{"id":"https://openalex.org/W2187724952","doi":null,"title":"Pharmacology, Toxicology, and Adverse Effects of Synthetic Cannabinoid Drugs.","display_name":"Pharmacology, Toxicology, and Adverse Effects of Synthetic Cannabinoid Drugs.","publication_year":2014,"publication_date":"2014-01-01","ids":{"openalex":"https://openalex.org/W2187724952","mag":"2187724952","pmid":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/26226970"},"language":"en","primary_location":{"id":"pmid:26226970","doi":null,"is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/26226970","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306525036","display_name":"PubMed","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"listed_in":[],"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/I1299303238","host_organization_name":"National Institutes of Health","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/I1299303238"],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Forensic science review","raw_type":"Journal Article"},"volume":null,"type":"article","is_traditional":true,"indexed_in":["pubmed"],"open_access":{"is_oa":false,"oa_status":"closed","oa_url":null,"any_repository_has_fulltext":false},"authorships":[{"author_position":"first","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5085368823","display_name":"Susan M. R. Gurney","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-5832-0398","observed_orcids":["https://orcid.org/0000-0001-5832-0398"]},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I72816309","display_name":"Drexel University","ror":"https://ror.org/04bdffz58","country_code":"US","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I72816309"]}],"countries":["US"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"S M R Gurney","raw_affiliation_strings":["Department of Biology, Drexel University, Philadelphia, PA, USA"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Biology, Drexel University, Philadelphia, PA, USA","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I72816309"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5062186082","display_name":"Karen S. Scott","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-8054-024X","observed_orcids":["https://orcid.org/0000-0001-8054-024X"]},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I51204116","display_name":"Arcadia University","ror":"https://ror.org/00ff4bt20","country_code":"US","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I51204116"]}],"countries":["US"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"K S Scott","raw_affiliation_strings":["Forensic Science, Arcadia University, Glenside, PA, USA"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Forensic Science, Arcadia University, Glenside, PA, USA","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I51204116"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5023839107","display_name":"Sherri L. Kacinko","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-4906-2400","observed_orcids":["https://orcid.org/0000-0002-4906-2400"]},"institutions":[],"countries":[],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"S L Kacinko","raw_affiliation_strings":["NMS Labs, Willow Grove, PA, USA"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"NMS Labs, Willow Grove, PA, USA","institution_ids":[]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5012418642","display_name":"Brandon C. Presley","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-7019-8716","observed_orcids":["https://orcid.org/0000-0002-7019-8716"]},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I84392919","display_name":"Temple University","ror":"https://ror.org/00kx1jb78","country_code":"US","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I84392919"]}],"countries":["US"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"B C Presley","raw_affiliation_strings":["NMS Labs, Willow Grove, Philadelphia, PA, USA","Department of Chemistry, Temple University, Philadelphia, PA, USA"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"NMS Labs, Willow Grove, Philadelphia, PA, USA","institution_ids":[]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Chemistry, Temple University, Philadelphia, PA, USA","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I84392919"]}]},{"author_position":"last","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5082805935","display_name":"Barry Kerr Logan","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-2400-4711","observed_orcids":["https://orcid.org/0000-0003-2400-4711"]},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I4210141173","display_name":"Fredric Rieders Family Foundation","ror":"https://ror.org/04sqcre19","country_code":"US","type":"nonprofit","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I4210141173"]}],"countries":["US"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"B K Logan","raw_affiliation_strings":["NMS Labs, Willow Grove, PA, USA","Center for Forensic Science Research and Education, Frederic Rieders Family Renaissance Foundation, Willow Grove, PA, USA. barry.logan@nmslabs.com"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"NMS Labs, Willow Grove, PA, USA","institution_ids":[]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"Center for Forensic Science Research and