{"id":"https://openalex.org/W2192248588","doi":null,"title":"Contagion: a theoretical and empirical review and reconceptualization.","display_name":"Contagion: a theoretical and empirical review and reconceptualization.","publication_year":1993,"publication_date":"1993-05-01","ids":{"openalex":"https://openalex.org/W2192248588","mag":"2192248588","pmid":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/8405969"},"language":"en","primary_location":{"id":"pmid:8405969","doi":null,"is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/8405969","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306525036","display_name":"PubMed","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"listed_in":[],"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/I1299303238","host_organization_name":"National Institutes of Health","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/I1299303238"],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Genetic, social, and general psychology monographs","raw_type":"Journal Article"},"volume":null,"type":"article","is_traditional":true,"indexed_in":["pubmed"],"open_access":{"is_oa":false,"oa_status":"closed","oa_url":null,"any_repository_has_fulltext":false},"authorships":[{"author_position":"first","author":{"id":null,"display_name":"D A Levy","orcid":null,"observed_orcids":[]},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I100191712","display_name":"Pepperdine University","ror":"https://ror.org/0529ybh43","country_code":"US","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I100191712"]}],"countries":["US"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"D A Levy","raw_affiliation_strings":["Department of Psychology, Pepperdine University"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Psychology, Pepperdine University","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I100191712"]}]},{"author_position":"last","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5014380488","display_name":"Paul R. Nail","orcid":null,"observed_orcids":[]},"institutions":[],"countries":[],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"P R Nail","raw_affiliation_strings":[],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[]}],"institutions":[],"countries_distinct_count":1,"institutions_distinct_count":1,"corresponding_author_ids":[],"corresponding_institution_ids":[],"apc_list":null,"apc_paid":null,"fwci":0.0,"has_fulltext":false,"cited_by_count":205,"citation_normalized_percentile":{"value":0.29459459,"is_in_top_1_percent":false,"is_in_top_10_percent":false},"cited_by_percentile_year":{"min":96,"max":100},"biblio":{"volume":"119","issue":"2","first_page":"233","last_page":"84"},"is_retracted":false,"is_paratext":false,"is_xpac":false,"primary_topic":{"id":"https://openalex.org/T13841","display_name":"Psychology of Social Influence","score":0.4683000147342682,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/3207","display_name":"Social Psychology"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/32","display_name":"Psychology"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/2","display_name":"Social Sciences"}},"topics":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/T13841","display_name":"Psychology of Social Influence","score":0.4683000147342682,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/3207","display_name":"Social Psychology"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/32","display_name":"Psychology"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/2","display_name":"Social Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10314","display_name":"Social and Intergroup Psychology","score":0.07989999651908875,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/3312","display_name":"Sociology and Political Science"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/33","display_name":"Social Sciences"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/2","display_name":"Social Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T12592","display_name":"Opinion Dynamics and Social Influence","score":0.0731000006198883,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/3109","display_name":"Statistical and Nonlinear Physics"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/31","display_name":"Physics and Astronomy"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}}],"keywords":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/social-contagion","display_name":"social contagion","score":0.8840000033378601},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/social-influence","display_name":"social influence","score":0.8619999885559082},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/contagion-theory","display_name":"contagion theory","score":0.44600000977516174}],"concepts":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/C159237981","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1498207","display_name":"Emotional contagion","level":2,"score":0.8155049681663513},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C15744967","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q9418","display_name":"Psychology","level":0,"score":0.6548742651939392},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2781140086","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q557945","display_name":"Confusion","level":2,"score":0.6466419696807861},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C66882249","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q169336","display_name":"Homogeneous","level":2,"score":0.545615553855896},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2780966255","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q5474306","display_name":"Foundation (evidence)","level":2,"score":0.4655953347682953},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C111472728","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q9471","display_name":"Epistemology","level":1,"score":0.4441385865211487},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C77805123","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q161272","display_name":"Social psychology","level":1,"score":0.40145933628082275},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C180747234","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q23373","display_name":"Cognitive