{"id":"https://openalex.org/W2184896244","doi":null,"title":"A Comparison of Ten Methods for Determining the Number of Factors in Exploratory Factor Analysis","display_name":"A Comparison of Ten Methods for Determining the Number of Factors in Exploratory Factor Analysis","publication_year":2013,"publication_date":"2013-03-01","ids":{"openalex":"https://openalex.org/W2184896244","mag":"2184896244"},"language":"en","primary_location":{"id":"pmh:oai:ojs-dev.lib.ua.edu:article/267","doi":null,"is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://ojs.lib.ua.edu/index/article/view/267","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4210197319","display_name":"General Linear Model Journal","issn_l":"2379-0091","issn":["2379-0091","2379-0105"],"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":true,"listed_in":["cwts-core"],"host_organization":null,"host_organization_name":null,"host_organization_lineage":[],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by-nc-sa","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by-nc-sa","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"2379-0091","raw_type":"info:eu-repo/semantics/article"},"volume":null,"type":"article","is_traditional":true,"indexed_in":[],"open_access":{"is_oa":true,"oa_status":"hybrid","oa_url":"https://ojs.lib.ua.edu/index/article/view/267","any_repository_has_fulltext":false},"authorships":[{"author_position":"first","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5035934651","display_name":"Robert H. Pearson","orcid":null,"observed_orcids":[]},"institutions":[],"countries":[],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Pearson, Robert","raw_affiliation_strings":[],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5023943915","display_name":"Daniel J. Mundfrom","orcid":null,"observed_orcids":[]},"institutions":[],"countries":[],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Mundfrom, Daniel","raw_affiliation_strings":[],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[]},{"author_position":"last","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5029254575","display_name":"Adam Vincent Piccone","orcid":null,"observed_orcids":[]},"institutions":[],"countries":[],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Piccone, Adam","raw_affiliation_strings":[],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[]}],"institutions":[],"countries_distinct_count":0,"institutions_distinct_count":0,"corresponding_author_ids":[],"corresponding_institution_ids":[],"apc_list":null,"apc_paid":null,"fwci":0.0,"has_fulltext":false,"cited_by_count":18,"citation_normalized_percentile":{"value":0.0,"is_in_top_1_percent":false,"is_in_top_10_percent":false},"cited_by_percentile_year":{"min":88,"max":96},"biblio":{"volume":null,"issue":null,"first_page":null,"last_page":null},"is_retracted":false,"is_paratext":false,"is_xpac":false,"primary_topic":{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10467","display_name":"Psychometric Methodologies and Testing","score":0.9961000084877014,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1803","display_name":"Management Science and Operations Research"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/18","display_name":"Decision Sciences"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/2","display_name":"Social Sciences"}},"topics":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10467","display_name":"Psychometric Methodologies and Testing","score":0.9961000084877014,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1803","display_name":"Management Science and Operations Research"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/18","display_name":"Decision Sciences"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/2","display_name":"Social Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T13141","display_name":"Statistical Methods and Applications","score":0.001500000013038516,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2613","display_name":"Statistics and Probability"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/26","display_name":"Mathematics"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T13283","display_name":"Mental Health Research Topics","score":0.00019999999494757503,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/3205","display_name":"Experimental and Cognitive Psychology"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/32","display_name":"Psychology"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/2","display_name":"Social Sciences"}}],"keywords":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/number-of-factors","display_name":"number of factors","score":0.8889999985694885},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/exploratory-factor-analysis","display_name":"exploratory factor analysis","score":0.9629999995231628},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/parallel-analysis","display_name":"parallel analysis","score":0.7120000123977661},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/scree-test","display_name":"scree test","score":0.6990000009536743},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/akaike-information-criterion","display_name":"Akaike information criterion","score":0.9490000009536743},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/bayesian-information-criterion","display_name":"Bayesian information criterion","score":0.9649999737739563},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/likelihood-ratio-test","display_name":"likelihood ratio test","score":0.9769999980926514},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/factor-correlation","display_name":"factor correlation","score":0.6790000200271606},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/communality","display_name":"communality","score":0.7080000042915344}],"concepts":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/C126674687","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1662573","display_name":"Akaike information criterion","level":2,"score":0.7562023401260376},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C105795698","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q12483","display_name":"Statistics","level":1,"score":0.6850836873054504},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C165957694","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q5421350","display_name":"Exploratory factor analysis","level":3,"score":0.6679041385650635},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C33923547","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q395","display_name":"Mathematics","level":0,"score":0.6507971882820129},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C27438332","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2873","display_name":"Principal component