{"id":"https://openalex.org/W2197599543","doi":null,"title":"Universities, Knowledge Networks, and Regional Competitiveness: Perspectives from the UK","display_name":"Universities, Knowledge Networks, and Regional Competitiveness: Perspectives from the UK","publication_year":2015,"publication_date":"2015-01-01","ids":{"openalex":"https://openalex.org/W2197599543","mag":"2197599543"},"language":"en","primary_location":{"id":"pmh:oai:https://orca.cardiff.ac.uk:78321","doi":null,"is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://orca.cardiff.ac.uk/id/eprint/78321/1/Final_QZHANG_PHD%20THESIS_October%207%202015.pdf","pdf_url":"https://orca.cardiff.ac.uk/id/eprint/78321/1/Final_QZHANG_PHD%20THESIS_October%207%202015.pdf","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306401195","display_name":"ORCA Online Research @Cardiff (Cardiff University)","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"listed_in":[],"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/I79510175","host_organization_name":"Cardiff University","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/I79510175"],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"acceptedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":"","raw_type":"Thesis"},"volume":null,"type":"dissertation","is_traditional":true,"indexed_in":[],"open_access":{"is_oa":false,"oa_status":"closed","oa_url":null,"any_repository_has_fulltext":false},"authorships":[{"author_position":"first","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5046821765","display_name":"Qiantao Zhang","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-4450-5775","observed_orcids":["https://orcid.org/0000-0003-4450-5775"]},"institutions":[],"countries":[],"is_corresponding":true,"raw_author_name":"Qiantao Zhang","raw_affiliation_strings":[],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-4450-5775","affiliations":[]}],"institutions":[],"countries_distinct_count":0,"institutions_distinct_count":0,"corresponding_author_ids":["https://openalex.org/A5046821765"],"corresponding_institution_ids":[],"apc_list":null,"apc_paid":null,"fwci":null,"has_fulltext":false,"cited_by_count":0,"citation_normalized_percentile":null,"cited_by_percentile_year":null,"biblio":{"volume":null,"issue":null,"first_page":null,"last_page":null},"is_retracted":false,"is_paratext":false,"is_xpac":false,"primary_topic":{"id":"https://openalex.org/T13276","display_name":"University-Industry-Government Innovation Models","score":0.7851999998092651,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1405","display_name":"Management of Technology and Innovation"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/14","display_name":"Business, Management and Accounting"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/2","display_name":"Social Sciences"}},"topics":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/T13276","display_name":"University-Industry-Government Innovation Models","score":0.7851999998092651,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1405","display_name":"Management of Technology and Innovation"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/14","display_name":"Business, Management and Accounting"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/2","display_name":"Social Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T13406","display_name":"Human Resources and Workforce","score":0.2062000036239624,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/3305","display_name":"Geography, Planning and Development"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/33","display_name":"Social Sciences"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/2","display_name":"Social Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T13492","display_name":"Science, Technology, and Education in Latin America","score":0.003800000064074993,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/3317","display_name":"Demography"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/33","display_name":"Social Sciences"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/2","display_name":"Social Sciences"}}],"keywords":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/regional-competitiveness","display_name":"regional competitiveness","score":0.9369999766349792},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/knowledge-networks","display_name":"knowledge