{"id":"https://openalex.org/W2188986784","doi":null,"title":"BI-PARENTAL CARE IN KILLDEER: AN ADAPTIVE HYPOTHESIS","display_name":"BI-PARENTAL CARE IN KILLDEER: AN ADAPTIVE HYPOTHESIS","publication_year":1980,"publication_date":"1980-01-01","ids":{"openalex":"https://openalex.org/W2188986784","mag":"2188986784"},"language":"en","primary_location":{"id":"pmh:oai:digitalcommons.usf.edu:wilson_bulletin-8214","doi":null,"is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://digitalcommons.usf.edu/wilson_bulletin/vol92/iss1/2","pdf_url":"https://digitalcommons.usf.edu/cgi/viewcontent.cgi?article=8214&context=wilson_bulletin","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4377196272","display_name":"Digital Commons - University of South Florida (University of South Florida)","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"listed_in":[],"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/I2613432","host_organization_name":"University of South Florida","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/I2613432"],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":"Wilson Bulletin","raw_type":"text"},"volume":null,"type":"article","is_traditional":true,"indexed_in":[],"open_access":{"is_oa":true,"oa_status":"green","oa_url":"https://digitalcommons.usf.edu/cgi/viewcontent.cgi?article=8214&context=wilson_bulletin","any_repository_has_fulltext":true},"authorships":[{"author_position":"first","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5084818293","display_name":"Sarah Lenington","orcid":null,"observed_orcids":[]},"institutions":[],"countries":[],"is_corresponding":true,"raw_author_name":"Sarah Lenington","raw_affiliation_strings":[],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[]}],"institutions":[],"countries_distinct_count":0,"institutions_distinct_count":0,"corresponding_author_ids":["https://openalex.org/A5084818293"],"corresponding_institution_ids":[],"apc_list":null,"apc_paid":null,"fwci":4.6028,"has_fulltext":true,"cited_by_count":41,"citation_normalized_percentile":{"value":0.94617967,"is_in_top_1_percent":false,"is_in_top_10_percent":true},"cited_by_percentile_year":{"min":88,"max":93},"biblio":{"volume":null,"issue":null,"first_page":null,"last_page":null},"is_retracted":false,"is_paratext":false,"is_xpac":false,"primary_topic":{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10174","display_name":"Animal Behavior and Reproduction","score":0.9096999764442444,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1105","display_name":"Ecology, Evolution, Behavior and Systematics"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/11","display_name":"Agricultural and Biological Sciences"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/1","display_name":"Life Sciences"}},"topics":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10174","display_name":"Animal Behavior and Reproduction","score":0.9096999764442444,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1105","display_name":"Ecology, Evolution, Behavior and Systematics"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/11","display_name":"Agricultural and Biological Sciences"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/1","display_name":"Life Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10089","display_name":"Avian ecology and behavior","score":0.08889999985694885,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2303","display_name":"Ecology"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/23","display_name":"Environmental Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11665","display_name":"Animal Vocal Communication and Behavior","score":0.0003000000142492354,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1105","display_name":"Ecology, Evolution, Behavior and Systematics"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/11","display_name":"Agricultural and Biological Sciences"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/1","display_name":"Life Sciences"}}],"keywords":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/killdeer","display_name":"killdeer","score":0.8080000281333923},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/charadrius-vociferus","display_name":"Charadrius vociferus","score":0.9959999918937683},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/biparental-care","display_name":"biparental care","score":0.9700000286102295},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/parental-care","display_name":"parental care","score":0.6290000081062317},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/time-budget","display_name":"time budget","score":0.7200000286102295},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/monogamy","display_name":"monogamy","score":0.6129999756813049},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/double-brooding","display_name":"double brooding","score":0.4729999899864197},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/clutch-size","display_name":"clutch size","score":0.5109999775886536},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/incubation","display_name":"incubation","score":0.6100000143051147},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/reproductive-success","display_name":"reproductive success","score":0.5139999985694885},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/urban-habitat","display_name":"urban habitat","score":0.3019999861717224},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/anatids","display_name":"anatids","score":0.44600000977516174},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/brood-parasitism","display_name":"brood parasitism","score":0.5929999947547913},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/nest-predation","display_name":"nest