{"id":"https://openalex.org/W220057202","doi":null,"title":"Rhetoric over substance: the impoverished states of skepticism","display_name":"Rhetoric over substance: the impoverished states of skepticism","publication_year":1993,"publication_date":"1993-06-01","ids":{"openalex":"https://openalex.org/W220057202","mag":"220057202"},"language":"en","primary_location":{"id":"mag:220057202","doi":null,"is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://www.questia.com/library/journal/1G1-14890637/rhetoric-over-substance-the-impoverished-state-of","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S132870446","display_name":"Journal of Parapsychology","issn_l":"0022-3387","issn":["0022-3387"],"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":true,"listed_in":["cwts-core","jufo-1","norway-1","poland-40","russia-white-list-4"],"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310315573","host_organization_name":"Rhine Research Center","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310315573"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Rhine Research Center"],"type":"journal"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":null,"is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":"Journal of Parapsychology","raw_type":null},"parent_works":[],"lineage":["https://openalex.org/W220057202"],"child_works_count":0,"type":"article","is_traditional":true,"indexed_in":[],"open_access":{"is_oa":false,"oa_status":"closed","oa_url":null,"any_repository_has_fulltext":false},"authorships":[{"author_position":"first","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5005473644","display_name":"Charles Honorton","orcid":null,"observed_orcids":[]},"institutions":[],"countries":[],"is_corresponding":true,"raw_author_name":"Charles Honorton","raw_affiliation_strings":[],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[]}],"institutions":[],"countries_distinct_count":0,"institutions_distinct_count":0,"corresponding_author_ids":["https://openalex.org/A5005473644"],"corresponding_institution_ids":[],"apc_list":null,"apc_paid":null,"fwci":0.0,"has_fulltext":false,"cited_by_count":7,"citation_normalized_percentile":{"value":0.0,"is_in_top_1_percent":false,"is_in_top_10_percent":false},"cited_by_percentile_year":{"min":88,"max":95},"biblio":{"volume":"57","issue":"2","first_page":"191","last_page":"214"},"is_retracted":false,"is_paratext":false,"is_xpac":false,"primary_topic":{"id":"https://openalex.org/T12448","display_name":"Paranormal Experiences and Beliefs","score":0.9897000193595886,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/3207","display_name":"Social Psychology"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/32","display_name":"Psychology"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/2","display_name":"Social Sciences"}},"topics":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/T12448","display_name":"Paranormal Experiences and Beliefs","score":0.9897000193595886,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/3207","display_name":"Social Psychology"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/32","display_name":"Psychology"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/2","display_name":"Social Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T13005","display_name":"Religious Studies and Spiritual Practices","score":0.003700000001117587,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1212","display_name":"Religious studies"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/12","display_name":"Arts and Humanities"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/2","display_name":"Social Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T12430","display_name":"Academic and Historical Perspectives in Psychology","score":0.0005000000237487257,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/3200","display_name":"General Psychology"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/32","display_name":"Psychology"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/2","display_name":"Social Sciences"}}],"keywords":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/parapsychology","display_name":"parapsychology","score":0.9269999861717224},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/skepticism","display_name":"skepticism","score":0.6589999794960022},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/psi-research","display_name":"psi research","score":0.48500001430511475},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/susan-blackmore","display_name":"Susan Blackmore","score":0.6380000114440918},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/null-hypothesis","display_name":"null hypothesis","score":0.4970000088214874},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/methodological-errors","display_name":"methodological errors","score":0.5830000042915344},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/history-of-parapsychology","display_name":"history of