Education, Frederic Rieders Family Renaissance Foundation, Willow Grove, PA, USA. barry.logan@nmslabs.com","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I4210141173"]}]}],"institutions":[],"countries_distinct_count":1,"institutions_distinct_count":4,"corresponding_author_ids":[],"corresponding_institution_ids":[],"apc_list":null,"apc_paid":null,"fwci":28.8857,"has_fulltext":false,"cited_by_count":254,"citation_normalized_percentile":{"value":0.99961375,"is_in_top_1_percent":true,"is_in_top_10_percent":true},"cited_by_percentile_year":{"min":98,"max":100},"biblio":{"volume":"26","issue":"1","first_page":"53","last_page":"78"},"is_retracted":false,"is_paratext":false,"is_xpac":false,"primary_topic":{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10800","display_name":"Forensic Toxicology and Drug Analysis","score":0.88919997215271,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/3005","display_name":"Toxicology"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/30","display_name":"Pharmacology, Toxicology and Pharmaceutics"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/1","display_name":"Life Sciences"}},"topics":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10800","display_name":"Forensic Toxicology and Drug Analysis","score":0.88919997215271,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/3005","display_name":"Toxicology"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/30","display_name":"Pharmacology, Toxicology and Pharmaceutics"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/1","display_name":"Life Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10414","display_name":"Cannabis and Cannabinoid Research","score":0.11069999635219574,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2736","display_name":"Pharmacology (medical)"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/27","display_name":"Medicine"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/4","display_name":"Health Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11635","display_name":"Poisoning and overdose treatments","score":9.999999747378752e-05,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2711","display_name":"Emergency Medicine"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/27","display_name":"Medicine"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/4","display_name":"Health Sciences"}}],"keywords":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/synthetic-cannabinoids","display_name":"synthetic cannabinoids","score":0.996999979019165},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/jwh-018","display_name":"JWH-018","score":0.9160000085830688},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/endocannabinoid-system","display_name":"endocannabinoid system","score":0.9879999756813049},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/cannabinoid-receptor-binding","display_name":"cannabinoid receptor binding","score":0.8939999938011169},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/drug-toxicity","display_name":"drug toxicity","score":0.4180000126361847},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/adverse-drug-reactions","display_name":"adverse drug reactions","score":0.8180000185966492},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/emergency-department-admission","display_name":"emergency department admission","score":0.6819999814033508},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/forensic-toxicology","display_name":"forensic toxicology","score":0.8640000224113464},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/driving-impairment","display_name":"driving impairment","score":0.796999990940094},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/psychosis","display_name":"psychosis","score":0.8550000190734863},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/tissue-damage","display_name":"tissue damage","score":0.9599999785423279},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/medication-scheduling","display_name":"drug scheduling","score":0.7139999866485596}],"concepts":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2777846614","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q19904200","display_name":"Synthetic cannabinoids","level":4,"score":0.8247652649879456},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C197934379","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2047938","display_name":"Adverse effect","level":2,"score":0.7075676918029785},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2780035454","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q8386","display_name":"Drug","level":2,"score":0.6119025349617004},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C71924100","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11190","display_name":"Medicine","level":0,"score":0.6057751178741455},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2780871563","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q422936","display_name":"Cannabinoid","level":3,"score":0.5638815760612488},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C98274493","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q128406","display_name":"Pharmacology","level":1,"score":0.5469924211502075},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C148001335","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q421237","display_name":"Cannabinoid