{"id":"https://openalex.org/W2184728825","doi":null,"title":"Do Elections Manipulate Patterns of Inter-ethnic or Inter-partisan Discrimination? A Field Experiment on Price Bargaining in Africa","display_name":"Do Elections Manipulate Patterns of Inter-ethnic or Inter-partisan Discrimination? A Field Experiment on Price Bargaining in Africa","publication_year":2010,"publication_date":"2010-01-01","ids":{"openalex":"https://openalex.org/W2184728825","mag":"2184728825"},"language":"en","primary_location":{"id":"mag:2184728825","doi":null,"is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"http://cess.nyu.edu/conferences/2-2010/papers/QP_100117.pdf","pdf_url":null,"source":null,"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":null,"is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":null,"raw_type":null},"volume":null,"type":"article","is_traditional":true,"indexed_in":[],"open_access":{"is_oa":false,"oa_status":"closed","oa_url":null,"any_repository_has_fulltext":false},"authorships":[{"author_position":"first","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5041973192","display_name":"Kristin Grace Michelitch","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-5436-7508","observed_orcids":["https://orcid.org/0000-0002-5436-7508"]},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I57206974","display_name":"New York University","ror":"https://ror.org/0190ak572","country_code":"US","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I57206974"]}],"countries":["US"],"is_corresponding":true,"raw_author_name":"Kristin Michelitch","raw_affiliation_strings":["New York University<sup>**</sup>"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-5436-7508","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"New York University<sup>**</sup>","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I57206974"]}]}],"institutions":[],"countries_distinct_count":1,"institutions_distinct_count":1,"corresponding_author_ids":["https://openalex.org/A5041973192"],"corresponding_institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I57206974"],"apc_list":null,"apc_paid":null,"fwci":1.5519,"has_fulltext":false,"cited_by_count":2,"citation_normalized_percentile":{"value":0.8891581,"is_in_top_1_percent":false,"is_in_top_10_percent":false},"cited_by_percentile_year":{"min":88,"max":93},"biblio":{"volume":null,"issue":null,"first_page":null,"last_page":null},"is_retracted":false,"is_paratext":false,"is_xpac":false,"primary_topic":{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10070","display_name":"Political Conflict and Governance","score":0.5512999892234802,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/3312","display_name":"Sociology and Political Science"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/33","display_name":"Social Sciences"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/2","display_name":"Social Sciences"}},"topics":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10070","display_name":"Political Conflict and Governance","score":0.5512999892234802,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/3312","display_name":"Sociology and Political Science"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/33","display_name":"Social Sciences"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/2","display_name":"Social Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10108","display_name":"Electoral Systems and Political Participation","score":0.24650000035762787,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/3320","display_name":"Political Science and International Relations"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/33","display_name":"Social Sciences"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/2","display_name":"Social Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T12970","display_name":"Names, Identity, and Discrimination Research","score":0.11909999698400497,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/3312","display_name":"Sociology and Political Science"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/33","display_name":"Social Sciences"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/2","display_name":"Social Sciences"}}],"keywords":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/elections","display_name":"elections","score":0.593999981880188},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/price-discrimination","display_name":"price discrimination","score":0.828000009059906},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/price-negotiation","display_name":"price negotiation","score":0.9729999899864197},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/party-identification","display_name":"party identification","score":0.6710000038146973},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/clientelism","display_name":"clientelism","score":0.8299999833106995},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/patronage-democracy","display_name":"patronage