{"id":"https://openalex.org/W21853337","doi":null,"title":"Cigarette smoking, nicotine dependence, and treatment.","display_name":"Cigarette smoking, nicotine dependence, and treatment.","publication_year":1990,"publication_date":"1990-05-01","ids":{"openalex":"https://openalex.org/W21853337","mag":"21853337","pmid":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/2190425","pmcid":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/1002414"},"language":"en","primary_location":{"id":"pmh:oai:pubmedcentral.nih.gov:1002414","doi":null,"is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/1002414","pdf_url":"https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC1002414/pdf/westjmed00117-0116.pdf","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S2764455111","display_name":"PubMed Central","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"listed_in":[],"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/I1299303238","host_organization_name":"National Institutes of Health","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/I1299303238"],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"West J Med","raw_type":"Text"},"volume":null,"type":"article","is_traditional":true,"indexed_in":["pubmed"],"open_access":{"is_oa":true,"oa_status":"green","oa_url":"https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC1002414/pdf/westjmed00117-0116.pdf","any_repository_has_fulltext":true},"authorships":[{"author_position":"first","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5110268853","display_name":"Karen Lea Sees","orcid":null,"observed_orcids":[]},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I180670191","display_name":"University of California, San Francisco","ror":"https://ror.org/043mz5j54","country_code":"US","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I180670191"]}],"countries":["US"],"is_corresponding":true,"raw_author_name":"K L Sees","raw_affiliation_strings":["Department of Psychiatry, University of California, School of Medicine, San Francisco"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Psychiatry, University of California, School of Medicine, San Francisco","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I180670191"]}]}],"institutions":[],"countries_distinct_count":1,"institutions_distinct_count":1,"corresponding_author_ids":["https://openalex.org/A5110268853"],"corresponding_institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I180670191"],"apc_list":null,"apc_paid":null,"fwci":3.5897,"has_fulltext":true,"cited_by_count":16,"citation_normalized_percentile":{"value":0.9146024,"is_in_top_1_percent":false,"is_in_top_10_percent":true},"cited_by_percentile_year":{"min":88,"max":96},"biblio":{"volume":"152","issue":"5","first_page":"578","last_page":"84"},"is_retracted":false,"is_paratext":false,"is_xpac":false,"primary_topic":{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10060","display_name":"Smoking Behavior and Cessation","score":1.0,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2739","display_name":"Public Health, Environmental and Occupational Health"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/27","display_name":"Medicine"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/4","display_name":"Health Sciences"}},"topics":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10060","display_name":"Smoking Behavior and Cessation","score":1.0,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2739","display_name":"Public Health, Environmental and Occupational Health"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/27","display_name":"Medicine"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/4","display_name":"Health Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10043","display_name":"Substance Abuse Treatment and Outcomes","score":0.0,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2713","display_name":"Epidemiology"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/27","display_name":"Medicine"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/4","display_name":"Health Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11818","display_name":"Nicotinic Acetylcholine Receptors Study","score":0.0,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1312","display_name":"Molecular Biology"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/13","display_name":"Biochemistry, Genetics and Molecular Biology"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/1","display_name":"Life Sciences"}}],"keywords":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/cigarette-smoking","display_name":"cigarette smoking","score":0.9879999756813049},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/nicotine-dependence","display_name":"nicotine dependence","score":1.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/nicotine-withdrawal","display_name":"nicotine withdrawal","score":0.8399999737739563},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/smoking-cessation","display_name":"smoking cessation","score":0.8870000243186951},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/nicotine-replacement-therapy","display_name":"nicotine replacement therapy","score":0.7319999933242798},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/smoking-abstinence","display_name":"smoking abstinence","score":0.656000018119812},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/psychological-dependence","display_name":"psychological dependence","score":0.746999979019165},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/smoking-cessation-interventions","display_name":"smoking cessation