security","level":1,"score":0.3216297924518585},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C76155785","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q418","display_name":"Telecommunications","level":1,"score":0.31748226284980774},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C138885662","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q5891","display_name":"Philosophy","level":0,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C154945302","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11660","display_name":"Artificial intelligence","level":1,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C146978453","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q3798668","display_name":"Aerospace engineering","level":1,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C41895202","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q8162","display_name":"Linguistics","level":1,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C90509273","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11012","display_name":"Robot","level":2,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C78519656","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q101333","display_name":"Mechanical engineering","level":1,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C65401140","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7353385","display_name":"Robot control","level":4,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C19966478","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q4810574","display_name":"Mobile robot","level":3,"score":0.0}],"mesh":[],"locations_count":1,"locations":[{"id":"mag:2203198142","doi":null,"is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"http://rtcm.info/sc123/058-2011-SC123-088.pdf","pdf_url":null,"source":null,"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":null,"is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":null,"raw_type":null}],"best_oa_location":null,"sustainable_development_goals":[{"display_name":"Industry, innovation and infrastructure","id":"https://metadata.un.org/sdg/9","score":0.5378999710083008}],"study_designs":[],"awards":[],"funders":[],"has_content":{"pdf":false,"grobid_xml":false},"content_urls":null,"referenced_works_count":3,"referenced_works":["https://openalex.org/W2160483144","https://openalex.org/W2161533130","https://openalex.org/W2623887814"],"related_works":["https://openalex.org/W2605704878","https://openalex.org/W2061936046","https://openalex.org/W2533835300","https://openalex.org/W7098631520","https://openalex.org/W2003391265","https://openalex.org/W7095522358","https://openalex.org/W339034626","https://openalex.org/W2604344123","https://openalex.org/W7096703202","https://openalex.org/W7162949381"],"abstract_inverted_index":{"Many":[0],"government":[1],"and":[2,33,69,74,133,144,150,167,216,224,246,257,293,327,329,379,383,400,457],"civilian":[3],"organizations":[4],"around":[5],"the\nworld":[6],"are":[7,79,211,455],"studying":[8],"the":[9,43,84,103,136,158,192,206,213,250,281,364,373,390,410,438,463],"problem":[10],"of":[11,162,253,266,283,290,314,351,409,431,440],"what":[12,183],"to":[13,23,31,49,108,120,147,165,178,182,219,240,295,297,307,348,421],"do":[14],"when":[15,115],"Global\nNavigation":[16],"Satellite":[17],"System":[18],"(GNSS)":[19],"based":[20],"services":[21,114],"are\nunavailable":[22],"provide":[24,66,458],"Positioning,":[25,142],"Navigation,":[26,143],"Timing,":[27],"and\nData":[28],"(PNT&D)":[29],"information":[30],"public":[32,127],"private":[34],"sector":[35],"users.":[36],"There":[37,200],"is":[38,47,185,201,263,447],"a":[39,96,139,173,202,264,284,317,356,414,422,441],"general":[40],"concern":[41,204],"about":[42,190],"over-reliance":[44],"on\nGNSS":[45],"which":[46,315],"susceptible":[48],"degradation,":[50],"outages,":[51],"and\nunavailability,":[52],"whether":[53],"intentional":[54],"or":[55,188,288,341],"unintentional,":[56],"and\nwhich":[57],"operates":[58],"in":[59,129,205,433],"many":[60],"cases":[61],"without":[62],"an":[63,124],"additional":[64],"system\nto":[65],"Position,":[67],"Navigation":[68,89,166],"Time":[70],"(PNT)information":[71],"for":[72,111,269],"validation":[73],"backup.":[75],"Two":[76],"recent":[77],"examples":[78],"cited":[80],"below.