democracy","score":0.8169999718666077},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/ethnic-conflict","display_name":"ethnic conflict","score":0.4740000069141388},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/resource-constraints","display_name":"resource constraints","score":0.5669999718666077},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/ghana","display_name":"Ghana","score":0.5009999871253967},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/group-identity","display_name":"group identity","score":0.4320000112056732}],"concepts":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2775987171","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q192797","display_name":"Elite","level":3,"score":0.7291686534881592},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2781035477","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1543464","display_name":"Clientelism","level":4,"score":0.7052206993103027},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C137403100","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q41710","display_name":"Ethnic group","level":2,"score":0.6128657460212708},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C555826173","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7174","display_name":"Democracy","level":3,"score":0.5609451532363892},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C91306197","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q45767","display_name":"Competition (biology)","level":2,"score":0.5443439483642578},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C17744445","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q36442","display_name":"Political science","level":0,"score":0.5317301750183105},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C138921699","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q47555","display_name":"Political economy","level":1,"score":0.4801868200302124},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C175156509","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1990218","display_name":"Cleavage (geology)","level":3,"score":0.45969974994659424},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C162324750","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q8134","display_name":"Economics","level":0,"score":0.37932834029197693},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C94625758","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7163","display_name":"Politics","level":2,"score":0.23956143856048584},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C199539241","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7748","display_name":"Law","level":1,"score":0.18751204013824463},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C18903297","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7150","display_name":"Ecology","level":1,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C127413603","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11023","display_name":"Engineering","level":0,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C187320778","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1349130","display_name":"Geotechnical engineering","level":1,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C86803240","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q420","display_name":"Biology","level":0,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C43369102","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2307625","display_name":"Fracture (geology)","level":2,"score":0.0}],"mesh":[],"locations_count":1,"locations":[{"id":"mag:2184728825","doi":null,"is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"http://cess.nyu.edu/conferences/2-2010/papers/QP_100117.pdf","pdf_url":null,"source":null,"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":null,"is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":null,"raw_type":null}],"best_oa_location":null,"sustainable_development_goals":[{"id":"https://metadata.un.org/sdg/16","display_name":"Peace, justice, and strong institutions","score":0.9595999717712402},{"id":"https://metadata.un.org/sdg/10","display_name":"Reduced