{"id":"https://openalex.org/W2185652522","doi":null,"title":"The channels of poverty reduction in Malawi : a district level analysis","display_name":"The channels of poverty reduction in Malawi : a district level analysis","publication_year":2014,"publication_date":"2014-01-01","ids":{"openalex":"https://openalex.org/W2185652522","mag":"2185652522"},"language":"en","primary_location":{"id":"pmh:oai:repository.nwu.ac.za:10394/10629","doi":null,"is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"http://hdl.handle.net/10394/10629","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306402268","display_name":"Boloka Institutional Repository (North-west University)","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"listed_in":[],"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/I114027177","host_organization_name":"University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/I114027177"],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":"","raw_type":"Thesis"},"volume":null,"type":"dissertation","is_traditional":true,"indexed_in":[],"open_access":{"is_oa":false,"oa_status":"closed","oa_url":null,"any_repository_has_fulltext":false},"authorships":[{"author_position":"first","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5007007656","display_name":"Steven Henry Dunga","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-0911-144X","observed_orcids":["https://orcid.org/0000-0002-0911-144X"]},"institutions":[],"countries":[],"is_corresponding":true,"raw_author_name":"Steven Henry Dunga","raw_affiliation_strings":[],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[]}],"institutions":[],"countries_distinct_count":0,"institutions_distinct_count":0,"corresponding_author_ids":["https://openalex.org/A5007007656"],"corresponding_institution_ids":[],"apc_list":null,"apc_paid":null,"fwci":null,"has_fulltext":false,"cited_by_count":8,"citation_normalized_percentile":null,"cited_by_percentile_year":null,"biblio":{"volume":null,"issue":null,"first_page":null,"last_page":null},"is_retracted":false,"is_paratext":false,"is_xpac":false,"primary_topic":{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10446","display_name":"Income, Poverty, and Inequality","score":0.9965999722480774,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/3312","display_name":"Sociology and Political Science"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/33","display_name":"Social Sciences"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/2","display_name":"Social Sciences"}},"topics":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10446","display_name":"Income, Poverty, and Inequality","score":0.9965999722480774,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/3312","display_name":"Sociology and Political Science"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/33","display_name":"Social Sciences"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/2","display_name":"Social Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11556","display_name":"Poverty, Education, and Child Welfare","score":0.00139999995008111,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/3303","display_name":"Development"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/33","display_name":"Social Sciences"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/2","display_name":"Social Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T12446","display_name":"Economic Growth and Fiscal Policies","score":0.000699999975040555,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2002","display_name":"Economics and Econometrics"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/20","display_name":"Economics, Econometrics and Finance"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/2","display_name":"Social Sciences"}}],"keywords":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/poverty-reduction","display_name":"poverty reduction","score":0.9480000138282776},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/economic-growth","display_name":"economic growth","score":0.8849999904632568},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/educational-attainment","display_name":"educational attainment","score":0.8180000185966492},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/access-to-credit","display_name":"access to credit","score":0.8980000019073486},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/agricultural-production","display_name":"agricultural production","score":0.7429999709129333},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/land-holding","display_name":"land