{"id":"https://openalex.org/W2188084374","doi":null,"title":"Do we need new drugs against human African trypanosomiasis","display_name":"Do we need new drugs against human African trypanosomiasis","publication_year":2013,"publication_date":"2013-01-01","ids":{"openalex":"https://openalex.org/W2188084374","mag":"2188084374"},"language":"en","primary_location":{"id":"mag:2188084374","doi":null,"is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://www.thelancet.com/pdfs/journals/laninf/PIIS1473-3099(13)70191-9.pdf","pdf_url":null,"source":null,"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":null,"is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":null,"raw_type":null},"volume":null,"type":"article","is_traditional":true,"indexed_in":[],"open_access":{"is_oa":false,"oa_status":"closed","oa_url":null,"any_repository_has_fulltext":false},"authorships":[{"author_position":"first","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5050386610","display_name":"John Bavosi","orcid":null,"observed_orcids":[]},"institutions":[],"countries":[],"is_corresponding":true,"raw_author_name":"John Bavosi","raw_affiliation_strings":[],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[]}],"institutions":[],"countries_distinct_count":0,"institutions_distinct_count":0,"corresponding_author_ids":["https://openalex.org/A5050386610"],"corresponding_institution_ids":[],"apc_list":null,"apc_paid":null,"fwci":0.0,"has_fulltext":false,"cited_by_count":0,"citation_normalized_percentile":{"value":0.0,"is_in_top_1_percent":false,"is_in_top_10_percent":false},"cited_by_percentile_year":null,"biblio":{"volume":null,"issue":null,"first_page":null,"last_page":null},"is_retracted":false,"is_paratext":false,"is_xpac":false,"primary_topic":{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10890","display_name":"Trypanosoma species research and implications","score":1.0,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2713","display_name":"Epidemiology"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/27","display_name":"Medicine"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/4","display_name":"Health Sciences"}},"topics":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10890","display_name":"Trypanosoma species research and implications","score":1.0,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2713","display_name":"Epidemiology"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/27","display_name":"Medicine"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/4","display_name":"Health Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10823","display_name":"Research on Leishmaniasis Studies","score":0.0,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2739","display_name":"Public Health, Environmental and Occupational Health"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/27","display_name":"Medicine"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/4","display_name":"Health Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10296","display_name":"Vector-borne infectious diseases","score":0.0,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2405","display_name":"Parasitology"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/24","display_name":"Immunology and Microbiology"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/1","display_name":"Life Sciences"}}],"keywords":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/human-african-trypanosomiasis","display_name":"sleeping sickness","score":0.9900000095367432},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/trypanosoma-brucei","display_name":"Trypanosoma brucei","score":0.9660000205039978},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/trypanosoma-brucei-rhodesiense","display_name":"Trypanosoma brucei rhodesiense","score":0.8939999938011169},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/trypanosoma-brucei-gambiense","display_name":"Trypanosoma brucei gambiense","score":0.9850000143051147},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/fexinidazole","display_name":"fexinidazole","score":0.9210000038146973},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/benzoxaboroles","display_name":"benzoxaboroles","score":0.9290000200271606},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/pentamidine","display_name":"pentamidine","score":0.460999995470047},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/antitrypanosomal-drugs","display_name":"antitrypanosomal drugs","score":0.5920000076293945},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/drug-development","display_name":"drug development","score":0.6869999766349792},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/drug-resistance","display_name":"drug resistance","score":0.37400001287460327},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/adverse-drug-reactions","display_name":"adverse drug reactions","score":0.45500001311302185}],"concepts":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2778792689","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q203133","display_name":"African