predation","score":0.3869999945163727}],"concepts":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/C111850983","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1571795","display_name":"Precocial","level":2,"score":0.9228700399398804},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C111507845","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q17074181","display_name":"Paternal care","level":4,"score":0.8963090181350708},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C153112689","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q526071","display_name":"Parental investment","level":4,"score":0.6566771864891052},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C149923435","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q37732","display_name":"Demography","level":1,"score":0.5510169863700867},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C114265396","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q994747","display_name":"Brood","level":2,"score":0.5428997278213501},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C167654180","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2005758","display_name":"Altricial","level":2,"score":0.5245116949081421},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2776453541","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q376596","display_name":"Courtship","level":2,"score":0.520522952079773},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C152630561","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q6997750","display_name":"Nest (protein structural motif)","level":2,"score":0.46113598346710205},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C86803240","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q420","display_name":"Biology","level":0,"score":0.45713576674461365},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2780911997","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q736322","display_name":"Charadrius","level":3,"score":0.4316061735153198},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C90856448","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q431","display_name":"Zoology","level":1,"score":0.36081892251968384},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C112672928","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q239526","display_name":"Offspring","level":3,"score":0.3434097170829773},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C18903297","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7150","display_name":"Ecology","level":1,"score":0.3015982508659363},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2779234561","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11995","display_name":"Pregnancy","level":2,"score":0.15072566270828247},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C144024400","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q21201","display_name":"Sociology","level":0,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C185933670","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q52105","display_name":"Habitat","level":2,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C55493867","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7094","display_name":"Biochemistry","level":1,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C54355233","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7162","display_name":"Genetics","level":1,"score":0.0}],"mesh":[],"locations_count":2,"locations":[{"id":"pmh:oai:digitalcommons.usf.edu:wilson_bulletin-8214","doi":null,"is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://digitalcommons.usf.edu/wilson_bulletin/vol92/iss1/2","pdf_url":"https://digitalcommons.usf.edu/cgi/viewcontent.cgi?article=8214&context=wilson_bulletin","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4377196272","display_name":"Digital Commons - University of South Florida (University of South Florida)","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"listed_in":[],"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/I2613432","host_organization_name":"University of South Florida","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/I2613432"],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":"Wilson Bulletin","raw_type":"text"},{"id":"mag:2188986784","doi":null,"is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://sora.unm.edu/sites/default/files/journals/wilson/v092n01/p0008-p0020.pdf","pdf_url":null,"source":null,"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":null,"is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":null,"raw_type":null}],"best_oa_location":{"id":"pmh:oai:digitalcommons.usf.edu:wilson_bulletin-8214","doi":null,"is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://digitalcommons.usf.edu/wilson_bulletin/vol92/iss1/2","pdf_url":"https://digitalcommons.usf.edu/cgi/viewcontent.cgi?article=8214&context=wilson_bulletin","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4377196272","display_name":"Digital Commons - University of South Florida (University of South Florida)","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"listed_in":[],"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/I2613432","host_organization_name":"University of South Florida","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/I2613432"],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":"Wilson