networks","score":0.9559999704360962},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/knowledge-economy","display_name":"knowledge economy","score":0.8880000114440918},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/firm-location","display_name":"firm location","score":0.39899998903274536},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/small-business","display_name":"small business","score":0.7570000290870667},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/united-kingdom-regions","display_name":"UK regions","score":0.41200000047683716}],"concepts":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2779343474","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q3109175","display_name":"Context (archaeology)","level":2,"score":0.6324464082717896},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C144133560","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q4830453","display_name":"Business","level":0,"score":0.5474581718444824},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C58546491","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1150207","display_name":"Competitive advantage","level":2,"score":0.512712836265564},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C26271046","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q187097","display_name":"Economic geography","level":1,"score":0.4867367744445801},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C18762648","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q42213","display_name":"Work (physics)","level":2,"score":0.4488089084625244},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C162696548","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q830170","display_name":"Knowledge economy","level":2,"score":0.44648411870002747},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2778755073","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q10858537","display_name":"Scale (ratio)","level":2,"score":0.4243919551372528},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C148383697","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1781695","display_name":"Regional science","level":1,"score":0.35340815782546997},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C162853370","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q39809","display_name":"Marketing","level":1,"score":0.2959306836128235},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C162324750","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q8134","display_name":"Economics","level":0,"score":0.23671573400497437},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C136264566","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q159810","display_name":"Economy","level":1,"score":0.1905287504196167},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C205649164","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1071","display_name":"Geography","level":0,"score":0.17436057329177856},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C127413603","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11023","display_name":"Engineering","level":0,"score":0.11441603302955627},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C166957645","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q23498","display_name":"Archaeology","level":1,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C78519656","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q101333","display_name":"Mechanical engineering","level":1,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C58640448","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q42515","display_name":"Cartography","level":1,"score":0.0}],"mesh":[],"locations_count":2,"locations":[{"id":"pmh:oai:https://orca.cardiff.ac.uk:78321","doi":null,"is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://orca.cardiff.ac.uk/id/eprint/78321/1/Final_QZHANG_PHD%20THESIS_October%207%202015.pdf","pdf_url":"https://orca.cardiff.ac.uk/id/eprint/78321/1/Final_QZHANG_PHD%20THESIS_October%207%202015.pdf","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306401195","display_name":"ORCA Online Research @Cardiff (Cardiff University)","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"listed_in":[],"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/I79510175","host_organization_name":"Cardiff