trypanosomiasis","level":3,"score":0.901089072227478},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2778143080","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2443552","display_name":"Trypanosomiasis","level":2,"score":0.7145727872848511},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2909346784","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q33244","display_name":"Trypanosoma brucei rhodesiense","level":4,"score":0.6956753730773926},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C71924100","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11190","display_name":"Medicine","level":0,"score":0.5769910216331482},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2779134260","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q12136","display_name":"Disease","level":2,"score":0.4825119972229004},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2781049234","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q411582","display_name":"Nifurtimox","level":4,"score":0.4721396267414093},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C197934379","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2047938","display_name":"Adverse effect","level":2,"score":0.46559226512908936},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2988867146","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q12136","display_name":"Human disease","level":3,"score":0.4281530976295471},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2779502636","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q33244","display_name":"Trypanosoma brucei","level":3,"score":0.4146328568458557},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C535046627","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q30612","display_name":"Clinical trial","level":2,"score":0.41444283723831177},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C98274493","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q128406","display_name":"Pharmacology","level":1,"score":0.40161311626434326},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C203014093","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q101929","display_name":"Immunology","level":1,"score":0.3254387080669403},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C126322002","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11180","display_name":"Internal medicine","level":1,"score":0.19888415932655334},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C86803240","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q420","display_name":"Biology","level":0,"score":0.19559678435325623},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C71928629","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q804206","display_name":"Parasite hosting","level":2,"score":0.1347181797027588},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C41008148","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q21198","display_name":"Computer science","level":0,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C136764020","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q466","display_name":"World Wide Web","level":1,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2777625466","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q150162","display_name":"Trypanosoma cruzi","level":3,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C55493867","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7094","display_name":"Biochemistry","level":1,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C104317684","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7187","display_name":"Gene","level":2,"score":0.0}],"mesh":[],"locations_count":1,"locations":[{"id":"mag:2188084374","doi":null,"is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://www.thelancet.com/pdfs/journals/laninf/PIIS1473-3099(13)70191-9.pdf","pdf_url":null,"source":null,"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":null,"is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":null,"raw_type":null}],"best_oa_location":null,"sustainable_development_goals":[{"id":"https://metadata.un.org/sdg/3","score":1.0,"display_name":"Good health and well-being"}],"study_designs":[],"awards":[],"funders":[],"has_content":{"pdf":false,"grobid_xml":false},"content_urls":null,"referenced_works_count":7,"referenced_works":["https://openalex.org/W1968484222","https://openalex.org/W1987652678","https://openalex.org/W2017869188","https://openalex.org/W2027755371","https://openalex.org/W2099636653","https://openalex.org/W2117650737","https://openalex.org/W2152132890"],"related_works":["https://openalex.org/W91167684","https://openalex.org/W2107466704","https://openalex.org/W2166895048","https://openalex.org/W2119204264","https://openalex.org/W2146329417","https://openalex.org/W4200041448","https://openalex.org/W2151799620","https://openalex.org/W4246762309","https://openalex.org/W7098667808","https://openalex.org/W2102526494"],"abstract_inverted_index":{"Human":[0],"African":[1,52,210,359,450],"trypanosomiasis":[2,53,211,451],"(sleeping":[3],"sickness)":[4],"is":[5,13,202,240,267,276,328,383,401,414,424],"caused":[6