{"id":"https://openalex.org/W2188590459","doi":null,"title":"Racial and ethnic differences in response to medicines: towards individualized pharmaceutical treatment.","display_name":"Racial and ethnic differences in response to medicines: towards individualized pharmaceutical treatment.","publication_year":2002,"publication_date":"2002-10-01","ids":{"openalex":"https://openalex.org/W2188590459","mag":"2188590459","pmid":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/12401060","pmcid":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/2594139"},"language":"en","primary_location":{"id":"pmh:oai:pubmedcentral.nih.gov:2594139","doi":null,"is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/2594139","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S2764455111","display_name":"PubMed Central","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"listed_in":[],"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/I1299303238","host_organization_name":"National Institutes of Health","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/I1299303238"],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"J Natl Med Assoc","raw_type":"Text"},"volume":null,"type":"article","is_traditional":true,"indexed_in":["pubmed"],"open_access":{"is_oa":true,"oa_status":"green","oa_url":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/2594139","any_repository_has_fulltext":true},"authorships":[{"author_position":"first","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5091163646","display_name":"Valentine J. Burroughs","orcid":null,"observed_orcids":[]},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I4210124714","display_name":"National Medical Association","ror":"https://ror.org/02se5xj66","country_code":"US","type":"nonprofit","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I4210124714"]}],"countries":["US"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Valentine J Burroughs","raw_affiliation_strings":["Health Policy Committee, Board of Trustees, National Medical Association, Washington, DC, USA"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Health Policy Committee, Board of Trustees, National Medical Association, Washington, DC, USA","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I4210124714"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5091637432","display_name":"Randall W. Maxey","orcid":null,"observed_orcids":[]},"institutions":[],"countries":[],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Randall W Maxey","raw_affiliation_strings":[],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[]},{"author_position":"last","author":{"id":null,"display_name":"Richard A Levy","orcid":null,"observed_orcids":[]},"institutions":[],"countries":[],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Richard A Levy","raw_affiliation_strings":[],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[]}],"institutions":[],"countries_distinct_count":1,"institutions_distinct_count":1,"corresponding_author_ids":[],"corresponding_institution_ids":[],"apc_list":null,"apc_paid":null,"fwci":3.8964,"has_fulltext":false,"cited_by_count":247,"citation_normalized_percentile":{"value":0.94040316,"is_in_top_1_percent":false,"is_in_top_10_percent":true},"cited_by_percentile_year":{"min":98,"max":100},"biblio":{"volume":"94","issue":"10 Suppl","first_page":"1","last_page":"26"},"is_retracted":false,"is_paratext":false,"is_xpac":false,"primary_topic":{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10375","display_name":"Pharmacogenetics and Drug Metabolism","score":0.9794999957084656,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/3004","display_name":"Pharmacology"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/30","display_name":"Pharmacology, Toxicology and Pharmaceutics"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/1","display_name":"Life Sciences"}},"topics":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10375","display_name":"Pharmacogenetics and Drug Metabolism","score":0.9794999957084656,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/3004","display_name":"Pharmacology"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/30","display_name":"Pharmacology, Toxicology and Pharmaceutics"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/1","display_name":"Life Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T12749","display_name":"Race, Genetics, and Society","score":0.018400000408291817,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/3314","display_name":"Anthropology"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/33","display_name":"Social Sciences"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/2","display_name":"Social Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10261","display_name":"Genetic Associations and Epidemiology","score":0.00019999999494757503,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1311","display_name":"Genetics"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/13","display_name":"Biochemistry, Genetics and Molecular Biology"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/1","display_name":"Life Sciences"}}],"keywords":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/pharmacogenetics","display_name":"pharmacogenetics","score":0.9319999814033508},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/racial-and-ethnic-differences","display_name":"racial and ethnic differences","score":0.7720000147819519},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/drug-response-variability","display_name":"drug response variability","score":0.7799999713897705},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/minority-health-disparities","display_name":"minority health disparities","score":0.6159999966621399},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/drug-metabolism","display_name":"drug metabolism","score":0.9340000152587891},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/adverse-drug-reactions","display_name":"adverse drug