receptor","level":4,"score":0.5379055142402649},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C535046627","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q30612","display_name":"Clinical trial","level":2,"score":0.4746865928173065},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2910065304","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q422936","display_name":"Cannabinoid Receptor Agonists","level":5,"score":0.44322171807289124},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C46721173","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q368952","display_name":"Endocannabinoid system","level":3,"score":0.4212283790111542},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2910738821","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7708739","display_name":"Recreational Drug","level":3,"score":0.41763585805892944},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C177713679","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q679690","display_name":"Intensive care medicine","level":1,"score":0.33587610721588135},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C126322002","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11180","display_name":"Internal medicine","level":1,"score":0.07901713252067566},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C170493617","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q208467","display_name":"Receptor","level":2,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2778938600","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q389934","display_name":"Agonist","level":3,"score":0.0}],"mesh":[],"locations_count":2,"locations":[{"id":"pmid:26226970","doi":null,"is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/26226970","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306525036","display_name":"PubMed","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"listed_in":[],"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/I1299303238","host_organization_name":"National Institutes of Health","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/I1299303238"],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Forensic science review","raw_type":"Journal Article"},{"id":"mag:2187724952","doi":null,"is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/26226970","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306525036","display_name":"PubMed","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"listed_in":[],"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/I1299303238","host_organization_name":"National Institutes of Health","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/I1299303238"],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":null,"is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":"PubMed","raw_type":null}],"best_oa_location":null,"sustainable_development_goals":[{"score":0.9907000064849854,"display_name":"Good health and well-being","id":"https://metadata.un.org/sdg/3"}],"study_designs":[],"awards":[],"funders":[],"has_content":{"grobid_xml":false,"pdf":false},"content_urls":null,"referenced_works_count":96,"referenced_works":["https://openalex.org/W61394621","https://openalex.org/W85050568","https://openalex.org/W137813141","https://openalex.org/W1509463637","https://openalex.org/W1542528083","https://openalex.org/W1687857649","https://openalex.org/W1844090762","https://openalex.org/W1863095017","https://openalex.org/W1883661543","https://openalex.org/W1898064916","https://openalex.org/W1925843499","https://openalex.org/W1927860940","https://openalex.org/W1936589897","https://openalex.org/W1939978227","https://openalex.org/W1961696944","https://openalex.org/W1968629237","https://openalex.org/W1972783961","https://openalex.org/W1982250289","https://openalex.org/W1986904152","https://openalex.org/W1987278863","https://openalex.org/W1987726287","https://openalex.org/W1988365630","https://openalex.org/W1988536285","https://openalex.org/W1990629681","https://openalex.org/W1991250761","https://openalex.org/W1991834910","https://openalex.org/W1992173779","https://openalex.org/W1993981100","https://openalex.org/W1998935140","https://openalex.org/W2014045586","https://openalex.org/W2015614945","https://openalex.org/W2020088951","https://openalex.org/W2020125001","https://openalex.org/W2021216066","https://openalex.org/W2024444863","https://openalex.org/W2024648171","https://openalex.org/W2029505282","https://openalex.org/W2030741576","https://openalex.org/W2032315023","https://openalex.org/W2034360892","https://openalex.org/W2035025751","https://openalex.org/W2038784126","https://openalex.org/W2041471692","https://openalex.org/W2047221274","https://openalex.org/W2052638982","https://openalex.org/W2053094305","https://openalex.org/W2053434964","https://openalex.org/W2054433687","https://openalex.org/W2055241003","https://openalex.org/W2060130819","https://openalex.org/W2069838009","https://openalex.org/W2070285202","https://openalex.org/W2074631079","https://openalex.org/W2075894678","https://openalex.org/W2089056164","https://openalex.org/W2090911773","https://openalex.org/W2097448914","https://openalex.org/W2098317032","https://openalex.org/W2101260348","https