holding","score":0.8740000128746033},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/population-growth","display_name":"population growth","score":0.878000020980835},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/employment-and-unemployment","display_name":"employment and unemployment","score":0.9449999928474426},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/poverty-indicators","display_name":"poverty indicators","score":0.6589999794960022},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/district-level-poverty","display_name":"district-level poverty","score":0.7319999933242798},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/malawi","display_name":"Malawi","score":0.9319999814033508},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/poverty-theory","display_name":"poverty theory","score":0.7360000014305115},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/poverty-trap","display_name":"poverty trap","score":0.3659999966621399}],"concepts":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2992104146","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1824165","display_name":"Poverty reduction","level":3,"score":0.8059810996055603},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C68476402","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1456936","display_name":"Table of contents","level":2,"score":0.6154395341873169},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C45235069","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q278425","display_name":"Table (database)","level":2,"score":0.5599556565284729},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C189326681","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q10294","display_name":"Poverty","level":2,"score":0.5045944452285767},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C111335779","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q3454686","display_name":"Reduction (mathematics)","level":2,"score":0.4819895625114441},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C205649164","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1071","display_name":"Geography","level":0,"score":0.3566287159919739},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C42475967","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q194292","display_name":"Operations research","level":1,"score":0.35435014963150024},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C17744445","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q36442","display_name":"Political science","level":0,"score":0.3487757444381714},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C161191863","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q199655","display_name":"Library science","level":1,"score":0.3205842673778534},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C50522688","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q189833","display_name":"Economic growth","level":1,"score":0.2770848274230957},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C41008148","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q21198","display_name":"Computer science","level":0,"score":0.26255202293395996},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C33923547","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q395","display_name":"Mathematics","level":0,"score":0.24745655059814453},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C162324750","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q8134","display_name":"Economics","level":0,"score":0.2013685703277588},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C124101348","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q172491","display_name":"Data mining","level":1,"score":0.12740856409072876},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C136764020","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q466","display_name":"World Wide Web","level":1,"score":0.08403638005256653},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2524010","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q8087","display_name":"Geometry","level":1,"score":0.0}],"mesh":[],"locations_count":2,"locations":[{"id":"pmh:oai:repository.nwu.ac.za:10394/10629","doi":null,"is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"http://hdl.handle.net/10394/10629","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306402268","display_name":"Boloka Institutional Repository (North-west