reactions","score":0.8629999756813049},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/formulary-management","display_name":"formulary management","score":0.7770000100135803},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/therapeutic-substitution","display_name":"therapeutic substitution","score":0.984000027179718}],"concepts":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/C137403100","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q41710","display_name":"Ethnic group","level":2,"score":0.8814464807510376},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C100406419","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q3543802","display_name":"Formulary","level":2,"score":0.867476224899292},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C76509639","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q918036","display_name":"Race (biology)","level":2,"score":0.6779916286468506},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C55775858","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1152227","display_name":"Pharmacogenetics","level":4,"score":0.6740083694458008},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C71924100","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11190","display_name":"Medicine","level":0,"score":0.6185522675514221},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2994119904","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1251001","display_name":"Drug response","level":3,"score":0.48973560333251953},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C160735492","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q31207","display_name":"Health care","level":2,"score":0.41874241828918457},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C512399662","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q3505712","display_name":"Family medicine","level":1,"score":0.3254881203174591},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C98274493","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q128406","display_name":"Pharmacology","level":1,"score":0.2801416516304016},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2780035454","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q8386","display_name":"Drug","level":2,"score":0.22579950094223022},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C17744445","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q36442","display_name":"Political science","level":0,"score":0.11652493476867676},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C54355233","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7162","display_name":"Genetics","level":1,"score":0.07445204257965088},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C144024400","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q21201","display_name":"Sociology","level":0,"score":0.07122227549552917},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C104317684","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7187","display_name":"Gene","level":2,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C135763542","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q106016","display_name":"Genotype","level":3,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C86803240","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q420","display_name":"Biology","level":0,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C199539241","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7748","display_name":"Law","level":1,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C107993555","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1662673","display_name":"Gender studies","level":1,"score":0.0}],"mesh":[{"descriptor_ui":"D005006","descriptor_name":"Ethnicity","qualifier_ui":"Q000235","qualifier_name":"genetics","is_major_topic":true},{"descriptor_ui":"D006801","descriptor_name":"Humans","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D010597","descriptor_name":"Pharmacogenetics","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":true},{"descriptor_ui":"D014481","descriptor_name":"United States","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D044469","descriptor_name":"Racial Groups","qualifier_ui":"Q000235","qualifier_name":"genetics","is_major_topic":true}],"locations_count":4,"locations":[{"id":"pmh:oai:pubmedcentral.nih.gov:2594139","doi":null,"is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/2594139","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S2764455111","display_name":"PubMed Central","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"listed_in":[],"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/I1299303238","host_organization_name":"National Institutes of Health","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/I1299303238"],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"J Natl Med Assoc","raw_type":"Text"},{"id":"pmid:12401060","doi":null,"is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/12401060","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306525036","display_name":"PubMed","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"listed_in":[],"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/I1299303238","host_organization_name":"National Institutes of Health","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/I1299303238"],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Journal of the National Medical Association","raw_type":"Journal Article"},{"id":"pmh:oai:CiteSeerX.psu:10.1.1.514.6468","doi":null,"is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"http://citeseerx.ist.psu.edu/viewdoc/summary?doi=10.1.1.514.6468","pdf_url":null,"source":null,"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":"http://cobb.nmanet.org/images/uploads/Racial_and_Ethnic_Differences_in_Response_to_Medicine.pdf","raw_type":"text"},{"id":"mag:2188590459","doi":null,"is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/12401060","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306525036","display_name":"PubMed","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"listed_in":[],"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/I1299303238","host_organization_name":"National