psychology","level":1,"score":0.37879857420921326},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C118084267","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q26110","display_name":"Positive economics","level":1,"score":0.3676464557647705},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C11171543","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q41630","display_name":"Psychoanalysis","level":1,"score":0.15905430912971497},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C17744445","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q36442","display_name":"Political science","level":0,"score":0.10142338275909424},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C162324750","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q8134","display_name":"Economics","level":0,"score":0.06871598958969116},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C121332964","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q413","display_name":"Physics","level":0,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C138885662","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q5891","display_name":"Philosophy","level":0,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C97355855","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11473","display_name":"Thermodynamics","level":1,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C199539241","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7748","display_name":"Law","level":1,"score":0.0}],"mesh":[{"descriptor_ui":"D001143","descriptor_name":"Arousal","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D006126","descriptor_name":"Group Processes","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":true},{"descriptor_ui":"D006801","descriptor_name":"Humans","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D007046","descriptor_name":"Hysteria","qualifier_ui":"Q000523","qualifier_name":"psychology","is_major_topic":true},{"descriptor_ui":"D007100","descriptor_name":"Imitative Behavior","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D012925","descriptor_name":"Social Conformity","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D012933","descriptor_name":"Social Identification","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":true},{"descriptor_ui":"D013001","descriptor_name":"Somatoform Disorders","qualifier_ui":"Q000523","qualifier_name":"psychology","is_major_topic":true}],"locations_count":2,"locations":[{"id":"pmid:8405969","doi":null,"is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/8405969","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306525036","display_name":"PubMed","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"listed_in":[],"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/I1299303238","host_organization_name":"National Institutes of Health","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/I1299303238"],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Genetic, social, and general psychology monographs","raw_type":"Journal Article"},{"id":"mag:2192248588","doi":null,"is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/8405969","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306525036","display_name":"PubMed","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"listed_in":[],"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/I1299303238","host_organization_name":"National Institutes of Health","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/I1299303238"],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":null,"is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":"PubMed","raw_type":null}],"best_oa_location":null,"sustainable_development_goals":[],"study_designs":[],"awards":[],"funders":[],"has_content":{"pdf":false,"grobid_xml":false},"content_urls":null,"referenced_works_count":0,"referenced_works":[],"related_works":["https://openalex.org/W2954595212","https://openalex.org/W4416462260","https://openalex.org/W2313521207","https://openalex.org/W2047176071","https://openalex.org/W4405207460","https://openalex.org/W2413325707","https://openalex.org/W2121440301","https://openalex.org/W2034892763","https://openalex.org/W4293277574","https://openalex.org/W4410315787"],"abstract_inverted_index":{"We":[0],"have":[1,48,80],"reviewed":[2],"theories":[3],"and":[4,69,74,84,94,97,125,133],"research":[5,98],"in":[6,40,111,123],"the":[7,26,29,34,37,101,112,119,127],"area":[8],"of":[9,16,25,90,121,136],"contagion":[10,41,59,83,122],"with":[11],"an":[12],"emphasis":[13],"on":[14],"definitions":[15],"contagion.":[17,137],"The":[18,105],"review":[19],"shows":[20,108],"that":[21,36,58],"a":[22,64,130],"great":[23],"deal":[24],"confusion":[27],"surrounding":[28],"term":[30],"is":[31],"due":[32],"to":[33],"fact":[35],"phenomena":[38,93],"involved":[39],"are":[42],"extremely":[43],"heterogeneous,":[44],"yet":[45],"they":[46],"typically":[47],"been":[49],"placed":[50],"under":[51,100],"homogeneous":[52],"rubrics.":[53],"Accordingly,":[54],"we":[55,79],"propose":[56],"herein":[57],"should":[60],"be":[61,115],"conceptualized":[62],"as":[63],"general":[65],"type,":[66],"social":[67,82,91],"contagion,":[68],"three":[70],"subtypes:":[71],"disinhibitory,":[72],"echo,":[73],"hysterical.":[75],"In":[76],"this":[77],"article,":[78],"distinguished":[81],"its":[85],"subtypes":[86],"from":[87],"other":[88],"types":[89],"influence":[92],"reclassified":[95],"theoretical":[96],"articles":[99],"newly":[102],"proposed":[103,106],"definitions.":[104],"reconceptualization":[107],"how":[109],"contradictions":[110],"literature":[113],"can":[114],"resolved":[116],"by":[117],"distinguishing":[118],"type":[120],"question":[124],"provides":[126],"foundation":[128],"for":[129],"more":[131],"comprehensive":[132],"useful":[134],"psychology":[135]},"counts_by_year":[{"year":2025,"cited_by_count":15},{"year":2024,"cited_by_count":7},{"year":2023,"cited_by_count":14},{"year":2022,"cited_by_count":14},{"year":2021,"cited_by_count":17},{"year":2020,"cited_by_count":12},{"year":2019,"cited_by_count":11},{"year":2018,"cited_by_count":13},{"year":2017,"cited_by_count":3},{"year":2016,"cited_by_count":9},{"year":2015,"cited_by_count":6},{"year":2014,"cited_by_count":5},{"year":2013,"cited_by_count":7},{"year":2012,"cited_by_count":9}],"updated_date":"2026-11-04T10:54:05.112534","created_date":"2016-06-24T00:00:00"}