parapsychology","score":0.8199999928474426},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/pseudoscience","display_name":"pseudoscience","score":0.4230000078678131}],"concepts":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/C15491014","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q179098","display_name":"Parapsychology","level":3,"score":0.8579931259155273},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C18296254","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1395219","display_name":"Skepticism","level":2,"score":0.8320101499557495},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C546668722","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q332102","display_name":"Paranormal","level":3,"score":0.7713066339492798},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C111472728","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q9471","display_name":"Epistemology","level":1,"score":0.5553789138793945},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C1370556","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q81009","display_name":"Rhetoric","level":2,"score":0.4349208474159241},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C15744967","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q9418","display_name":"Psychology","level":0,"score":0.404903769493103},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C138885662","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q5891","display_name":"Philosophy","level":0,"score":0.3356359601020813},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C144024400","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q21201","display_name":"Sociology","level":0,"score":0.32033899426460266},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C142724271","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7208","display_name":"Pathology","level":1,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C71924100","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11190","display_name":"Medicine","level":0,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C204787440","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q188504","display_name":"Alternative medicine","level":2,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C41895202","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q8162","display_name":"Linguistics","level":1,"score":0.0}],"mesh":[],"locations_count":1,"locations":[{"id":"mag:220057202","doi":null,"is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://www.questia.com/library/journal/1G1-14890637/rhetoric-over-substance-the-impoverished-state-of","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S132870446","display_name":"Journal of Parapsychology","issn_l":"0022-3387","issn":["0022-3387"],"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":true,"listed_in":["cwts-core","jufo-1","norway-1","poland-40","russia-white-list-4"],"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310315573","host_organization_name":"Rhine Research Center","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310315573"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Rhine Research Center"],"type":"journal"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":null,"is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":"Journal of Parapsychology","raw_type":null}],"best_oa_location":null,"sustainable_development_goals":[],"study_designs":[],"awards":[],"funders":[],"has_content":{"pdf":false,"grobid_xml":false},"content_urls":null,"referenced_works_count":0,"referenced_works":[],"related_works":["https://openalex.org/W1513228474","https://openalex.org/W2045135105","https://openalex.org/W2189439602","https://openalex.org/W2926314838","https://openalex.org/W598147767","https://openalex.org/W2087248851","https://openalex.org/W2610014431","https://openalex.org/W2951719154","https://openalex.org/W7097949192","https://openalex.org/W2940287189"],"abstract_inverted_index":{"Few":[0],"of":[1,31,37,59,100,128,130,155,212,216,254,260,336,374,386,393,396,422,431,469,503,515,542,596,605],"us":[2,25,405],"can":[3],"afford":[4],"to":[5,8,26,42,46,136,151,163,190,239,262,270,302,316,333,357,366,403,434,441,474,489,519,534,562,573],"take":[6],"time":[7,39],"familiarize":[9],"ourselves":[10],"with":[11,222,457],"the":[12,29,38,98,122,125,131,153,156,166,171,178,202,210,213,223,252,255,258,296,306,334,339,346,380,394,420,446,495,501,504,509],"detailed":[13],"and":[14,64,106,116,158,185,278,295,310,369,398,471],"often":[15],"technical":[16],"arguments":[17,180,401,507],"underlying":[18],"new":[19],"knowledge":[20],"claims":[21,33,438],"that":[22,118,209,232,318,327,364,406,413,482,512,539,592],"would":[23,133],"enable":[24],"evaluate":[27],"properly":[28],"merits":[30],"such":[32,449],"for":[34,49,96,124,419,523,548],"ourselves.":[35],"Most":[36],"we":[40],"have":[41,160,199,271,354,371,528,537],"rely":[43],"on":[44,165,343],"experts":[45],"do":[47,134],"this":[48,111,141,480],"us.":[50],"We":[51],"are":[52,70,194,220,284,298,321],"poorly":[53],"served":[54],"when":[55,67],"only":[56],"one":[57,117],"side":[58],"a":[60,93,146,273,350,391,467,485,563,575],"controversy":[61],"is":[62,113,188,247,330,408,465,478,508,600],"presented":[63],"benefit":[65],"most":[66],"all":[68,604],"perspectives":[69],"vigorously":[71],"debated":[72],"by":[73,91,102,182],"knowledgeable":[74],"protagonists.":[75],"The":[76,587],"Comitato":[77],"Italiano":[78],"per":[79],"il":[80],"Controllo":[81],"delle":[82],"Aftermazioni":[83],"sul":[84],"Paranormale":[85],"has":[86,360,517,544,583],"provided":[87],"an":[88,532],"invaluable":[89],"service":[90],"presenting":[92],"balanced":[94],"forum":[95],"discussing":[97],"status":[99],"parapsychology":[101,359,397,412],"six":[103],"leading":[104],"researchers":[105],"critics.":[107],"CICAP's":[108],"initiative":[109],"in":[110,201,286,338,411,426,479,586],"regard":[112],"probably":[114],"unique":[115,486],"its":[119],"American":[120],"counterpart,":[121],"Committee":[123],"Scientific":[126,491],"Investigation":[127],"Claims":[129],"Paranormal,":[132],"well":[135],"emulate.":[137],"To":[138],"fill":[139],"out":[140,373],"innovative":[142],"format,":[143],"CICAP":[144],"asked":[145,162],"skeptical":[147],"parapsychologist,":[148],"Susan":[149],"Blackmore,":[150],"critique":[152],"contributions":[154],"parapsychologists,":[157],"I":[159],"been":[161,355,530,584],"comment":[164],"critics'":[167,505],"contributions.":[168],"1.":[169],"What":[170,379],"Critics":[172,381],"No":[173],"Longer":[174],"Claim":[175,383],"Before":[176],"examining":[177],"current":[179,506],"made":[181],"Hyman,":[183],"Alcock,":[184],"Randi,":[186],"it":[187,250],"important":[189,248],"understand":[191],"what":[192],"they":[193,205,266,353,370,389,536],"not":[195,290,300,323,455,529],"now":[196,230,348],"claiming":[197],"but":[198],"claimed":[200,538],"past.":[203],"First,":[204],"no":[206,267,546,601],"longer":[207,268],"claim":[208,269,511],"results":[211],"major":[214],"lines":[215],"experimental":[217],"psi":[218,319,549],"research":[219,516,543,567,598],"consistent":[221],"null":[224],"hypothesis":[225],"(mere":[226],"chance":[227],"fluctuation).":[228],"They":[229],"concede":[231],"at":[233,569,603],"least":[234],"some":[235],"parapsychological":[236,524],"effects":[237,261,320,363],"are,":[238],"use":[240,430],"Hyman's":[241,429],"words,":[242],"astronomically":[243],"significant.":[244],"This":[245],"concession":[246],"because":[249],"shifts":[251],"focus":[253],"debate":[256],"from":[257],"existence":[259],"their":[263,328],"interpretation.":[264],"Second,":[265],"demonstrated":[272,361],"relationship":[274],"between":[275],"methodological":[276],"flaws":[277,337],"study":[279],"outcomes.":[280],"These":[281],"concessions,":[282],"which":[283],"documented":[285],"Section":[287],"3,":[288],"did":[289],"come":[291],"quickly":[292],"or":[293,326,460],"easily":[294],"critics":[297,312,347],"obviously":[299],"eager":[301],"advertise":[303],"them.":[304],"Over":[305],"past":[307],"decade":[308],"Hyman":[309],"other":[311],"tried":[313],"very":[314],"hard":[315],"show":[317],"either":[322],"really":[324,409],"significant":[325],"significance":[329],"systematically":[331],"related":[332],"presence":[335],"experiments.":[340],"Having":[341],"failed":[342,518],"both":[344],"counts,":[345],"face":[349],"serious":[351],"dilemma:":[352],"forced":[356],"admit":[358],"anomalous":[362],"need":[365],"be":[367],"explained":[368],"run":[372],"plausible":[375],"conventional":[376],"explanations.":[377],"2.":[378],"Now":[382],"A":[384],"Century":[385],"Failure?":[387],"Instead,":[388],"offer":[390],"caricature":[392],"history":[395],"present":[399],"polemical":[400],"designed":[402,440],"convince":[404],"there":[599],"nothing":[410],"warrants":[414],"scientific":[415],"interest,":[416],"except,":[417],"perhaps,":[418],"motivations":[421],"those":[423],"who":[424,558],"persist":[425],"studying":[427],"it.":[428],"absolutist":[432],"language":[433],"characterize":[435],"parapsychologists'":[436],"data":[437],"seems":[439],"turn":[442],"off":[443],"scientists.":[444],"Unlike":[445],"formal":[447],"sciences":[448],"as":[450,590],"mathematics,":[451],"empirical":[452],"science":[453,483],"does":[454],"deal":[456],"irrefutable":[458],"proof":[459],"foolproof":[461],"evidence.":[462],"Empirical":[463],"evidence":[464,522,547,602],"always":[466,493],"matter":[468],"degree":[470],"remains":[472],"subject":[473],"later":[475],"reinterpretation.":[476],"It":[477],"sense":[481],"represents":[484],"self-correcting":[487],"approach":[488],"knowledge.":[490],"truth":[492],"carries":[494],"caveat,":[496],"until":[497],"further":[498],"notice.":[499],"At":[500],"core":[502],"rhetorical":[510],"100":[513],"years":[514,541,595],"provide":[520],"convincing":[521],"phenomena.":[525],"When":[526],"parapsychologists":[527],"given":[531],"opportunity":[533],"respond,":[535],"130":[540],"produced":[545],"(e.g.,":[550],"Druckman":[551],"&":[552],"Swets,":[553],"1988).":[554],"An":[555],"English":[556],"critic,":[557],"was":[559],"recently":[560],"appointed":[561],"four-year":[564],"|pounds~100,000":[565],"psychical":[566,597],"fellowship":[568],"Darwin":[570],"College,":[571],"Cambridge,":[572],"write":[574],"book":[576],"about":[577],"why":[578],"people":[579],"believe":[580],"impossible":[581],"things,":[582],"quoted":[585],"New":[588],"Scientists":[589],"saying":[591],"after":[593],"150":[594],"being":[607],"any":[608],"phenomena":[609],"(Bown,":[610],"1992).":[611],"\u2026":[612]},"counts_by_year":[{"year":2019,"cited_by_count":2},{"year":2014,"cited_by_count":1},{"year":2013,"cited_by_count":1},{"year":2012,"cited_by_count":1}],"updated_date":"2026-11-14T11:04:58.165337","created_date":"2016-06-24T00:00:00"}