Institutes of Health","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/I1299303238"],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":null,"is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":"PubMed","raw_type":null}],"best_oa_location":{"id":"pmh:oai:pubmedcentral.nih.gov:2594139","doi":null,"is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/2594139","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S2764455111","display_name":"PubMed Central","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"listed_in":[],"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/I1299303238","host_organization_name":"National Institutes of Health","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/I1299303238"],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"J Natl Med Assoc","raw_type":"Text"},"sustainable_development_goals":[{"id":"https://metadata.un.org/sdg/3","display_name":"Good health and well-being","score":0.8560000061988831},{"id":"https://metadata.un.org/sdg/10","display_name":"Reduced inequalities","score":0.7578999996185303}],"study_designs":[],"awards":[],"funders":[],"has_content":{"grobid_xml":false,"pdf":false},"content_urls":null,"referenced_works_count":54,"referenced_works":["https://openalex.org/W3904056","https://openalex.org/W20889619","https://openalex.org/W166467851","https://openalex.org/W1499001487","https://openalex.org/W1509919568","https://openalex.org/W1580134332","https://openalex.org/W1967326783","https://openalex.org/W1976472164","https://openalex.org/W1982920623","https://openalex.org/W1989289656","https://openalex.org/W1990103265","https://openalex.org/W1992407600","https://openalex.org/W2003084620","https://openalex.org/W2014659745","https://openalex.org/W2024913341","https://openalex.org/W2025987730","https://openalex.org/W2036232808","https://openalex.org/W2048204505","https://openalex.org/W2049920942","https://openalex.org/W2051550242","https://openalex.org/W2053339749","https://openalex.org/W2054882214","https://openalex.org/W2070158750","https://openalex.org/W2075862502","https://openalex.org/W2079920718","https://openalex.org/W2082186343","https://openalex.org/W2092756800","https://openalex.org/W2105478257","https://openalex.org/W2109932150","https://openalex.org/W2114346603","https://openalex.org/W2128725994","https://openalex.org/W2130206139","https://openalex.org/W2133217116","https://openalex.org/W2135122860","https://openalex.org/W2146295084","https://openalex.org/W2147665080","https://openalex.org/W2155765714","https://openalex.org/W2157664739","https://openalex.org/W2161883093","https://openalex.org/W2182629945","https://openalex.org/W2315292626","https://openalex.org/W2333113037","https://openalex.org/W2333478622","https://openalex.org/W2336619635","https://openalex.org/W2338704527","https://openalex.org/W2341473395","https://openalex.org/W2396459825","https://openalex.org/W2409175442","https://openalex.org/W2416412047","https://openalex.org/W2416673193","https://openalex.org/W2419019511","https://openalex.org/W4239979971","https://openalex.org/W4301198592","https://openalex.org/W4366763327"],"related_works":["https://openalex.org/W1581098849","https://openalex.org/W1533134603","https://openalex.org/W1967326783","https://openalex.org/W87233750","https://openalex.org/W249077403","https://openalex.org/W2060187873","https://openalex.org/W2412686100","https://openalex.org/W4239463189","https://openalex.org/W2091747195","https://openalex.org/W2002944310"],"abstract_inverted_index":{"It":[0],"is":[1],"now":[2],"well":[3],"documented":[4],"that":[5,53],"substantial":[6],"disparities":[7],"exist":[8],"in":[9,68,82,102],"the":[10,31,50,69,83,103],"quality":[11],"and":[12,26,34,63,79,87,115,123,130],"quantity":[13],"of":[14,23,39,90,105,137],"medical":[15],"care":[16],"received":[17],"by":[18],"minority":[19],"Americans,":[20],"especially":[21],"those":[22],"African,":[24],"Asian":[25],"Hispanic":[27],"heritage.":[28],"In":[29],"addition,":[30],"special":[32],"needs":[33],"responses":[35,56],"to":[36,57,126],"pharmaceutical":[37],"treatment":[38,132],"these":[40],"groups":[41,81],"have":[42],"been":[43],"undervalued":[44],"or":[45,139],"ignored.":[46],"This":[47],"article":[48],"reviews":[49],"genetic":[51],"factors":[52],"underlie":[54],"varying":[55],"medicines":[58],"observed":[59],"among":[60,77],"different":[61],"ethnic":[62,80,140],"racial":[64,78],"groups.":[65],"Pharmacogenetic":[66],"research":[67],"past":[70],"few":[71],"decades":[72],"has":[73],"uncovered":[74],"significant":[75],"differences":[76,96],"metabolism,":[84],"clinical":[85],"effectiveness,":[86],"side-effect":[88],"profiles":[89],"many":[91],"clinically":[92],"important":[93],"drugs.":[94],"These":[95,118],"must":[97],"be":[98,121],"taken":[99],"into":[100],"account":[101],"design":[104],"cost":[106],"management":[107],"policies":[108],"such":[109],"as":[110],"formulary":[111],"implementation,":[112],"therapeutic":[113],"substitution":[114],"step-care":[116],"protocols.":[117],"programs":[119],"should":[120],"broad":[122],"flexible":[124],"enough":[125],"enable":[127],"rational":[128],"choices":[129],"individualized":[131],"for":[133],"all":[134],"patients,":[135],"regardless":[136],"race":[138],"origin.":[141]},"counts_by_year":[{"year":2025,"cited_by_count":9},{"year":2024,"cited_by_count":10},{"year":2023,"cited_by_count":13},{"year":2022,"cited_by_count":18},{"year":2021,"cited_by_count":9},{"year":2020,"cited_by_count":16},{"year":2019,"cited_by_count":15},{"year":2018,"cited_by_count":16},{"year":2017,"cited_by_count":9},{"year":2016,"cited_by_count":14},{"year":2015,"cited_by_count":9},{"year":2014,"cited_by_count":14},{"year":2013,"cited_by_count":16},{"year":2012,"cited_by_count":13}],"updated_date":"2026-11-04T10:54:05.112534","created_date":"2016-06-24T00:00:00"}