University)","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"listed_in":[],"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/I114027177","host_organization_name":"University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/I114027177"],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":"","raw_type":"Thesis"},{"id":"mag:2185652522","doi":null,"is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://dspace.nwu.ac.za/bitstream/10394/10629/1/Dunga_SH.pdf","pdf_url":null,"source":null,"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":null,"is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":null,"raw_type":null}],"best_oa_location":null,"sustainable_development_goals":[{"score":1.0,"display_name":"No poverty","id":"https://metadata.un.org/sdg/1"},{"score":0.7825999855995178,"display_name":"Decent work and economic growth","id":"https://metadata.un.org/sdg/8"},{"score":0.7578999996185303,"display_name":"Reduced inequalities","id":"https://metadata.un.org/sdg/10"},{"score":0.4359000027179718,"display_name":"Zero hunger","id":"https://metadata.un.org/sdg/2"}],"study_designs":[],"awards":[],"funders":[],"has_content":{"pdf":false,"grobid_xml":false},"content_urls":null,"referenced_works_count":124,"referenced_works":["https://openalex.org/W228730557","https://openalex.org/W561444448","https://openalex.org/W599241876","https://openalex.org/W610886572","https://openalex.org/W642729032","https://openalex.org/W653482465","https://openalex.org/W941804858","https://openalex.org/W1492221397","https://openalex.org/W1497731903","https://openalex.org/W1501413555","https://openalex.org/W1502299424","https://openalex.org/W1504604357","https://openalex.org/W1510424879","https://openalex.org/W1513495305","https://openalex.org/W1518085624","https://openalex.org/W1519721802","https://openalex.org/W1524101570","https://openalex.org/W1531941050","https://openalex.org/W1533080869","https://openalex.org/W1551037770","https://openalex.org/W1562051016","https://openalex.org/W1566354822","https://openalex.org/W1575139827","https://openalex.org/W1577979758","https://openalex.org/W1596721832","https://openalex.org/W1599656298","https://openalex.org/W1803249980","https://openalex.org/W1864544131","https://openalex.org/W1868651578","https://openalex.org/W1968176465","https://openalex.org/W1969473321","https://openalex.org/W1973420336","https://openalex.org/W1980316354","https://openalex.org/W1983724283","https://openalex.org/W1984532138","https://openalex.org/W1988114748","https://openalex.org/W1992765421","https://openalex.org/W1995546261","https://openalex.org/W1997170008","https://openalex.org/W1999459351","https://openalex.org/W2002596546","https://openalex.org/W2002692931","https://openalex.org/W2006787114","https://openalex.org/W2010398643","https://openalex.org/W2015522239","https://openalex.org/W2025490250","https://openalex.org/W2028591511","https://openalex.org/W2028891884","https://openalex.org/W2038681420","https://openalex.org/W2038868072","https://openalex.org/W2043844395","https://openalex.org/W2044080226","https://openalex.org/W2044964232","https://openalex.org/W2044968117","https://openalex.org/W2047845267","https://openalex.org/W2049656781","https://openalex.org/W2051624081","https://openalex.org/W2054315104","https://openalex.org/W2061008715","https://openalex.org/W2064916531","https://openalex.org/W2067685925","https://openalex.org/W2069939401","https://openalex.org/W2079036393","https://openalex.org/W2080083786","https://openalex.org/W2080945599","https://openalex.org/W2093698895","https://openalex.org/W2093770402","https://openalex.org/W2096723594","https://openalex.org/W2099152114","https://openalex.org/W2109974196","https://openalex.org/W2114816164","https://openalex.org/W2117626951","https://openalex.org/W2118532210","https://openalex.org/W2118566779","https://openalex.org/W2131907696","https://openalex.org/W2133695684","https://openalex.org/W2133765280","https://openalex.org/W2134731063","https://openalex.org/W2136100880","https://openalex.org/W2140871892","https://openalex.org/W2141659972","https://openalex.org/W2149603738","https://openalex.org/W2151428046","https://openalex.org/W2151454621","https://openalex.org/W2151945084","https://openalex.org/W2158429140","https://openalex.org/W2159147610","https://openalex.org/W2163328997","https://openalex.org/W2168021197","https://openalex.org/W2168605160","https://openalex.org/W2303549151","https://openalex.org/W2307545998","https://openalex.org/W2311229044","https://openalex.org/W2315235844","https://openalex.org/W2316805662","https://openalex.org/W2322486204","https://openalex.org/W2325072161","https://openalex.org/W2330540499","https://openalex.org/W2400283002","https://openalex.org/W2766215783","https://openalex.org/W2781569623","https://openalex.org/W2794075347","