{"id":"https://openalex.org/W2185087250","doi":null,"title":"PROBABILITY AND CERTAINTY","display_name":"PROBABILITY AND CERTAINTY","publication_year":2008,"publication_date":"2008-01-01","ids":{"openalex":"https://openalex.org/W2185087250","mag":"2185087250"},"language":"en","primary_location":{"id":"pmh:oai:philarchive.org/rec/BLAPAC-9","doi":null,"is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://philarchive.org/rec/BLAPAC-9","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306402130","display_name":"PhilPapers (PhilPapers Foundation)","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"listed_in":[],"host_organization":null,"host_organization_name":null,"host_organization_lineage":[],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":null,"raw_type":"info:eu-repo/semantics/article"},"volume":null,"type":"article","indexed_in":[],"open_access":{"is_oa":false,"oa_status":"closed","oa_url":null,"any_repository_has_fulltext":false},"authorships":[{"author_position":"first","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5082345683","display_name":"Jonny Blamey","orcid":null,"observed_orcids":[]},"institutions":[],"countries":[],"is_corresponding":true,"raw_author_name":"Jonny Blamey","raw_affiliation_strings":[],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[]}],"institutions":[],"countries_distinct_count":0,"institutions_distinct_count":0,"corresponding_author_ids":["https://openalex.org/A5082345683"],"corresponding_institution_ids":[],"apc_list":null,"apc_paid":null,"fwci":0.0,"has_fulltext":false,"cited_by_count":27,"citation_normalized_percentile":{"value":0.30831078,"is_in_top_1_percent":false,"is_in_top_10_percent":false},"cited_by_percentile_year":{"min":89,"max":100},"biblio":{"volume":null,"issue":null,"first_page":null,"last_page":null},"is_retracted":false,"is_paratext":false,"is_xpac":false,"primary_topic":{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11477","display_name":"Epistemology, Ethics, and Metaphysics","score":0.9901999831199646,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1211","display_name":"Philosophy"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/12","display_name":"Arts and Humanities"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/2","display_name":"Social Sciences"}},"topics":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11477","display_name":"Epistemology, Ethics, and Metaphysics","score":0.9901999831199646,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1211","display_name":"Philosophy"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/12","display_name":"Arts and Humanities"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/2","display_name":"Social Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10315","display_name":"Decision-Making and Behavioral Economics","score":0.002099999925121665,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1800","display_name":"General Decision Sciences"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/18","display_name":"Decision Sciences"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/2","display_name":"Social Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11010","display_name":"Logic, Reasoning, and Knowledge","score":0.001500000013038516,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1702","display_name":"Artificial Intelligence"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}}],"keywords":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/certainty","display_name":"certainty","score":0.6470000147819519},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/degree-of-belief","display_name":"degrees of belief","score":0.8450000286102295},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/probability","display_name":"probability","score":0.6019999980926514},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/subjective-probability","display_name":"subjective probability","score":0.6470000147819519},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/objective-probability","display_name":"objective probability","score":0.9089999794960022},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/rationality","display_name":"rationality","score":0.414000004529953},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/evidential-support","display_name":"evidential support","score":0.6060000061988831},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/utility","display_name":"utility","score":0.3449999988079071},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/betting","display_name":"betting","score":0.367000013589859},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/absolute-certainty","display_name":"absolute certainty","score":0.5600000023841858},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/probability-axioms","display_name":"probability axioms","score":0.671999990940094}],"concepts":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/C7493553","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1520777","display_name":"Certainty","level":2,"score":0.8805357217788696},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2775997480","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q586277","display_name":"Degree (music)","level":2,"score":0.665756106376648},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C167729594","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q17736","display_name":"Axiom","level":2,"score":0.6604639291763306},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2780009758","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q6804172","display_name":"Measure (data warehouse)","level":2,"score":0.578011155128479},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2777152325","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q108163","display_name":"Proposition","level":2,"score":0.5497522354125977},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C201717286","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q938185","display_name":"Rationality","level":2,"score":0.5415523052215576},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C49937458","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2599292","display_name":"Probabilistic logic","level":2,"score":0.5167936086654663},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C33923547","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q395","display_name":"Mathematics","level":0,"score":0.4863582253456116},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C149441793","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q200726","display_name":"Probability