interventions","score":0.5609999895095825}],"concepts":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2780687700","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q210978","display_name":"Abstinence","level":2,"score":0.8241678476333618},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2779547902","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q28086552","display_name":"Nicotine","level":2,"score":0.8218486905097961},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2778647338","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q18553444","display_name":"Nicotine dependence","level":3,"score":0.8067200183868408},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C48856860","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q12029","display_name":"Addiction","level":2,"score":0.7229709625244141},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2777843972","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2462253","display_name":"Smoking cessation","level":2,"score":0.6255819797515869},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2778195246","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2622112","display_name":"Physical dependence","level":3,"score":0.6181735396385193},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2779177420","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q3961638","display_name":"Nicotine withdrawal","level":3,"score":0.6171537637710571},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2909683868","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q28086552","display_name":"Nicotine Addiction","level":3,"score":0.6114650964736938},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C3019085024","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7212330","display_name":"Cigarette smoking","level":2,"score":0.5716818571090698},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C71924100","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11190","display_name":"Medicine","level":0,"score":0.5608547329902649},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C118552586","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7867","display_name":"Psychiatry","level":1,"score":0.4857771694660187},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C15744967","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q9418","display_name":"Psychology","level":0,"score":0.3337765336036682},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C42219234","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q131130","display_name":"Anesthesia","level":1,"score":0.18691486120224},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C126322002","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11180","display_name":"Internal medicine","level":1,"score":0.14879897236824036},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2777389121","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q81225","display_name":"Morphine","level":2,"score":0.07253852486610413},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C142724271","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7208","display_name":"Pathology","level":1,"score":0.0}],"mesh":[{"descriptor_ui":"D002638","descriptor_name":"Chewing Gum","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D003131","descriptor_name":"Combined Modality Therapy","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D006801","descriptor_name":"Humans","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D009538","descriptor_name":"Nicotine","qualifier_ui":"Q000031","qualifier_name":"analogs & derivatives","is_major_topic":true},{"descriptor_ui":"D009538","descriptor_name":"Nicotine","qualifier_ui":"Q000627","qualifier_name":"therapeutic use","is_major_topic":true},{"descriptor_ui":"D011109","descriptor_name":"Polymethacrylic Acids","qualifier_ui":"Q000627","qualifier_name":"therapeutic use","is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D011145","descriptor_name":"Polyvinyls","qualifier_ui":"Q000627","qualifier_name":"therapeutic use","is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D012907","descriptor_name":"Smoking","qualifier_ui":"Q000628","qualifier_name":"therapy","is_major_topic":true},{"descriptor_ui":"D019966","descriptor_name":"Substance-Related Disorders","qualifier_ui":"Q000523","qualifier_name":"psychology","is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D019966","descriptor_name":"Substance-Related Disorders","qualifier_ui":"Q000628","qualifier_name":"therapy","is_major_topic":true},{"descriptor_ui":"D061485","descriptor_name":"Tobacco Use Cessation Devices","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":false}],"locations_count":4,"locations":[{"id":"pmh:oai:pubmedcentral.nih.gov:1002414","doi":null,"is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/1002414","pdf_url":"https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC1002414/pdf/westjmed00117-0116.pdf","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S2764455111","display_name":"PubMed Central","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"listed_in":[],"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/I1299303238","host_organization_name":"National Institutes of Health","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/I1299303238"],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"West J Med","raw_type":"Text"},{"id":"pmh:oai:europepmc.org:455085","doi":null,"is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/1002414","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306400806","display_name":"Europe PMC (PubMed Central)","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"listed_in":[],"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/I1303153112","host_organization_name":"European