\n\nIn":[81],"May":[82],"2010,":[83,131],"International":[85,160],"Civil":[86],"Aviation":[87,106],"Organization(ICAO)":[88],"Systems":[90],"Panel":[91],"(NSP)":[92],"working":[93,186],"group":[94],"developed":[95],"flimsy":[97],"documenting":[98],"\u201cwork":[99],"being":[100],"accomplished":[101],"by":[102,221,344],"U.S.":[104],"Federal":[105],"Administration(FAA)":[107],"assess":[109],"alternatives":[110,460],"providing":[112,345],"PNT":[113],"GNSSis":[116],"not":[117],"available":[118],"due":[119],"RFI.\u201d":[121],"[1]":[122,309],"During":[123],"FAA":[125,137,302,366],"APNT":[126,338],"meeting":[128],"August":[130],"UrsaNav":[132],"Nautel":[134],"recommended":[135,276],"consider":[138],"Low-Frequency":[140],"(LF)\nAlternative":[141],"Timing":[145],"(APNT)\nsolution":[146],"maintain":[148],"safety":[149],"minimize":[151,401],"economic":[152,402],"impacts\nfrom":[153],"GNSS":[154,405],"interference":[155,406],"outages.":[156,407],"[2]\n\nDuring":[157],"49th":[159],"Association":[161],"Marine":[163],"Aids":[164],"Lighthouse":[168],"Authority":[169],"(IALA)":[170],"Council":[171],"Meeting,":[172],"side":[174],"question":[175],"was":[176,232],"directed":[177],"Industrial":[179],"Members":[180],"as":[181],"industry":[184],"on":[187,196,228,389,428,465],"thinking":[189],"regarding":[191],"ever":[193],"increasing":[194],"reliance":[195],"GNSS-based":[197],"navigation":[198,236],"systems.":[199],"growing":[203],"marine":[207],"community":[208],"that":[209,234,277,333,417,446,461],"mariners":[210],"losing":[212],"basic":[214],"knowledge":[215],"skills":[217],"needed":[218],"navigate":[220],"other":[222,258,376],"means":[223],"becoming":[225],"too":[226],"reliant":[227],"satellite":[229],"technologies.":[230],"It":[231],"noted":[233],"coastal":[235],"maintains":[237],"traditional":[238],"aids":[239,268],"navigation,":[241],"such":[242],"as,":[243],"buoy,":[244],"beacons,":[245],"racons,":[247],"but":[248],"with":[249],"planned":[251],"removal":[252],"some":[254],"Loran":[255],"stations":[256],"longer":[259],"range":[260],"tools,":[261],"there":[262],"lack":[265],"redundant":[267,286],"deep":[270],"sea":[271],"navigation.":[272],"[3]":[273],"The":[274],"council":[275],"\u201cIALA":[278],"should":[279],"encourage":[280],"development":[282,439],"global":[285],"system,":[287],"combination":[289],"systems,":[291,436],"independent":[292],"dissimilar":[294],"GNSS,":[296],"facilitate":[298],"e-Navigation.\u201d":[299],"[4]":[300],"\n\nThe":[301],"Working":[303],"Group":[304],"Meetings":[305],"report":[306],"ICAO":[308],"provided":[310],"three":[311],"recommendations,":[312],"none":[313],"included":[316],"LF":[318,331,434,444],"alternative.":[319],"In":[320],"this":[321],"paper":[322],"we":[323],"present":[324],"our":[325,360,387],"research":[326,388],"findings":[328],"propose":[330],"solutions":[332,347,397,412,454],"either":[334],"can":[335,398,418],"meet":[336,363,372],"FAA\u2019s":[337],"requirements":[339,374],"independently,":[340],"support":[342],"them":[343],"key":[346],"widespread":[349],"dissemination":[350],"time":[352],"and/or":[353],"data":[354,415],"over":[355],"wide":[357],"area.":[358],"Since":[359],"proposed":[361,396,411],"LF\nsolutions":[362],"strict":[365],"requirements,":[367],"they":[368],"will":[369],"most\nlikely":[370],"also":[371],"from":[375,404],"modes":[377],"(e.g.,\ntime":[378],"frequency,":[380],"maritime,":[381],"land-based,":[382],"mobile).":[384],"We\nalso":[385],"include":[386],"associated":[391],"broadcast":[392],"and\nreception":[393],"technology.":[394],"Our":[395,453],"maintain\nsafety":[399],"impacts":[403],"All":[408],"have":[413],"capability":[416],"be":[419],"fine-tuned":[420],"specific":[423],"need.\n\nOur":[424],"current":[425],"efforts":[426],"expand":[427],"several":[429],"years":[430],"work":[432],"PNT&D":[435],"including":[437],"small":[442],"footprint":[443],"system":[445],"cost-effective,":[448],"rapidly":[449],"deployable,and":[450],"easily":[451],"transportable.":[452],"technologically-advanced":[456],"low-cost":[459],"lessen":[462],"dependence":[464],"GNSS.":[466]},"counts_by_year":[{"year":2021,"cited_by_count":2},{"year":2019,"cited_by_count":1},{"year":2017,"cited_by_count":1},{"year":2016,"cited_by_count":1},{"year":2012,"cited_by_count":2}],"updated_date":"2026-09-29T14:09:16.559479","created_date":"2016-06-24T00:00:00"}