https://openalex.org/W2915737055","https://openalex.org/W2981503623","https://openalex.org/W3025619346","https://openalex.org/W3039214297","https://openalex.org/W3044348100","https://openalex.org/W3085090150","https://openalex.org/W3121791119","https://openalex.org/W3121806722","https://openalex.org/W3121953665","https://openalex.org/W3122814926","https://openalex.org/W3123192902","https://openalex.org/W3123744766","https://openalex.org/W3123947329","https://openalex.org/W3124798092","https://openalex.org/W3124897968","https://openalex.org/W3125590775","https://openalex.org/W3129036373","https://openalex.org/W3142038944","https://openalex.org/W3143269717","https://openalex.org/W3145559219","https://openalex.org/W3150742288","https://openalex.org/W4409458829"],"related_works":["https://openalex.org/W2506205579","https://openalex.org/W1996935317","https://openalex.org/W2590026565","https://openalex.org/W2038618084","https://openalex.org/W419192968","https://openalex.org/W2163328997","https://openalex.org/W2066811337","https://openalex.org/W583300947","https://openalex.org/W2461488127","https://openalex.org/W3124538325"],"abstract_inverted_index":{"The":[0,45,102,115,166,286,340,381,473,490,624,638,787,864,907],"study":[1,46,106,287,382,491,606,777,788,822,868],"investigated":[2],"on":[3,129,136,169,231,331,546,590,615,621,662,781],"the":[4,43,49,52,61,89,95,98,105,110,113,127,134,137,143,170,184,245,296,299,305,322,343,348,373,384,433,444,460,495,528,537,582,591,595,598,605,616,675,681,705,753,762,768,776,779,782,785,791,814,821,830,867,895,912,917,924,930,936,944,952],"channels":[5,144,269,349,386,639],"of":[6,37,51,63,104,123,145,355,387,486,594,618,640,670,704,710,752,829,866,932],"poverty":[7,58,90,130,140,181,208,220,237,252,261,375,388,441,481,501,530,547,571,592,603,622,636,643,663,740,763,877],"reduction":[8,141,182,221,238,253,389,442,479,526,644,741],"in":[9,35,42,68,88,94,183,189,212,226,254,406,417,424,443,459,480,520,527,580,642,651,680,691,733,951],"Malawi,":[10,124,190,213,227],"using":[11],"household":[12],"data":[13,31,309],"aggregated":[14],"at":[15,196,209,222,239,283,295,393,506,548,561,665,881,902],"district":[16,38,198,210,224,241,284,374,529,549,666],"level.":[17,242,285,550,667],"Malawi":[18,69,255],"is":[19,685,688,694,712,716,729,742,745,778,800,811,839,869,886,921],"divided":[20],"into":[21],"31":[22],"districts":[23],"with":[24,372,570,719,911,939],"different":[25,260,266,394],"demographics":[26],"and":[27,57,112,142,156,162,204,251,256,279,290,423,448,471,484,500,602,635,845,848,852,856,900],"opportunities.":[28],"Macro":[29],"level":[30,199,211,225,593],"which":[32,510,554],"was":[33,66,75,310,319,327,398,411,421,436,453,502,533,573,613,645],"calculated":[34],"terms":[36],"percentages":[39],"were":[40,107,351,366,466,672,834],"used":[41,311,320,328,455],"study.":[44],"emanated":[47],"from":[48,70,342,360,432,536,775],"premise":[50],"link":[53,138,842],"between":[54,139,247,446,482,497,600,632,784,843],"economic":[55,149,194,273],"growth":[56,64,161,195,278,405,409],"reduction.":[59,623,637],"With":[60],"trend":[62],"that":[65,307,346,350,400,437,494,539,572,577,793,824,861,870,872,893,935,948],"seen":[67,412],"2004":[71,470],"to":[72,78,119,125,132,154,174,187,191,214,249,257,268,281,293,304,329,336,353,390,413,488,558,647,797,808,816,819,850,854,875,889,897,928],"2012;":[73],"there":[74,82,177,401,438,799,810],"an":[76,229,518,524,891],"interest":[77,905],"further":[79],"investigate":[80,175,244],"if":[81,176,259],"had":[83,439,511,542,566,658],"been":[84,179,403,440],"any":[85,180],"significant":[86,265,359,392,404,478,503,514,544,610,629,649],"change":[87],"levels":[91],"as":[92,334,377,678,714,734,736,756],"measured":[93],"country":[96,445],"by":[97,201],"National":[99],"Statistical":[100],"office.":[101],"objectives":[103,117,168],"two":[108],"pronged;":[109],"theoretical":[111,116],"imperial.":[114],"were;":[118,173],"provide":[120],"a":[121,197,223,240,314,378,476,512,543,562,567,609,628,652,659,724,730,748,841,903],"background":[122],"review":[126,133],"literature":[128,135],"theories,":[131],"potential":[146],"impact,":[147],"namely:":[148],"growth,":[150,274],"education":[151,217,275,601,722,844,847,883],"attainment,":[152],"access":[153,248,280,559,818,849,853,898],"loans":[155,282,831,851,855,899],"enterprises,":[157],"agricultural":[158,498,521,795,806,836],"production,":[159],"population":[160,277],"employment":[163,233,641,676,690,706,715,726,738,857,933,946],"or":[164,234],"unemployment.":[165],"empirical":[167,301],"other":[171,418,425,942],"hand":[172],"has":[178,402,523,587],"years":[185,419