University","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/I79510175"],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"acceptedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":"","raw_type":"Thesis"},{"id":"mag:2197599543","doi":null,"is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://orca.cf.ac.uk/78321/1/Final_QZHANG_PHD%20THESIS_October%207%202015.pdf","pdf_url":null,"source":null,"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":null,"is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":null,"raw_type":null}],"best_oa_location":null,"sustainable_development_goals":[{"score":0.5263000130653381,"display_name":"Decent work and economic growth","id":"https://metadata.un.org/sdg/8"}],"study_designs":[],"awards":[],"funders":[],"has_content":{"pdf":false,"grobid_xml":false},"content_urls":null,"referenced_works_count":374,"referenced_works":["https://openalex.org/W18434171","https://openalex.org/W25212185","https://openalex.org/W56218459","https://openalex.org/W79361518","https://openalex.org/W115394847","https://openalex.org/W128749871","https://openalex.org/W135979567","https://openalex.org/W148937575","https://openalex.org/W157044121","https://openalex.org/W163417522","https://openalex.org/W209003808","https://openalex.org/W270085844","https://openalex.org/W286295083","https://openalex.org/W309584914","https://openalex.org/W309818560","https://openalex.org/W344005915","https://openalex.org/W360935456","https://openalex.org/W564416589","https://openalex.org/W572984133","https://openalex.org/W637213971","https://openalex.org/W805214895","https://openalex.org/W1418884466","https://openalex.org/W1485653398","https://openalex.org/W1494159611","https://openalex.org/W1495419098","https://openalex.org/W1498396823","https://openalex.org/W1501527461","https://openalex.org/W1503742580","https://openalex.org/W1506150625","https://openalex.org/W1506538151","https://openalex.org/W1506928920","https://openalex.org/W1507415920","https://openalex.org/W1509086530","https://openalex.org/W1512139730","https://openalex.org/W1516389708","https://openalex.org/W1527311855","https://openalex.org/W1530377467","https://openalex.org/W1534124928","https://openalex.org/W1534229610","https://openalex.org/W1537758657","https://openalex.org/W1537923806","https://openalex.org/W1539795039","https://openalex.org/W1542060632","https://openalex.org/W1542932561","https://openalex.org/W1543459541","https://openalex.org/W1547253197","https://openalex.org/W1551610511","https://openalex.org/W1552178786","https://openalex.org/W1554765659","https://openalex.org/W1554940969","https://openalex.org/W1556078380","https://openalex.org/W1556124208","https://openalex.org/W1556808170","https://openalex.org/W1557459633","https://openalex.org/W1560174547","https://openalex.org/W1560475036","https://openalex.org/W1561349803","https://openalex.org/W1565065679","https://openalex.org/W1572295868","https://openalex.org/W1572434726","https://openalex.org/W1576460547","https://openalex.org/W1576605329","https://openalex.org/W1577785489","https://openalex.org/W1578935983","https://openalex.org/W1581199048","https://openalex.org/W1581689838","https://openalex.org/W1584075851","https://openalex.org/W1584854767","https://openalex.org/W1585074322","https://openalex.org/W1585516222","https://openalex.org/W1588490705","https://openalex.org/W1590154464","https://openalex.org/W1597510886","https://openalex.org/W1599563824","https://openalex.org/W1599896990","https://openalex.org/W1600577629","https://openalex.org/W1600596356","https://openalex.org/W1606540910","https://openalex.org/W1658527097","https://openalex.org/W1684375909","https://openalex.org/W1701471885","https://openalex.org/W1714723801","https://openalex.org/W1741321747","https://openalex.org/W1801958735","https://openalex.org/W1817481950","https://openalex.org/W1848725895","https://openalex.org/W1906944042","https://openalex.org/W1919117961","https://openalex.org/W1942582319","https://openalex.org/W1963649102","https://openalex.org/W1963752765","https://openalex.org/W1964352282","https://openalex.org/W1964422518","https://openalex.org/W1965458615","https://openalex.org/W1966603115","https://openalex.org/W1967736415","https://openalex.org/W1968727129","https://openalex.org/W1970083548","https://openalex.org/W1970795834","https://openalex.org/W1971385296","https://openalex.org/W1976557684","https://openalex.org/W1978667536","https://openalex.org/W1980673476","https://openalex.org/W1981289805","https://openalex.org/W1981391775","https://openalex.org/W1981736285","https://openalex.org/W1981935060","https://openalex.org/W1983000607","https