Bulletin","raw_type":"text"},"sustainable_development_goals":[],"study_designs":[],"awards":[],"funders":[],"has_content":{"pdf":true,"grobid_xml":true},"content_urls":{"pdf":"https://content.openalex.org/works/W2188986784.pdf","grobid_xml":"https://content.openalex.org/works/W2188986784.grobid-xml"},"referenced_works_count":26,"referenced_works":["https://openalex.org/W363729352","https://openalex.org/W612553040","https://openalex.org/W1490421035","https://openalex.org/W1964738822","https://openalex.org/W1971241362","https://openalex.org/W1977840961","https://openalex.org/W1979147808","https://openalex.org/W1979554699","https://openalex.org/W1987971286","https://openalex.org/W1990367296","https://openalex.org/W1991091591","https://openalex.org/W2000158523","https://openalex.org/W2017797181","https://openalex.org/W2025297244","https://openalex.org/W2026756621","https://openalex.org/W2039938693","https://openalex.org/W2055187393","https://openalex.org/W2063037305","https://openalex.org/W2066650872","https://openalex.org/W2070466593","https://openalex.org/W2131076386","https://openalex.org/W2320702188","https://openalex.org/W2325092587","https://openalex.org/W2334601780","https://openalex.org/W2649487192","https://openalex.org/W2971249900"],"related_works":["https://openalex.org/W2622414997","https://openalex.org/W2085559330","https://openalex.org/W2464281104","https://openalex.org/W7209245949","https://openalex.org/W2026767620","https://openalex.org/W2326129643","https://openalex.org/W1484271117","https://openalex.org/W2777489119","https://openalex.org/W2115741934","https://openalex.org/W1976833951"],"abstract_inverted_index":{"SARAH":[0],"LENINGTON":[1],"Parental":[2],"care":[3,39,49,78,119,150,181],"(here":[4],"defined":[5],"as":[6],"investment":[7],"made":[8],"by":[9,54,91,140,269,316,360,365],"adults":[10,107,362],"in":[11,17,76,96,104,117,134,182,186,192,204,249,292],"their":[12,92,270],"young":[13,51,88],"after":[14,221],"hatching)":[15],"occurs":[16],"all":[18],"birds":[19,82],"except":[20],"the":[21,28,45,66,87,129,172,208,225,261,293,304,339,344],"Megapodidae.It":[22],"is":[23,79,120,279],"to":[24,37,198,285],"be":[25,138],"expected":[26],"that":[27],"amount":[29],"and":[30,34,83,102,167,174,203,212,216,238,245,301,319,334,343,353,363,378],"proportion":[31],"of":[32,47,73,114,128,148,179,229,236,242,322,341,346],"time":[33,159],"energy":[35],"devoted":[36],"parental":[38,48,77,118,126,180],"will":[40,60],"profoundly":[41],"affect":[42],"reproductive":[43],"success.Furthermore,":[44],"strategy":[46],"(whether":[50],"are":[52,89,252],"tended":[53,139,359],"male,":[55],"or":[56,58,143,331],"female,":[57],"both)":[59],"have":[61],"far":[62],"reaching":[63],"effects":[64],"on":[65,297,327,337],"mating":[67],"system":[68],"(Lack":[69,94],"1968,":[70],"Orians":[71],"1969).Participation":[72],"both":[74,106,115,165,361],"sexes":[75,116],"widespread":[80],"among":[81],"easily":[84],"understood":[85],"when":[86],"fed":[90,268],"parents":[93,166],"1968).However,":[95],"several":[97],"monogamous":[98,130],"anatids,":[99],"charadriids,":[100],"scolopacids":[101],"recurvirostrids":[103],"which":[105,135],"tend":[108],"precocial,":[109],"independently":[110],"foraging":[111],"young,":[112,156,266],"participation":[113],"problematic":[121],"(Selander":[122],"1972).This":[123],"paper":[124],"discusses":[125],"behavior":[127,163],"Killdeer":[131,230,251,281,311],"(Charadrius":[132],"vociferus),":[133],"broods":[136,352,357],"may":[137,282],"either":[141],"1":[142,169,366,372],"2":[144],"adults.To":[145],"assess":[146],"advantages":[147],"bi-parental":[149],"for":[151,161,177,256],"a":[152,199,234,277,347],"species":[153],"with":[154,164,254,329,380],"precocial":[155],"I":[157],"contrast":[158],"budgets":[160],"adult":[162,170],"only":[168,226],"tending":[171],"brood":[173,263],"suggest":[175],"hypotheses":[176],"strategies":[178],"this":[183],"species.Killdeer":[184],"arrive":[185],"mid-March":[187],"at":[188,273,370],"my":[189],"study":[190,228,289],"area":[191],"St.":[193],"Paul,":[194],"Minnesota.Males":[195],"often":[196],"return":[197],"previously":[200],"occupied":[201],"territory":[202],"some":[205],"instances":[206],"retain":[207],"same":[209],"mate":[210],"(Lenington":[211],"Mace":[213],"1975).Courtship":[214],"activities":[215],"pair":[217],"formation":[218],"begin":[219],"immediately":[220],"arrival.Bunni":[222],"(1959)":[223],"did":[224],"detailed":[227],"breeding":[231,295],"biology.He":[232],"reported":[233],"clutch-size":[235],"4":[237],"an":[239],"incubation":[240],"period":[241],"24-26":[243],"days.Males":[244],"females":[246],"participate":[247],"equally":[248],"incubation.Occasionally":[250],"double-brooded,":[253],"eggs":[255],"second":[257],"nestings":[258],"laid":[259],"before":[260],"first":[262],"has":[264],"fledged.The":[265],"never":[267],"parents,":[271],"fledge":[272],"about":[274],"31":[275],"days.If":[276],"clutch":[278],"destroyed,":[280],"nest":[283],"up":[284,315],"3":[286,364],"times.METHODS":[287],"This":[288],"was":[290,313],"done":[291],"1972":[294],"season":[296],"150":[298],"acres":[299],"on,":[300],"adjacent":[302],"to,":[303],"Minnesota":[305],"State":[306],"Fair":[307],"Grounds,":[308],"where":[309],"suitable":[310],"habitat":[312],"broken":[314],"busy":[317],"streets":[318],"large":[320],"complexes":[321],"buildings":[323],"(Fig.":[324],"1).Killdeer":[325],"nested":[326],"areas":[328],"low":[330],"sparse":[332],"vegetation":[333],"foraged":[335],"regularly":[336],"lawns,":[338],"margins":[340],"ponds":[342],"edges":[345],"drainage":[348],"ditch.I":[349],"watched":[350],"8":[351,381],"13":[354],"attendant":[355],"adults.Five":[356],"were":[358,376],"adult.Eight":[367],"adults,":[368],"including":[369],"least":[371],"from":[373],"each":[374],"pair,":[375],"trapped":[377],"banded":[379]},"counts_by_year":[{"year":2024,"cited_by_count":1},{"year":2022,"cited_by_count":1},{"year":2018,"cited_by_count":1},{"year":2017,"cited_by_count":1},{"year":2016,"cited_by_count":1},{"year":2015,"cited_by_count":1},{"year":2012,"cited_by_count":1}],"updated_date":"2026-09-16T18:09:00.828671","created_date":"2016-06-24T00:00:00"}
