{"id":"https://openalex.org/W2188940130","doi":"https://doi.org/10.18415/ijmmu.v1i1.6","title":"Ethnic Conflict between the Muslims and Christians in Nigeria: The Dilemma of Decision-Making of the Political Elites","display_name":"Ethnic Conflict between the Muslims and Christians in Nigeria: The Dilemma of Decision-Making of the Political Elites","publication_year":2015,"publication_date":"2015-06-07","ids":{"openalex":"https://openalex.org/W2188940130","doi":"https://doi.org/10.18415/ijmmu.v1i1.6","mag":"2188940130"},"language":"en","primary_location":{"id":"doi:10.18415/ijmmu.v1i1.6","doi":"https://doi.org/10.18415/ijmmu.v1i1.6","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.18415/ijmmu.v1i1.6","pdf_url":"https://ijmmu.com/index.php/ijmmu/article/download/6/7","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S2738486533","display_name":"International Journal of Multicultural and Multireligious Understanding","issn_l":"2364-5369","issn":["2364-5369"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"listed_in":["vabb-shw"],"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310313705","host_organization_name":"International journal of multicultural and multireligious understanding","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310313705"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["International journal of multicultural and multireligious understanding"],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by-nc-nd","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by-nc-nd","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"International Journal of Multicultural and Multireligious Understanding","raw_type":"journal-article"},"volume":null,"type":"article","indexed_in":["crossref"],"open_access":{"is_oa":true,"oa_status":"diamond","oa_url":"https://ijmmu.com/index.php/ijmmu/article/download/6/7","any_repository_has_fulltext":false},"authorships":[{"author_position":"first","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5074262053","display_name":"Ray Ikechukwu Jacob","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-3658-0022","observed_orcids":["https://orcid.org/0000-0002-3658-0022"]},"institutions":[],"countries":[],"is_corresponding":true,"raw_author_name":"Ray Ikechukwu Jacob","raw_affiliation_strings":[],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[]}],"institutions":[],"countries_distinct_count":0,"institutions_distinct_count":0,"corresponding_author_ids":["https://openalex.org/A5074262053"],"corresponding_institution_ids":[],"apc_list":null,"apc_paid":null,"fwci":1.8951,"has_fulltext":true,"cited_by_count":2,"citation_normalized_percentile":{"value":0.92469656,"is_in_top_1_percent":false,"is_in_top_10_percent":true},"cited_by_percentile_year":{"min":89,"max":94},"biblio":{"volume":"1","issue":"1","first_page":"1","last_page":"1"},"is_retracted":false,"is_paratext":false,"is_xpac":false,"primary_topic":{"id":"https://openalex.org/T14228","display_name":"Religion and Sociopolitical Dynamics in Nigeria","score":0.9829000234603882,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/3300","display_name":"General Social Sciences"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/33","display_name":"Social Sciences"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/2","display_name":"Social Sciences"}},"topics":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/T14228","display_name":"Religion and Sociopolitical Dynamics in Nigeria","score":0.9829000234603882,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/3300","display_name":"General Social Sciences"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/33","display_name":"Social Sciences"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/2","display_name":"Social Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10070","display_name":"Political Conflict and Governance","score":0.01140000019222498,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/3312","display_name":"Sociology and Political Science"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/33","display_name":"Social Sciences"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/2","display_name":"Social Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T13103","display_name":"Middle East Politics and Society","score":0.000699999975040555,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/3312","display_name":"Sociology and Political Science"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/33","display_name":"Social Sciences"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/2","display_name":"Social Sciences"}}],"keywords":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/ethnic-conflict","display_name":"ethnic conflict","score":0.9980000257492065},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/muslim-christian-conflict","display_name":"Christian-Muslim conflict","score":0.7960000038146973},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/political-elites","display_name":"political elites","score":0.7369999885559082},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/decision-making","display_name":"decision-making","score":0.9150000214576721},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/northern-nigeria","display_name":"Northern Nigeria","score":0.890999972820282},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/religious-conflict","display_name":"religious conflict","score":0.7630000114440918},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/political-mobilization","display_name":"political mobilization","score":0.6600000262260437},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/resource-inequality","display_name":"resource