://openalex.org/W1983419585","https://openalex.org/W1984799302","https://openalex.org/W1985619075","https://openalex.org/W1988393249","https://openalex.org/W1988405373","https://openalex.org/W1988494273","https://openalex.org/W1990360714","https://openalex.org/W1991293033","https://openalex.org/W1991356994","https://openalex.org/W1994335167","https://openalex.org/W1997045696","https://openalex.org/W1998800754","https://openalex.org/W2000237538","https://openalex.org/W2001555481","https://openalex.org/W2001709588","https://openalex.org/W2001853965","https://openalex.org/W2003740908","https://openalex.org/W2004161663","https://openalex.org/W2004519257","https://openalex.org/W2005044481","https://openalex.org/W2005603653","https://openalex.org/W2006004707","https://openalex.org/W2006365375","https://openalex.org/W2007401545","https://openalex.org/W2007430041","https://openalex.org/W2008518744","https://openalex.org/W2009815689","https://openalex.org/W2010857737","https://openalex.org/W2011762232","https://openalex.org/W2012643221","https://openalex.org/W2013386523","https://openalex.org/W2014082094","https://openalex.org/W2014399158","https://openalex.org/W2014461863","https://openalex.org/W2015707497","https://openalex.org/W2016425127","https://openalex.org/W2017124631","https://openalex.org/W2018915326","https://openalex.org/W2019585945","https://openalex.org/W2020032534","https://openalex.org/W2020788454","https://openalex.org/W2020870619","https://openalex.org/W2021339266","https://openalex.org/W2021998219","https://openalex.org/W2022409021","https://openalex.org/W2023093422","https://openalex.org/W2023469931","https://openalex.org/W2024132417","https://openalex.org/W2024692672","https://openalex.org/W2024769940","https://openalex.org/W2025141074","https://openalex.org/W2027357873","https://openalex.org/W2027939610","https://openalex.org/W2027949918","https://openalex.org/W2028541782","https://openalex.org/W2029511935","https://openalex.org/W2032214043","https://openalex.org/W2032585734","https://openalex.org/W2033081368","https://openalex.org/W2033156742","https://openalex.org/W2034640466","https://openalex.org/W2035102686","https://openalex.org/W2035824986","https://openalex.org/W2035982357","https://openalex.org/W2036166056","https://openalex.org/W2036296851","https://openalex.org/W2036633969","https://openalex.org/W2038385433","https://openalex.org/W2039180878","https://openalex.org/W2039235853","https://openalex.org/W2040965331","https://openalex.org/W2041455880","https://openalex.org/W2043512098","https://openalex.org/W2044784270","https://openalex.org/W2045253000","https://openalex.org/W2045465399","https://openalex.org/W2045501306","https://openalex.org/W2047429427","https://openalex.org/W2047655553","https://openalex.org/W2048002078","https://openalex.org/W2049561226","https://openalex.org/W2051021614","https://openalex.org/W2052986792","https://openalex.org/W2053247503","https://openalex.org/W2055202241","https://openalex.org/W2055205177","https://openalex.org/W2056027337","https://openalex.org/W2056477399","https://openalex.org/W2058188904","https://openalex.org/W2058434832","https://openalex.org/W2059407763","https://openalex.org/W2060612466","https://openalex.org/W2060742904","https://openalex.org/W2061798668","https://openalex.org/W2062951677","https://openalex.org/W2063438252","https://openalex.org/W2063772308","https://openalex.org/W2064289102","https://openalex.org/W2064893403","https://openalex.org/W2065528744","https://openalex.org/W2066447918","https://openalex.org/W2066998563","https://openalex.org/W2068283766","https://openalex.org/W2068564815","https://openalex.org/W2070222195","https://openalex.org/W2070238247","https://openalex.org/W2070631858","https://openalex.org/W2071274989","https://openalex.org/W2072663472","https://openalex.org/W2072793908","https://openalex.org/W2073805776","https://openalex.org/W2074156889","https://openalex.org/W2076638797","https://openalex.org/W2077213667","https://openalex.org/W2077798807","https://openalex.org/W2078578221","https://openalex.org/W2078714009","https://openalex.org/W2078868220","https://openalex.org/W2079360357","https://openalex.org/W2080838723","https://openalex.org/W2082298179","https://openalex.org/W2083163432","https://openalex.org/W2083296693","https://openalex.org/W2085118949","https://openalex.org/W2085984666","https://openalex.org/W2086626953","https://openalex.org/W2087245426","https://openalex.org/W2087652859","https://openalex.org/W2087765149","https://openalex.org/W2088462245","https://openalex.org/W2088683534","https://openalex.org/W2090067819","https://openalex.org/W2090733899","https://openalex.org/W2090888970","https://openalex.org/W2091877193","https://openalex.org/W2092068269","https://openalex.org/W2092991907","https://openalex.org/W2093499537","https://openalex.org/W2094385331","https://openalex.org/W2094465955","https://openalex.org/W2095159824","https://openalex.org/W2095197847","https://openalex.org/W2095699965","https://openalex.org/W2095867227","https://openalex.org/W2096526905","https://openalex.org/W2096968483","https://openalex.org/W2099268311","https://openalex.org/W2100168945","https://openalex.org/W2101179008","https://openalex.org/W2102141295","https://openalex.org/W2103119108","https://openalex.org/W2103611059","https://openalex.org/W2104924563","https://openalex.org/W2107406251","https://openalex.org/W2107849044","https://openalex.org/W2107881457","https://openalex.org/W2108238076","https://openalex.org/W2108795964","https://openalex.org/W2108978531","https://openalex.org/W2109204622","https://openalex.org/W2109469951","https://openalex.org/W2110397464","https://openalex.org/W2111114024","https://openalex.org/W2111464895","https://openalex.org/W2112627736","https://openalex.org/W2115418198","https://openalex.org/W2115497642","https://openalex.org/W2116720807","https://openalex.org/W2117142820","https://openalex.org/W2117236007","https://openalex.org/W2119450572","https://openalex.org/W2119635064","https://openalex.org/W2120650192","https://openalex.org/W2120679181","https://openalex.org/W2122831750","https://openalex.org/W2123696035","https://openalex.org/W2127489241","https://openalex.org/W2128543716","https://openalex.org/W2129208071","https://openalex.org/W2129902412","https://openalex.org/W2130030784","https://openalex.org/W2131422336","https://openalex.org/W2131464111","https://openalex.org/W2131930975","https://openalex.org/W2132223925","https://openalex.org/W2132301832","https://openalex.org/W2133219637","https://openalex.org/W2133329608","https://openalex.org/W2133901648","https://openalex.org/W2133984604","https://openalex.org/W2134338974","https://openalex.org/W2134786537","https://openalex.org/W2135490929","https://openalex.org/W2137431319","https://openalex.org/W2140178964","https://openalex.org/W2141137570","https://openalex.org/W2142462775","https://openalex.org/W2143088690","https://openalex.org/W2143585157","https://openalex.org/W2147841534","https://openalex.org/W2151314000","https://openalex.org/W2152715621","https://openalex.org/W2154136388","https://openalex.org/W2154325204","https://openalex.org/W2155428764","https://openalex.org/W2155896116","https://openalex.org/W2158269152","https://openalex.org/W2162246672","https://openalex.org/W2162356402","https://openalex.org/W2163725536","https://openalex.org/W2164284962","https://openalex.org/W2164356350","https://openalex.org/W2164398091","https://openalex.org/W2164633918","https://openalex.org/W2164842896","https://openalex.org/W2165429918","https://openalex.org/W2168605160","https://openalex.org/W2169049218","https://openalex.org/W2169736062","https://openalex.org/W2170738056","https://openalex.org/W2174253539","https://openalex.org/W2179492332","https://openalex.org/W2186621205","https://openalex.org/W2195822427","https://openalex.org/W2223874986","https://openalex.org/W2228986726","https://openalex.org/W2250474460","https://openalex.org/W2262633979","https://openalex.org/W2267745904","https://openalex.org/W2329455117","https://openalex.org/W2330025279","https://openalex.org/W2330149037","https://openalex.org/W2331178877","https://openalex.org/W2347073578","https://openalex.org/W2477257116","https://openalex.org/W2490311120","https://openalex.org/W2495301159","https://openalex.org/W2538960316","https://openalex.org/W2568908347","https://openalex.org/W2582377764","https://openalex.org/W2737522698","https://openalex.org/W2778129375","https://openalex.org/W2792022090","https://openalex.org/W2797385228","https://openalex.org/W2801887814","https://openalex.org/W2803637132","https://openalex.org/W2915237641","https://openalex.org/W2990634740","https://openalex.org/W2996556924","https://openalex.org/W2998008903","https://openalex.org/W3000914929","https://openalex.org/W3045083611","https://openalex.org/W3121147162","https://openalex.org/W3121175530","https://openalex.org/W3121694862","https://openalex.org/W3123326761","https://openalex.org/W3123597226","https://openalex.org/W3124182182","https://openalex.org/W3124827091","https://openalex.org/W3125992491","https://openalex.org/W3126120041","https://openalex.org/W3129398775","https://openalex.org/W4205786956","https://openalex.org/W4229649325","https://openalex.org/W4292887282","https://openalex.org/W4388169795"],"related_works":["https://openalex.org/W2460372397","https://openalex.org/W2061798668","https://openalex.org/W2181726108","https://openalex.org/W2000925999","https://openalex.org/W2012643221","https://openalex.org/W2548436583","https://openalex.org/W2140178964","https://openalex.org/W1529811069","https://openalex.org/W1496588465","https://openalex.org/W3188073829"],"abstract_inverted_index":{"As":[0],"the":[1,19,54,76,94,102,105,118,147,206,216,223,244,269,273,278,297,323],"need":[2],"for":[3,258,289],"regions":[4,167,186,236,252,276],"to":[5,27,238,339],"convert":[6],"knowledge":[7,48,138,174,192,290,298,346],"within":[8,232],"universities":[9,22,98,144,163,212,313],"into":[10],"industrial":[11],"and":[12,60,99,126,130,145,149],"commercial":[13],"success":[14],"is":[15,80,202,213,264,280,301,327],"increasingly":[16,36],"acknowledged":[17],"in":[18,62,101,164,173,179,184,191,198,222,250,277,304,317],"knowledge-based":[20],"economy,":[21],"are":[23,141,154,187],"no":[24],"longer":[25],"considered":[26],"be":[28,239],"isolated":[29],"islands":[30],"of":[31,41,47,56,66,78,93,104,117,151,208,219,225,246,256,275,296,307,345],"knowledge,":[32,260],"but":[33],"as":[34],"institutions":[35],"engaged":[37,142,190,242],"with":[38,82,156,211,215,243,283,315],"a":[39,91,115,122,284,318],"range":[40],"external":[42],"partners":[43],"through":[44,90],"various":[45],"types":[46],"networks.":[49],"Although":[50],"studies":[51,306],"have":[52,253],"examined":[53],"importance":[55],"interactions":[57,79,337],"between":[58,97],"academics":[59,183],"businesses":[61,100,288,316],"building":[63],"competitive":[64,166,199,235],"advantages":[65],"regions,":[67],"there":[68,263],"has":[69,112],"been":[70,114],"much":[71],"less":[72],"work":[73],"considering":[74],"how":[75],"nature":[77],"associated":[81,155,214,282],"regional":[83,109,157,217,324],"competitiveness.":[84,158],"This":[85],"research":[86,134],"explores":[87],"these":[88],"issues":[89],"study":[92,270],"network":[95],"relationships":[96],"context":[103],"UK,":[106],"where":[107],"uneven":[108],"economic":[110],"development":[111],"long":[113],"feature":[116],"economy.":[119],"By":[120],"adopting":[121],"critical":[123],"realist":[124],"paradigm":[125],"employing":[127],"both":[128,136],"qualitative":[129],"quantitative":[131],"methods,":[132],"this":[133],"reveals":[135],"\u2018what\u2019":[137],"exchange":[139,175,193,299],"activities":[140,153,176,194],"by":[143,292],"\u2018how\u2019":[146],"intensity":[148,207],"performance":[150],"those":[152,178],"National":[159],"findings":[160],"suggest":[161],"that":[162,205,272,312,329],"more":[165,188,240,340],"generate":[168],"higher":[169],"income":[170],"from":[171,287],"engaging":[172],"than":[177,195],"uncompetitive":[180,185,251],"areas.":[181,200],"However,":[182],"actively":[189],"their":[196],"counterparts":[197],"It":[201,326],"also":[203],"found":[204],"firm-level":[209],"interaction":[210],"location":[218],"firms,":[220],"especially":[221],"case":[224,305],"smaller":[226],"firms.":[227],"In":[228],"particular,":[229],"firms":[230],"located":[231],"relatively":[233],"economically":[234],"tend":[237],"positively":[241,281],"use":[245],"academic":[247,259],"knowledge.":[248],"Firms":[249],"lower":[254],"levels":[255],"demand":[257,286],"even":[261,321],"though":[262],"often":[265],"sufficient":[266],"supply.":[267],"Overall,":[268],"indicates":[271],"competitiveness":[274],"UK":[279],"strong":[285],"generated":[291],"universities.":[293],"The":[294],"complexity":[295],"process":[300],"further":[302],"highlighted":[303],"university":[308],"initiatives,":[309],"which":[310],"show":[311],"engage":[314],"diverse":[319],"spectrum":[320],"at":[322,334],"level.":[325],"concluded":[328],"future":[330],"policy":[331],"intervention":[332],"targeted":[333],"fostering":[335],"university-industry":[336],"needs":[338],"fully":[341],"acknowledge":[342],"territorial":[343],"patterns":[344],"exchange.":[347]},"counts_by_year":[],"updated_date":"2026-11-04T10:54:05.112534","created_date":"2016-06-24T00:00:00"}