distribution","level":2,"score":0.41219761967658997},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C144237770","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q747534","display_name":"Mathematical economics","level":1,"score":0.3815944492816925},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C111472728","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q9471","display_name":"Epistemology","level":1,"score":0.1941905915737152},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C41008148","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q21198","display_name":"Computer science","level":0,"score":0.19362357258796692},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C105795698","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q12483","display_name":"Statistics","level":1,"score":0.18919256329536438},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C121332964","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q413","display_name":"Physics","level":0,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C77088390","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q8513","display_name":"Database","level":1,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C24890656","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q82811","display_name":"Acoustics","level":1,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C138885662","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q5891","display_name":"Philosophy","level":0,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2524010","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q8087","display_name":"Geometry","level":1,"score":0.0}],"mesh":[],"locations_count":3,"locations":[{"id":"pmh:oai:philarchive.org/rec/BLAPAC-9","doi":null,"is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://philarchive.org/rec/BLAPAC-9","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306402130","display_name":"PhilPapers (PhilPapers Foundation)","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"listed_in":[],"host_organization":null,"host_organization_name":null,"host_organization_lineage":[],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":null,"raw_type":"info:eu-repo/semantics/article"},{"id":"pmh:oai:philpapers.org/rec/BLAPAC-9","doi":null,"is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://philpapers.org/rec/BLAPAC-9","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306402130","display_name":"PhilPapers (PhilPapers Foundation)","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"listed_in":[],"host_organization":null,"host_organization_name":null,"host_organization_lineage":[],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":null,"raw_type":"info:eu-repo/semantics/article"},{"id":"mag:2185087250","doi":null,"is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"http://praxisjp.org/wp-content/uploads/2013/09/PROBABILITY-AND-CERTAINTY.pdf","pdf_url":null,"source":null,"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":null,"is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":null,"raw_type":null}],"best_oa_location":null,"sustainable_development_goals":[],"study_designs":[],"awards":[],"funders":[],"has_content":{"pdf":false,"grobid_xml":false},"content_urls":null,"referenced_works_count":14,"referenced_works":["https://openalex.org/W127422594","https://openalex.org/W1515478877","https://openalex.org/W1570100281","https://openalex.org/W1966571214","https://openalex.org/W2019025561","https://openalex.org/W2023979469","https://openalex.org/W2050283732","https://openalex.org/W2054843717","https://openalex.org/W2084840427","https://openalex.org/W2092338482","https://openalex.org/W2094298389","https://openalex.org/W2126810997","https://openalex.org/W2313875555","https://openalex.org/W2333311386"],"related_works":["https://openalex.org/W2963237782","https://openalex.org/W7099852879","https://openalex.org/W3134942319","https://openalex.org/W2418880402","https://openalex.org/W4247382825","https://openalex.org/W4226323556","https://openalex.org/W2045077403","https://openalex.org/W4249370001","https://openalex.org/W316351700","https://openalex.org/W2021437991"],"abstract_inverted_index":{"Probability":[0],"can":[1,67,92],"be":[2,68,221],"used":[3],"to":[4,47,160,199,220,223],"measure":[5,17,20,38,41],"degree":[6,24,57,141,148],"of":[7,21,25,33,42,58,116,135,142,149,185,196,202],"belief":[8,26,59,72,101,143,150],"in":[9,27,122,124,208],"two":[10],"ways:":[11],"objectively":[12,84],"and":[13,85],"subjectively.":[14],"The":[15,36],"objective":[16,192],"is":[18,39,55,73,102,130,137,164,217,227],"a":[19,28,31,43,56,166],"the":[22,40,106,128,146,152,170,182,188,200,212],"rational":[23,147,167,183,219],"proposition":[29],"given":[30,151,187],"set":[32],"evidential":[34],"propositions.":[35],"subjective":[37,140,194],"particular":[44],"subject\u2019s":[45],"dispositions":[46],"decide":[48],"between":[49],"options.":[50],"In":[51,88,155],"both":[52,78,96],"measures,":[53],"certainty":[54,123,186,197],"1.":[60,131],"I":[61,108,158],"will":[62,109],"show,":[63],"however,":[64],"that":[65,94,138,162,169],"there":[66,226],"cases":[69,126],"where":[70,127],"one":[71,100,176],"stronger":[74],"than":[75,105],"another":[76],"yet":[77],"beliefs":[79,97],"are":[80,98,206],"plausibly":[81],"measurable":[82],"as":[83,231],"subjectively":[86],"certain.":[87],"ordinary":[89],"language,":[90],"we":[91],"say":[93],"while":[95],"certain,":[99],"more":[103],"certain":[104,179,222],"other.":[107],"then":[110],"propose":[111],"second,":[112],"non":[113],"probabilistic":[114],"dimension":[115],"measurement,":[117],"which":[118,175],"tracks":[119],"this":[120,156],"variation":[121],"such":[125,229],"probability":[129],"A":[132],"general":[133],"principle":[134,168],"rationality":[136],"one\u2019s":[139],"should":[144,177,180],"match":[145,181],"evidence":[153,189],"available.":[154,190],"paper":[157],"hope":[159],"show":[161],"it":[163,216],"also":[165],"maximum":[171],"stake":[172],"size":[173],"at":[174],"remain":[178],"weight":[184],"Neither":[191],"nor":[193],"measures":[195],"conform":[198],"axioms":[201],"probability,":[203],"but":[204],"instead":[205],"measured":[207],"utility.":[209],"This":[210],"has":[211],"consequence":[213],"that,":[214],"although":[215],"often":[218],"some":[224],"degree,":[225],"no":[228],"thing":[230],"absolute":[232],"certainty.":[233]},"counts_by_year":[{"year":2019,"cited_by_count":18},{"year":2017,"cited_by_count":1},{"year":2016,"cited_by_count":1},{"year":2012,"cited_by_count":1}],"updated_date":"2026-08-26T07:47:46.906454","created_date":"2016-06-24T00:00:00"}