inequality","score":0.5440000295639038}],"concepts":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/C137403100","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q41710","display_name":"Ethnic group","level":2,"score":0.7695519328117371},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C94625758","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7163","display_name":"Politics","level":2,"score":0.7446215152740479},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2777593458","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q766875","display_name":"Ethnic conflict","level":3,"score":0.5858672261238098},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2778137410","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2732820","display_name":"Government (linguistics)","level":2,"score":0.5617374777793884},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2778496695","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q254128","display_name":"Dilemma","level":2,"score":0.4819886088371277},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C555826173","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7174","display_name":"Democracy","level":3,"score":0.47950059175491333},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C48103436","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q599031","display_name":"State (computer science)","level":2,"score":0.4645298421382904},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C17744445","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q36442","display_name":"Political science","level":0,"score":0.45389246940612793},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C138921699","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q47555","display_name":"Political economy","level":1,"score":0.4397753179073334},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2780623907","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q106394435","display_name":"Disadvantaged","level":2,"score":0.42769360542297363},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C144024400","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q21201","display_name":"Sociology","level":0,"score":0.41560280323028564},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C47768531","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1127188","display_name":"Development economics","level":1,"score":0.4031932055950165},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C199539241","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7748","display_name":"Law","level":1,"score":0.24974000453948975},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C162324750","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q8134","display_name":"Economics","level":0,"score":0.21595808863639832},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C41008148","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q21198","display_name":"Computer science","level":0,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C138885662","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q5891","display_name":"Philosophy","level":0,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C11413529","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q8366","display_name":"Algorithm","level":1,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C111472728","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q9471","display_name":"Epistemology","level":1,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C41895202","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q8162","display_name":"Linguistics","level":1,"score":0.0}],"mesh":[],"locations_count":2,"locations":[{"id":"doi:10.18415/ijmmu.v1i1.6","doi":"https://doi.org/10.18415/ijmmu.v1i1.6","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.18415/ijmmu.v1i1.6","pdf_url":"https://ijmmu.com/index.php/ijmmu/article/download/6/7","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S2738486533","display_name":"International Journal of Multicultural and Multireligious Understanding","issn_l":"2364-5369","issn":["2364-5369"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"listed_in":["vabb-shw"],"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310313705","host_organization_name":"International journal of multicultural and multireligious understanding","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310313705"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["International journal of multicultural and multireligious understanding"],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by-nc-nd","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by-nc-nd","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"International Journal of Multicultural and Multireligious Understanding","raw_type":"journal-article"},{"id":"pmh:oai:ojs.ijmmu.com:article/6","doi":null,"is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"http://ijmmu.com/index.php/ijmmu/article/view/6","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S2738486533","display_name":"International Journal of Multicultural and Multireligious Understanding","issn_l":"2364-5369","issn":["2364-5369"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"listed_in":["vabb-shw"],"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310313705","host_organization_name":"International journal of multicultural and multireligious understanding","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310313705"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["International journal of multicultural and multireligious understanding"],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by-nc-nd","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by-nc-nd","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"International