Bioinformatics Institute","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/I1303153112"],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":null,"raw_type":"Text"},{"id":"pmid:2190425","doi":null,"is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/2190425","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306525036","display_name":"PubMed","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"listed_in":[],"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/I1299303238","host_organization_name":"National Institutes of Health","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/I1299303238"],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"The Western journal of medicine","raw_type":"Journal Article"},{"id":"mag:21853337","doi":null,"is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/2190425","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306525036","display_name":"PubMed","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"listed_in":[],"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/I1299303238","host_organization_name":"National Institutes of Health","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/I1299303238"],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":null,"is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":"PubMed","raw_type":null}],"best_oa_location":{"id":"pmh:oai:pubmedcentral.nih.gov:1002414","doi":null,"is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/1002414","pdf_url":"https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC1002414/pdf/westjmed00117-0116.pdf","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S2764455111","display_name":"PubMed Central","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"listed_in":[],"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/I1299303238","host_organization_name":"National Institutes of Health","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/I1299303238"],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"West J Med","raw_type":"Text"},"sustainable_development_goals":[{"id":"https://metadata.un.org/sdg/3","display_name":"Good health and well-being","score":0.9391000270843506}],"study_designs":[],"awards":[],"funders":[],"has_content":{"grobid_xml":true,"pdf":true},"content_urls":{"pdf":"https://content.openalex.org/works/W21853337.pdf","grobid_xml":"https://content.openalex.org/works/W21853337.grobid-xml"},"referenced_works_count":47,"referenced_works":["https://openalex.org/W80711242","https://openalex.org/W178062021","https://openalex.org/W1956080552","https://openalex.org/W1966451091","https://openalex.org/W1967737552","https://openalex.org/W1969495721","https://openalex.org/W1972499219","https://openalex.org/W1983056794","https://openalex.org/W1993005083","https://openalex.org/W2004215190","https://openalex.org/W2004616715","https://openalex.org/W2010816923","https://openalex.org/W2036221999","https://openalex.org/W2040494793","https://openalex.org/W2043116378","https://openalex.org/W2045337195","https://openalex.org/W2045701296","https://openalex.org/W2047853662","https://openalex.org/W2050344170","https://openalex.org/W2051140578","https://openalex.org/W2067943523","https://openalex.org/W2081403643","https://openalex.org/W2087050411","https://openalex.org/W2100726549","https://openalex.org/W2113004036","https://openalex.org/W2113827163","https://openalex.org/W2118886106","https://openalex.org/W2133167986","https://openalex.org/W2134515161","https://openalex.org/W2135804348","https://openalex.org/W2141024484","https://openalex.org/W2145982279","https://openalex.org/W2148201631","https://openalex.org/W2149817038","https://openalex.org/W2169608165","https://openalex.org/W2396989724","https://openalex.org/W2410811599","https://openalex.org/W2413566511","https://openalex.org/W2417286374","https://openalex.org/W2419183027","https://openalex.org/W2419371659","https://openalex.org/W2976858011","https://openalex.org/W4233295013","https://openalex.org/W4234730403","https://openalex.org/W4248645970","https://openalex.org/W4249901679","https://openalex.org/W4255575015"],"related_works":["https://openalex.org/W2134873787","https://openalex.org/W2495189506","https://openalex.org/W1966099771","https://openalex.org/W2123121541","https://openalex.org/W2247616032","https://openalex.org/W2057469494","https://openalex.org/W4300935072","https://openalex.org/W2120237868","https://openalex.org/W2055043635","https://openalex.org/W2894934697"],"abstract_inverted_index":{"Since":[0],"the":[1,67,74],"1988":[2],"Surgeon":[3],"General's":[4],"report":[5],"on":[6,70,77],"nicotine":[7,15,36,71],"addiction,":[8],"more":[9],"attention":[10],"is":[11],"being":[12,32],"given":[13],"to":[14,26],"dependence":[16,69,76],"as":[17,56],"a":[18],"substantial":[19],"contributing":[20],"factor":[21],"in":[22,41,58],"cigarette":[23,78],"smokers'":[24],"inability":[25],"quit.":[27],"Many":[28],"new":[29],"medications":[30],"are":[31],"investigated":[33],"for":[34,39],"treating":[35],"withdrawal":[37],"and":[38],"assisting":[40],"long-term":[42],"smoking":[43,60],"abstinence.":[44],"Medications":[45],"alone":[46],"probably":[47],"will":[48],"not":[49,65],"be":[50,54],"helpful;":[51],"they":[52],"should":[53],"used":[55],"adjuncts":[57],"comprehensive":[59],"abstinence":[61],"programs":[62],"that":[63],"address":[64],"only":[66],"physical":[68],"but":[72],"also":[73],"psychological":[75],"smoking.":[79]},"counts_by_year":[{"year":2018,"cited_by_count":2},{"year":2015,"cited_by_count":1},{"year":2014,"cited_by_count":2}],"updated_date":"2026-11-04T10:54:05.112534","created_date":"2016-06-24T00:00:00"}