://openalex.org/W2102740567","https://openalex.org/W2108584504","https://openalex.org/W2113202601","https://openalex.org/W2113475849","https://openalex.org/W2119826244","https://openalex.org/W2120387194","https://openalex.org/W2120716273","https://openalex.org/W2122037316","https://openalex.org/W2122168089","https://openalex.org/W2125036810","https://openalex.org/W2130212498","https://openalex.org/W2132835664","https://openalex.org/W2134175892","https://openalex.org/W2135129188","https://openalex.org/W2138438714","https://openalex.org/W2142535292","https://openalex.org/W2143917548","https://openalex.org/W2145591031","https://openalex.org/W2146519036","https://openalex.org/W2147961446","https://openalex.org/W2153265218","https://openalex.org/W2153435899","https://openalex.org/W2153539777","https://openalex.org/W2156324818","https://openalex.org/W2156450850","https://openalex.org/W2156623493","https://openalex.org/W2159915945","https://openalex.org/W2161987858","https://openalex.org/W2165518874","https://openalex.org/W2166182256","https://openalex.org/W2184025074","https://openalex.org/W2189304542","https://openalex.org/W2213285937","https://openalex.org/W2280819737","https://openalex.org/W2312312038","https://openalex.org/W2331305599","https://openalex.org/W2594184904"],"related_works":["https://openalex.org/W2074114778","https://openalex.org/W3035261227","https://openalex.org/W2804130130","https://openalex.org/W2516143102","https://openalex.org/W3204792189","https://openalex.org/W2018943943","https://openalex.org/W4396773542","https://openalex.org/W4317619951","https://openalex.org/W2536168813","https://openalex.org/W2726124872"],"abstract_inverted_index":{"Synthetic":[0],"cannabinoid":[1,176],"drugs":[2,20,52,114,126,139],"have":[3],"become":[4],"an":[5],"established":[6],"part":[7],"of":[8,37,45,50,66,90,98,106,125,137,156,161,163,175,182,209,211,242,250,258,264,280,293],"the":[9,14,30,51,67,86,91,103,111,122,138,154,164,172,206,247,256,262],"recreational":[10],"drug":[11],"landscape":[12],"in":[13,23,29,33,57,61,127,141,144,167,200,218,270],"United":[15,31],"States":[16,32],"and":[17,27,59,76,79,88,117,143,150,171,192,194,202,216,225,228,254,261,267,277,285],"internationally.":[18],"These":[19],"are":[21,169,178,198],"manufactured":[22],"clandestine":[24],"laboratories":[25],"internationally":[26],"distributed":[28],"smoking":[34],"mixtures,":[35],"use":[36,44,177],"which":[38],"produces":[39],"effects":[40,155,160,174,221],"very":[41],"similar":[42],"to":[43,95,110,120,133,153,204,235,252,289],"marijuana.":[46],"The":[47,158,230],"adverse-effect":[48],"profile":[49],"has":[53],"not":[54],"been":[55],"studied":[56],"humans":[58,168],"infrequently":[60],"animal":[62],"models,":[63],"so":[64],"much":[65],"information":[68],"about":[69],"their":[70,118],"toxicity":[71],"comes":[72],"from":[73,102],"emergency":[74,186],"department":[75,187],"treatment":[77],"reports":[78,181,197,237],"forensic":[80,195,217],"case":[81,196],"studies.":[82],"This":[83],"review":[84],"considers":[85],"discovery":[87],"characterization":[89],"endocannabinoid":[92,165],"system,":[93],"approaches":[94,132],"receptor-binding":[96],"studies":[97],"various":[99],"synthetic":[100,259],"cannabinoids":[101,260],"first":[104],"wave":[105],"naphthoylindoles":[107],"(e.g.,":[108,115],"JWH-018)":[109],"emerging":[112,291],"adamantoylindole":[113],"AKB-48),":[116],"analogs,":[119],"evaluate":[121],"potential":[123],"activity":[124,136,269],"this":[128,271,290],"class.":[129],"Currently":[130],"employed":[131],"assessing":[134],"functional":[135,268],"using":[140],"vitro":[142],"vivo":[145],"models":[146],"is":[147,233,274],"also":[148],"described,":[149],"comparisons":[151],"made":[152],"THC.":[157],"physiological":[159,173],"activation":[162],"system":[166],"reviewed,":[170],"described.":[179],"Case":[180],"adverse":[183,212],"events":[184],"including":[185,220],"admissions,":[188,191],"mental":[189],"health":[190],"clinical":[193,215],"presented":[199],"detail":[201],"discussed":[203],"summarize":[205],"current":[207,248],"state":[208],"knowledge":[210],"effects,":[213],"both":[214],"humans,":[219],"on":[222],"driving":[223],"ability,":[224],"tissue":[226,283],"injury":[227],"death.":[229],"greatest":[231],"weight":[232],"accorded":[234],"those":[236],"that":[238],"include":[239],"toxicological":[240,276],"confirmation":[241],"use.":[243],"Finally,":[244],"we":[245],"discuss":[246],"status":[249],"attempts":[251],"schedule":[253],"control":[255],"distribution":[257],"relevance":[263],"receptor":[265],"binding":[266],"context.":[272],"There":[273],"growing":[275],"pharmacological":[278],"evidence":[279],"impairment,":[281],"psychosis,":[282],"injury,":[284],"isolated":[286],"deaths":[287],"attributable":[288],"class":[292],"drugs.":[294]},"counts_by_year":[{"year":2025,"cited_by_count":6},{"year":2024,"cited_by_count":8},{"year":2023,"cited_by_count":10},{"year":2022,"cited_by_count":16},{"year":2021,"cited_by_count":20},{"year":2020,"cited_by_count":19},{"year":2019,"cited_by_count":28},{"year":2018,"cited_by_count":31},{"year":2017,"cited_by_count":36},{"year":2016,"cited_by_count":35},{"year":2015,"cited_by_count":33},{"year":2014,"cited_by_count":12}],"updated_date":"2026-11-04T10:54:05.112534","created_date":"2016-06-24T00:00:00"}