Journal of Multicultural and Multireligious Understanding; Vol 1, No 1 (2014): December; 1-11","raw_type":"info:eu-repo/semantics/article"}],"best_oa_location":{"id":"doi:10.18415/ijmmu.v1i1.6","doi":"https://doi.org/10.18415/ijmmu.v1i1.6","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.18415/ijmmu.v1i1.6","pdf_url":"https://ijmmu.com/index.php/ijmmu/article/download/6/7","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S2738486533","display_name":"International Journal of Multicultural and Multireligious Understanding","issn_l":"2364-5369","issn":["2364-5369"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"listed_in":["vabb-shw"],"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310313705","host_organization_name":"International journal of multicultural and multireligious understanding","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310313705"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["International journal of multicultural and multireligious understanding"],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by-nc-nd","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by-nc-nd","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"International Journal of Multicultural and Multireligious Understanding","raw_type":"journal-article"},"sustainable_development_goals":[{"score":1.0,"id":"https://metadata.un.org/sdg/16","display_name":"Peace, justice, and strong institutions"}],"study_designs":[],"awards":[],"funders":[],"has_content":{"pdf":true,"grobid_xml":true},"content_urls":{"pdf":"https://content.openalex.org/works/W2188940130.pdf","grobid_xml":"https://content.openalex.org/works/W2188940130.grobid-xml"},"referenced_works_count":15,"referenced_works":["https://openalex.org/W1482350828","https://openalex.org/W1590514403","https://openalex.org/W2000451491","https://openalex.org/W2086068736","https://openalex.org/W2145217798","https://openalex.org/W2159254425","https://openalex.org/W2321361684","https://openalex.org/W2335147235","https://openalex.org/W2799537608","https://openalex.org/W2998955817","https://openalex.org/W3142394089","https://openalex.org/W6628697478","https://openalex.org/W6650494823","https://openalex.org/W7039698425","https://openalex.org/W7044386168"],"related_works":["https://openalex.org/W2136589266","https://openalex.org/W2003425849","https://openalex.org/W1479798085","https://openalex.org/W2010822359","https://openalex.org/W57866225","https://openalex.org/W2089646223","https://openalex.org/W6949759379","https://openalex.org/W2970474337","https://openalex.org/W2741334770","https://openalex.org/W4380836842"],"abstract_inverted_index":{"This":[0],"paper":[1,65],"examines":[2],"how":[3,77],"ethnic":[4,123,153,180,220,237,243],"conflict":[5,26,154,238,256,263],"occurred":[6,99],"as":[7],"a":[8,93,240],"result":[9],"of":[10,41,48,51,63,69,95,108,120,152,160,178,255],"actions":[11],"or":[12,20],"decisions":[13,79],"made":[14],"by":[15,44,110,198,257],"either":[16],"local":[17],"government,":[18],"state":[19],"federal":[21],"government":[22],"in":[23,72,88,100,131,157,204,207,226,239,268],"Nigeria.":[24,227,246],"Ethnic":[25],"can":[27],"be":[28],"triggered":[29],"due":[30,104],"to":[31,55,85,105,202,209,236,251],"various":[32],"factors,":[33],"such":[34],"geographical":[35],"proximity,":[36],"group":[37],"identity,":[38],"deliberate":[39],"manipulation":[40],"negative":[42],"perceptions":[43],"political":[45,52,112,200,213,222],"leaders,":[46],"competition":[47],"resources,":[49],"weakness":[50],"institution":[53],"transitions":[54],"democracy,":[56],"and":[57,76,80,140,145,165,196,242,266],"etc.":[58],"However,":[59],"the":[60,67,73,78,81,89,106,111,118,121,132,168,176,189,199,216,253,261,269],"main":[61],"focus":[62],"this":[64,185],"is":[66,230],"implementation":[68],"Shari\u2019a":[70],"law":[71],"Northern":[74],"Nigeria":[75,101],"implementations":[82],"have":[83,155,224],"led":[84],"blood-shed":[86,96,141],"conflicts":[87],"country.":[90,133,169,270],"In":[91,215],"general,":[92],"number":[94],"events":[97],"that":[98,114,182,188,233],"are":[102,183,192],"also":[103],"process":[107],"decision-making":[109,229],"elites":[113],"could":[115,234],"not":[116],"fulfil":[117],"requirements":[119],"respective":[122],"groups.":[124],"The":[125,149,170],"implications":[126,151],"had":[127],"been":[128],"overwhelmingly":[129],"devastating":[130],"Uncountable":[134],"lives":[135],"were":[136,147],"lost":[137],"via":[138],"mayhem":[139],"wars.":[142],"Homes,":[143],"shops":[144],"properties":[146],"destroyed.":[148],"economic":[150,172],"resulted":[156],"unequal":[158],"distribution":[159],"resources":[161],"among":[162],"individual,":[163],"groups":[164,181],"regions":[166],"within":[167],"growing":[171],"disparities":[173],"may":[174],"increase":[175],"fear":[177],"those":[179],"disadvantaged;":[184],"has":[186],"warranted":[187],"ignorant":[190],"masses":[191],"often":[193],"being":[194],"remote":[195],"mobilized":[197],"class":[201],"engage":[203],"religious":[205,262],"crisis":[206],"order":[208],"achieve":[210],"their":[211],"selfish":[212],"interests.":[214],"same":[217],"vein,":[218],"similar":[219],"based":[221],"movements":[223],"arisen":[225],"Therefore,":[228],"one":[231],"source":[232],"lead":[235],"multi-cultural":[241],"country":[244],"like":[245],"Decision-making":[247],"approach":[248],"was":[249],"used":[250],"examine":[252],"scene":[254],"focusing":[258],"only":[259],"on":[260],"between":[264],"Muslims":[265],"Christians":[267]},"counts_by_year":[{"year":2020,"cited_by_count":1},{"year":2018,"cited_by_count":1}],"updated_date":"2026-09-30T09:27:27.532063","created_date":"2016-06-24T00:00:00"}