,426,461],"1998":[186,447,483],"2012":[188,485],"assess":[192,215],"how":[193,216,232],"proxied":[200],"agriculture":[202],"production":[203,499,509,522,796,807],"land":[205],"holding":[206],"affect":[207,219,236],"attainment":[218],"conduct":[228],"analysis":[230,292],"unemployment":[235],"Also":[243,804],"relationship":[246,496,569,599,631],"loan":[250],"determine":[258],"measures":[262],"exhibit":[263],"statistically":[264,477],"responses":[267],"under":[270],"investigation":[271],"namely":[272],"levels,":[276],"employed":[288,757],"descriptive":[289],"regression":[291,317,625],"arrive":[294],"results":[297,341,538,626],"for":[298,312,321,369,456,739,794,802,805,813,835,916,923],"set":[300],"objectives.":[302],"Due":[303],"fact":[306,792],"panel":[308],"districts,":[313],"random":[315,332],"effects":[316,333,338],"model":[318],"estimations.":[323],"A":[324,428,450,668,771],"Breusch-Pagan":[325],"test":[326,452],"decide":[330],"opposed":[335],"fixed":[337],"model.":[339],"regressions":[344,365],"showed":[345,475,627],"all":[347],"hypothesised":[352],"be":[354,391,414,648,879],"importance,":[356],"came":[357],"out":[358,790],"objective":[361,435],"based":[362],"regressions.":[363],"These":[364],"run":[367],"separately":[368],"each":[370],"channel,":[371],"rate":[376,620,634,664,677],"dependent":[379],"variable.":[380],"found":[383,493,608,646,760],"considered":[385,689],"levels.":[395],"First,":[396],"it":[397,420],"established":[399,535],"Malawi.":[407],"This":[408,551,575,612,728],"however":[410],"erratic":[415],"where":[416,462],"higher":[422],"lower.":[427],"more":[429,701,825],"important":[430],"conclusion":[431,865],"first":[434,674],"2012.":[449,472],"t":[451],"also":[454,492,534,607,759,840,887],"mean":[457],"difference":[458],"Integrated":[463],"Household":[464],"surveys":[465],"conducted":[467],"namely,":[468],"1998,":[469],"t-test":[474],"up":[487,700],"15.07.":[489],"especially":[504],"looking":[505],"local":[507],"maize":[508],"negative":[513,568,630],"coefficient.":[515],"Implying":[516],"that,":[517,750],"increase":[519],"associated":[525],"rate.":[531,707,727,906],"It":[532,744],"input":[540,552,913],"subsidy":[541,586,914],"impact":[545,617],"programme":[553,915],"helps":[555],"poor":[556,896,918],"households":[557],"fertilizer":[560,585],"highly":[563],"subsidised":[564],"price":[565],"significant.":[574],"shows":[576],"government's":[578],"effort":[579],"funding":[581],"national":[583,925],"wide":[584],"some":[588,765],"bearing":[589],"country.":[596],"On":[597],"reduction,":[604],"relationship.":[611],"clear":[614],"literacy":[619,633],"but":[650],"direction":[653],"unexpected.":[654],"Labour":[655],"force":[656],"participation":[657],"positive":[660],"influence":[661],"number":[669],"things":[671],"discovered;":[673],"reported":[679,755,950],"statistical":[682,926,953],"year":[683,954],"book":[684],"misleading.":[686],"What":[687],"these":[692],"statistics":[693],"basically":[695],"subsistence":[696],"farmers":[697,815],"who":[698],"take":[699],"than":[702,826,943],"80%":[703],"Second,":[708],"most":[709,751],"what":[711,737],"recorded":[713],"non-skill":[717],"labour":[718],"people":[720,754,832],"without":[721],"recoding":[723],"99%":[725],"misleading":[731],"record":[732],"far":[735],"concerned.":[743],"therefore":[746],"not":[747],"surprise":[749],"are":[758,873,949],"below":[761,767],"line":[764],"even":[766],"ultra-poverty":[769],"line.":[770],"special":[772],"contribution":[773],"resulting":[774],"framework":[780],"interconnection":[783],"channels.":[786],"points":[789],"thrive":[798],"need":[801,812,888,922],"education.":[803],"succeed":[809],"have":[817],"loans.":[820],"discovered":[823],"45":[827],"percept":[828],"obtained":[833],"inputs.":[837],"There":[838,885,920],"employment,":[846],"through":[858],"business":[859],"start-ups":[860],"create":[862,890],"employment.":[863],"policies":[871],"intended":[874],"reduce":[876],"should":[878,909],"aimed":[880],"promoting":[882],"participation.":[884],"environment":[892],"enables":[894],"credits":[901],"reasonable":[904],"government":[908,937],"continue":[910],"household.":[919],"office":[927],"reconsider":[929],"definition":[931],"so":[934],"works":[938],"practical":[940],"figures,":[941],"inflated":[945],"rates":[947],"book.":[955]},"counts_by_year":[{"year":2025,"cited_by_count":1},{"year":2024,"cited_by_count":1},{"year":2023,"cited_by_count":1},{"year":2022,"cited_by_count":1},{"year":2019,"cited_by_count":2},{"year":2016,"cited_by_count":1},{"year":2014,"cited_by_count":1}],"updated_date":"2026-11-04T10:54:05.112534","created_date":"2016-06-24T00:00:00"}