],"by":[7,143,152],"the":[8,25,32,35,38,41,68,97,102,114,134,139,148,175,203,229,264,272,324,368,399,407,468,492,500,503,513],"parasite":[9],"Trypanosoma":[10],"brucei":[11],"and":[12,30,37,90,107,125,252,275,286,301,305,312,318,327,429,476,516],"fatal":[14],"if":[15],"untreated.":[16],"According":[17],"to":[18,56,109,183,228,334,432,443,456,472,480,484],"WHO":[19,230],"reports,":[20],"three":[21],"epidemics":[22],"have":[23,54,91],"occurred:":[24],"fi":[26,98,204,356,469],"rst":[27,99,205,470],"between":[28],"1896":[29],"1906,":[31],"second":[33,115],"in":[34,40,63,79,166,212,222,235,246,260,279,310,316,346,384,398,425,499],"1920s,":[36],"third":[39],"1970s.":[42],"The":[43,250,291,339,388],"offi":[44],"cial":[45],"numbers":[46],"of":[47,50,101,133,156,160,177,199,232,255,263,282,367,390,421,434,494,502],"new":[48,206,395],"cases":[49],"human":[51,209,358,449],"decreased":[55],"less":[57,105],"than":[58,111,214,460],"10":[59,409],"000":[60],"a":[61,197,461,508],"year":[62],"recent":[64],"years.":[65,216],"1,2":[66],"However,":[67,238],"disease":[69,103,157,337],"can":[70,270,322],"strike":[71],"back":[72],"aggressively,":[73],"as":[74,351],"has":[75,218,294,306],"been":[76,220],"shown":[77],"repeatedly":[78],"Sudan.":[80],"3":[81,348,427],"Available":[82],"drugs":[83,119,244,397,423],"are":[84,104,126,245,257],"at":[85,188,391],"least":[86,189,392],"30":[87],"years":[88,410],"old":[89],"severe":[92],"drawbacks.":[93],"Those":[94],"used":[95],"for":[96,113,208,355,380,448],"stage":[100],"toxic":[106],"easier":[108],"give":[110],"those":[112],"stage,":[116],"but":[117,225,361,412,505],"available":[118],"produce":[120],"dangerous":[121],"adverse":[122],"eff":[123,128,258,277,510],"ects":[124],"often":[127],"ective":[129,259,278],"against":[130,297],"only":[131,138,506],"one":[132],"two":[135,393],"stages":[136,281],"or":[137,147,377],"chronic":[140],"form":[141,150],"(caused":[142,151],"T":[144,153,283,287,298,302],"b":[145,154,284,288,299,303],"gambiense)":[146],"acute":[149],"rhodesiense)":[155],"(table).":[158],"Introduction":[159],"nifurtimox-efl":[161],"ornithine":[162,182,194],"combination":[163,493],"treatment":[164,178,207],"(NECT)":[165],"2009":[167],"was":[168,226,343,466],"an":[169,352,402],"enormous":[170],"step":[171],"forward,":[172],"5":[173],"reducing":[174],"duration":[176],"with":[179,192,374,406,507],"parenteral":[180],"efl":[181,193],"1":[184],"week":[185],"down":[186],"from":[187,512],"14":[190],"days":[191],"alone.":[195],"NECT,":[196],"reformulation":[198],"existing":[200],"drugs,":[201],"more":[213],"25":[215],"It":[217,321],"not":[219,416,440,453],"approved":[221],"any":[223],"country,":[224],"added":[227],"list":[231],"essential":[233],"medicines":[234],"2009.":[236],"2,6":[237],"NECT":[239],"expensive.":[241],"Some":[242],"other":[243],"clinical":[247,349,385],"trials.":[248,386],"7":[249,519],"sulfone":[251],"sulfoxide":[253],"metabolites":[254],"fexinidazole":[256],"animal":[261],"models":[262],"disease.":[265,290,488],"Fexinidazole":[266],"bioavailable":[268],"orally,":[269],"cross":[271,323],"blood-brain":[273,325],"barrier,":[274],"advanced":[280],"rhodesiense":[285,300],"gambiense":[289],"benzoxaborole":[292],"SCYX-7158":[293],"satisfactory":[295],"potency":[296],"gambiense,":[304],"good":[307],"pharmacokinetic":[308],"properties":[309],"vitro":[311],"after":[313],"oral":[314,353],"administration":[315],"rodents":[317],"non-human":[319],"primates.":[320],"barrier":[326],"metabolically":[329],"stable,":[330],"making":[331],"it":[332,442],"feasible":[333],"treat":[335],"both":[336],"stages.":[338],"pentamidine":[340],"analogue":[341],"pafuramidine":[342],"being":[344],"tested":[345],"phase":[347,426],"trials":[350,363,428],"drug":[354,435,446],"rst-stage":[357],"trypanosomiasis,":[360],"these":[362,422],"were":[364],"stopped":[365],"because":[366],"drug's":[369],"nephrotoxicity.":[370],"Finally,":[371],"melarsoprol":[372],"complexed":[373],"either":[375],"hydroxypropyl-\u03b2-cyclodextrin":[376],"methylated":[378],"\u03b2-cyclodextrin":[379],"solubility":[381],"enhancement":[382],"8":[387],"presence":[389],"potential":[394],"candidate":[396],"pipeline":[400,447],"impressive":[403],"achievement":[404],"compared":[405],"situation":[408],"ago,":[411,463],"this":[413,486],"still":[415],"enough":[417],"given":[418],"that":[419,430,474],"none":[420],"up":[431],"90%":[433],"candidates,":[436],"like":[437],"parfuramidine,":[438],"do":[439,481],"make":[441],"market.":[444],"This":[445],"should":[452],"be":[454],"allowed":[455],"run":[457],"dry.":[458],"More":[459],"century":[462],"Paul":[464],"Ehrlich":[465],"among":[467],"people":[471],"recognise":[473],"science":[475],"health":[477,515],"systems":[478],"ought":[479],"their":[482],"utmost":[483],"combat":[485],"devastating":[487],"At":[489],"Ehrlichs":[490],"time,":[491],"organic":[495],"arsenicals":[496],"almost":[497],"resulted":[498],"eradication":[501],"disease,":[504],"great":[509],"ort":[511],"public":[514],"government":[517],"systems.":[518]},"counts_by_year":[],"updated_date":"2025-11-06T04:12:42.849631","created_date":"2016-06-24T00:00:00"}