analysis","level":2,"score":0.5919577479362488},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C10879293","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q726474","display_name":"Factor analysis","level":2,"score":0.5343659520149231},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C182365436","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q50701","display_name":"Variable (mathematics)","level":2,"score":0.4749574661254883},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2781039887","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1391724","display_name":"Factor (programming language)","level":2,"score":0.4575076103210449},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C149782125","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q160039","display_name":"Econometrics","level":1,"score":0.32659417390823364},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C41008148","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q21198","display_name":"Computer science","level":0,"score":0.22094300389289856},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C171606756","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q506132","display_name":"Psychometrics","level":2,"score":0.13276293873786926},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C199360897","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q9143","display_name":"Programming language","level":1,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C134306372","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7754","display_name":"Mathematical analysis","level":1,"score":0.0}],"mesh":[],"locations_count":1,"locations":[{"id":"pmh:oai:ojs-dev.lib.ua.edu:article/267","doi":null,"is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://ojs.lib.ua.edu/index/article/view/267","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4210197319","display_name":"General Linear Model Journal","issn_l":"2379-0091","issn":["2379-0091","2379-0105"],"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":true,"listed_in":["cwts-core"],"host_organization":null,"host_organization_name":null,"host_organization_lineage":[],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by-nc-sa","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by-nc-sa","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"2379-0091","raw_type":"info:eu-repo/semantics/article"}],"best_oa_location":{"id":"pmh:oai:ojs-dev.lib.ua.edu:article/267","doi":null,"is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://ojs.lib.ua.edu/index/article/view/267","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4210197319","display_name":"General Linear Model Journal","issn_l":"2379-0091","issn":["2379-0091","2379-0105"],"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":true,"listed_in":["cwts-core"],"host_organization":null,"host_organization_name":null,"host_organization_lineage":[],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by-nc-sa","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by-nc-sa","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"2379-0091","raw_type":"info:eu-repo/semantics/article"},"sustainable_development_goals":[],"study_designs":[],"awards":[],"funders":[],"has_content":{"grobid_xml":false,"pdf":false},"content_urls":null,"referenced_works_count":35,"referenced_works":["https://openalex.org/W1965102396","https://openalex.org/W1965156436","https://openalex.org/W1972806788","https://openalex.org/W1976240457","https://openalex.org/W1977182891","https://openalex.org/W1977775666","https://openalex.org/W1982977873","https://openalex.org/W1985234779","https://openalex.org/W2000432226","https://openalex.org/W2007356270","https://openalex.org/W2022989308","https://openalex.org/W2024678981","https://openalex.org/W2025485599","https://openalex.org/W2041404177","https://openalex.org/W2041963641","https://openalex.org/W2042728613","https://openalex.org/W2043143844","https://openalex.org/W2053850325","https://openalex.org/W2058815839","https://openalex.org/W2067543520","https://openalex.org/W2078977693","https://openalex.org/W2079542530","https://openalex.org/W2079711789","https://openalex.org/W2087329389","https://openalex.org/W2088477804","https://openalex.org/W2094102654","https://openalex.org/W2097665571","https://openalex.org/W2110818662","https://openalex.org/W2111179087","https://openalex.org/W2133097426","https://openalex.org/W2139285440","https://openalex.org/W2143070274","https://openalex.org/W2146855196","https://openalex.org/W2147054742","https://openalex.org/W2160172778"],"related_works":["https://openalex.org/W2726932788","https://openalex.org/W7055446460","https://openalex.org/W2599097227","https://openalex.org/W3009705786","https://openalex.org/W4394891058","https://openalex.org/W1023960018","https://openalex.org/W2572203395","https://openalex.org/W2912042451","https://openalex.org/W2061540482","https://openalex.org/W7099817837"],"abstract_inverted_index":{"The":[0,80],"effectiveness":[1],"of":[2,9,41,68,73],"10":[3],"methods":[4,14],"for":[5],"estimating":[6],"the":[7,16,21,25,30,34,44,50,62,65,96,111,121],"number":[8,67],"factors":[10],"were":[11,15,59,78],"compared.":[12],"These":[13],"minimum":[17],"average":[18,54],"partial":[19],"procedure,":[20],"likelihood":[22],"ratio":[23],"test,":[24,48],"Akaike":[26],"information":[27,32],"criteria":[28],"(AIC),":[29],"Schwarz":[31],"criteria,":[33],"common":[35,112],"factor":[36,84,92,113],"and":[37,49,75,103,130],"principal":[38],"component":[39],"versions":[40],"parallel":[42,93],"analysis,":[43],"standard":[45],"error":[46],"scree":[47],"eigenvalues":[51],"greater":[52],"than":[53],"criterion.":[55],"Two":[56],"simulation":[57],"studies":[58],"conducted.":[60],"In":[61],"first":[63],"study,":[64],"true":[66],"factors,":[69],"variable-to-factor":[70],"ratio,":[71],"level":[72],"communality,":[74],"sample":[76],"size":[77],"manipulated.":[79],"second":[81],"study":[82],"included":[83],"correlations":[85],"as":[86],"an":[87],"additional":[88],"experimental":[89],"variable.":[90],"Common":[91],"analysis":[94],"was":[95,115,123],"most":[97],"consistently":[98],"accurate":[99],"method":[100],"across":[101],"conditions":[102],"studies.":[104],"Neither":[105],"eigenvalue":[106],"rule":[107],"performed":[108],"well,":[109],"but":[110],"version":[114],"superior.":[116],"Over":[117],"almost":[118],"all":[119],"conditions,":[120],"AIC":[122],"either":[124],"correct":[125],"or":[126],"overfactored":[127],"by":[128],"one":[129],"might;":[131],"thus,":[132],"be":[133],"a":[134],"reasonable":[135],"alternative.":[136]},"counts_by_year":[{"year":2025,"cited_by_count":2},{"year":2024,"cited_by_count":2},{"year":2023,"cited_by_count":3},{"year":2022,"cited_by_count":1},{"year":2021,"cited_by_count":3},{"year":2020,"cited_by_count":2},{"year":2019,"cited_by_count":2},{"year":2018,"cited_by_count":2},{"year":2017,"cited_by_count":1}],"updated_date":"2026-11-03T10:50:19.383937","created_date":"2026-10-03T00:00:00"}