inequalities","score":0.7578999996185303}],"study_designs":[],"awards":[],"funders":[],"has_content":{"pdf":false,"grobid_xml":false},"content_urls":null,"referenced_works_count":47,"referenced_works":["https://openalex.org/W386986494","https://openalex.org/W1555068534","https://openalex.org/W1590963566","https://openalex.org/W1591339164","https://openalex.org/W1605304328","https://openalex.org/W1862327080","https://openalex.org/W1969323423","https://openalex.org/W1992420719","https://openalex.org/W2010411707","https://openalex.org/W2047115881","https://openalex.org/W2049971933","https://openalex.org/W2051662652","https://openalex.org/W2057310534","https://openalex.org/W2061555380","https://openalex.org/W2085623589","https://openalex.org/W2091411296","https://openalex.org/W2096474464","https://openalex.org/W2096601293","https://openalex.org/W2098501785","https://openalex.org/W2105871806","https://openalex.org/W2111240301","https://openalex.org/W2115074743","https://openalex.org/W2119210910","https://openalex.org/W2128354464","https://openalex.org/W2130405168","https://openalex.org/W2135410596","https://openalex.org/W2143548419","https://openalex.org/W2144383963","https://openalex.org/W2152433329","https://openalex.org/W2161577944","https://openalex.org/W2164092160","https://openalex.org/W2166803258","https://openalex.org/W2169278049","https://openalex.org/W2171890140","https://openalex.org/W2175873029","https://openalex.org/W2188333274","https://openalex.org/W2324440273","https://openalex.org/W2329648039","https://openalex.org/W2617395595","https://openalex.org/W2745547123","https://openalex.org/W3022808291","https://openalex.org/W3107817034","https://openalex.org/W3110167664","https://openalex.org/W3121569230","https://openalex.org/W3123190515","https://openalex.org/W3123223998","https://openalex.org/W3213139687"],"related_works":["https://openalex.org/W2112461603","https://openalex.org/W7099457686","https://openalex.org/W2888192951","https://openalex.org/W7054717412","https://openalex.org/W144576555","https://openalex.org/W2232698385","https://openalex.org/W6922199536","https://openalex.org/W6887793983","https://openalex.org/W7051876380","https://openalex.org/W2739620059"],"abstract_inverted_index":{"How":[0],"are":[1,18],"ordinary":[2],"citizen-level":[3],"interactions":[4,218],"altered":[5],"by":[6,45,249],"electoral":[7,209],"competition":[8,210],"in":[9,42,75,80,153,167,174,203],"high-stakes":[10],"elections?":[11],"By":[12],"trading":[13],"bullets":[14],"for":[15,111],"ballots,":[16],"elections":[17],"typically":[19],"posited":[20],"to":[21,26,61,114,214,227,230,254],"be":[22],"a":[23,62,77,91,164],"peaceful":[24],"alternative":[25],"settling":[27],"elite":[28,48,133,208],"powerstruggles.":[29],"However,":[30,194],"they":[31],"often":[32],"trigger":[33],"small":[34],"and":[35,49,69,108],"even":[36,215],"large-scale":[37],"\u201cethnic\u201d":[38],"conflict":[39,97],"amongst":[40,140],"citizens":[41,74,103,141,149],"democracies":[43],"characterized":[44],"clientelism":[46],"between":[47,73],"citizen":[50],"partisans.":[51],"This":[52],"study":[53,205],"empirically":[54],"investigates":[55],"the":[56,130,177,192,198,220],"effect":[57],"of":[58,67,132,238,242],"temporal":[59],"proximity":[60],"national":[63],"election":[64,107],"on":[65,90,120,143,257],"patterns":[66],"interethnic":[68],"interpartisan":[70],"discriminatory":[71,138,258],"behavior":[72,139],"Ghana,":[76],"patronage":[78],"democracy":[79],"West":[81],"Africa.":[82],"One":[83],"hypothesis":[84,127],"states":[85],"that":[86,99,129,183,207],"individual-level":[87],"discrimination":[88,118,185],"based":[89,119,142],"group":[92,232],"cleavage":[93,100],"will":[94],"intensify":[95,137],"as":[96],"along":[98,187],"intensifies.":[101],"As":[102],"anticipate":[104],"an":[105],"upcoming":[106],"thus":[109],"potential":[110],"increased":[112],"access":[113],"valuable":[115],"scarce":[116,151],"resources,":[117],"partisan":[121,188],"cleavages":[122,189],"may":[123,136],"increase.":[124],"The":[125,201],"opposing":[126],"asserts":[128],"uncertainty":[131],"power":[134],"contestation":[135],"more":[144],"persistent":[145],"groups":[146],"through":[147],"which":[148],"obtain":[150],"resources":[152],"this":[154,204,246],"case":[155],"ethnic":[156],"groups.":[157],"To":[158],"test":[159],"these":[160],"hypotheses,":[161],"I":[162,181],"conduct":[163],"field":[165],"experiment":[166],"price":[168,184],"bargaining":[169],"at":[170,191,219],"three":[171],"different":[172],"points":[173],"time":[175],"around":[176],"2008":[178],"National":[179],"Elections.":[180],"find":[182],"occurs":[186],"only":[190],"election.":[193],"coethnics":[195],"consistently":[196],"get":[197],"best":[199],"prices.":[200],"findings":[202],"indicate":[206],"actually":[211],"trickles":[212],"down":[213],"small-scale":[216],"economic":[217],"citizen-level.":[221],"Moreover,":[222],"party":[223,243],"identification":[224],"is":[225],"shown":[226],"operate":[228],"similarly":[229],"other":[231],"identities,":[233],"calling":[234],"into":[235],"question":[236],"some":[237],"our":[239],"standard":[240],"theories":[241],"identification.":[244],"Lastly,":[245],"paper":[247],"contributes":[248],"using":[250],"novel":[251],"methodological":[252],"designs":[253],"collect":[255],"data":[256],"behavior.":[259]},"counts_by_year":[{"year":2013,"cited_by_count":1}],"updated_date":"2026-11-04T10:54:05.112534","created_date":"2016-06-24T00:00:00"}