{"id":"https://openalex.org/W2184469103","doi":null,"title":"Electoral Incentives and Public Education Spending: Evidence from Brazil","display_name":"Electoral Incentives and Public Education Spending: Evidence from Brazil","publication_year":2011,"publication_date":"2011-01-01","ids":{"openalex":"https://openalex.org/W2184469103","mag":"2184469103"},"language":"en","primary_location":{"id":"mag:2184469103","doi":null,"is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"http://cega.berkeley.edu/assets/cega_events/25/4D_Politics_and_Public_Goods.pdf","pdf_url":null,"source":null,"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":null,"is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":null,"raw_type":null},"volume":null,"type":"article","is_traditional":true,"indexed_in":[],"open_access":{"is_oa":false,"oa_status":"closed","oa_url":null,"any_repository_has_fulltext":false},"authorships":[{"author_position":"first","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5108736027","display_name":"Leonardo Bursztyn","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0009-0000-5424-7365","observed_orcids":["https://orcid.org/0009-0000-5424-7365"]},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I161318765","display_name":"University of California, Los Angeles","ror":"https://ror.org/046rm7j60","country_code":"US","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I161318765"]}],"countries":["US"],"is_corresponding":true,"raw_author_name":"Leonardo Bursztyn","raw_affiliation_strings":["University of California-Los Angeles"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"University of California-Los Angeles","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I161318765"]}]}],"institutions":[],"countries_distinct_count":1,"institutions_distinct_count":1,"corresponding_author_ids":["https://openalex.org/A5108736027"],"corresponding_institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I161318765"],"apc_list":null,"apc_paid":null,"fwci":2.1242,"has_fulltext":false,"cited_by_count":4,"citation_normalized_percentile":{"value":0.89459202,"is_in_top_1_percent":false,"is_in_top_10_percent":false},"cited_by_percentile_year":{"min":88,"max":95},"biblio":{"volume":null,"issue":null,"first_page":null,"last_page":null},"is_retracted":false,"is_paratext":false,"is_xpac":false,"primary_topic":{"id":"https://openalex.org/T13387","display_name":"Politics, Economics, and Education Policy","score":0.5640000104904175,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2002","display_name":"Economics and Econometrics"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/20","display_name":"Economics, Econometrics and Finance"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/2","display_name":"Social Sciences"}},"topics":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/T13387","display_name":"Politics, Economics, and Education Policy","score":0.5640000104904175,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2002","display_name":"Economics and Econometrics"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/20","display_name":"Economics, Econometrics and Finance"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/2","display_name":"Social Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10674","display_name":"School Choice and Performance","score":0.10040000081062317,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/3304","display_name":"Education"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/33","display_name":"Social Sciences"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/2","display_name":"Social Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11461","display_name":"Local Government Finance and Decentralization","score":0.09529999643564224,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/3320","display_name":"Political Science and International Relations"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/33","display_name":"Social Sciences"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/2","display_name":"Social Sciences"}}],"keywords":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/electoral-incentives","display_name":"electoral incentives","score":0.796999990940094},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/school-funding","display_name":"school finance","score":0.9890000224113464},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/income-inequality","display_name":"income inequality","score":0.6880000233650208},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/local-government","display_name":"local government","score":0.38199999928474426},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/incumbent-reelection","display_name":"incumbent reelection","score":0.625},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/cash-transfers","display_name":"cash transfers","score":0.7039999961853027},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/voter-preferences","display_name":"voter preferences","score":0.671999990940094},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/information-shocks","display_name":"information shocks","score":0.6069999933242798},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/public-goods-provision","display_name":"public goods provision","score":0.421999990940094}],"concepts":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/C29122968","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1414816","display_name":"Incentive","level":2,"score":0.6720129251480103},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2778137410","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2732820","display_name":"Government (linguistics)","level":2,"score":0.5761733651161194},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C162324750","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q8134","display_name":"Economics","level":0,"score":0.5728707313537598},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2778083465","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q693464","display_name":"Cash","level":2,"score":0.5606748461723328},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2778502840","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q16669466","display_name":"Cash transfers","level":3,"score":0.5562573671340942},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C45555294","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q28113351","display_name":"Inequality","level":2,"score":0.4818657338619232},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C100001284","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2248246","display_name":"Public economics","level":1,"score":0.4715818464756012},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2781300812","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q178061","display_name":"Shock (circulatory)","level":2,"score":0.4655277132987976},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C555826173","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7174","display_name":"Democracy","level":3,"score":0.42995381355285645},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2781356325","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1929688","display_name":"Government spending","level":3,"score":0.42963361740112305},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C83864248","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q177323","display_name":"Developing country","level":2,"score":0.427898108959198},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C4249254","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q3044431","display_name":"Demographic economics","level":1,"score":0.41101253032684326},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C144133560","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q4830453","display_name":"Business","level":0,"score":0.34722664952278137},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C50522688","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q189833","display_name":"Economic growth","level":1,"score":0.2807536721229553},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C17744445","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q36442","display_name":"Political science","level":0,"score":0.17474296689033508},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C10138342","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q43015","display_name":"Finance","level":1,"score":0.1564280390739441},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C94625758","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7163","display_name":"Politics","level":2,"score":0.09984999895095825},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C100243477","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q12002092","display_name":"Welfare","level":2,"score":0.06925526261329651},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C71924100","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11190","display_name":"Medicine","level":0,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C33923547","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q395","display_name":"Mathematics","level":0,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C126322002","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11180","display_name":"Internal medicine","level":1,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C138885662","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q5891","display_name":"Philosophy","level":0,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C134306372","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7754","display_name":"Mathematical analysis","level":1,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C199539241","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7748","display_name":"Law","level":1,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C41895202","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q8162","display_name":"Linguistics","level":1,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C175444787","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q39072","display_name":"Microeconomics","level":1,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C34447519","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q179522","display_name":"Market economy","level":1,"score":0.0}],"mesh":[],"locations_count":1,"locations":[{"id":"mag:2184469103","doi":null,"is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"http://cega.berkeley.edu/assets/cega_events/25/4D_Politics_and_Public_Goods.pdf","pdf_url":null,"source":null,"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":null,"is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":null,"raw_type":null}],"best_oa_location":null,"sustainable_development_goals":[{"score":0.9629999995231628,"display_name":"Reduced inequalities","id":"https://metadata.un.org/sdg/10"},{"score":0.8928999900817871,"display_name":"No poverty","id":"https://metadata.un.org/sdg/1"},{"score":0.8046000003814697,"display_name":"Peace, justice, and strong institutions","id":"https://metadata.un.org/sdg/16"},{"score":0.5385000109672546,"display_name":"Quality education","id":"https://metadata.un.org/sdg/4"}],"study_designs":[],"awards":[],"funders":[],"has_content":{"grobid_xml":false,"pdf":false},"content_urls":null,"referenced_works_count":126,"referenced_works":["https://openalex.org/W25650536","https://openalex.org/W398539162","https://openalex.org/W591642750","https://openalex.org/W595625254","https://openalex.org/W625245231","https://openalex.org/W941404435","https://openalex.org/W1499862992","https://openalex.org/W1500205401","https://openalex.org/W1518574987","https://openalex.org/W1543163274","https://openalex.org/W1545260367","https://openalex.org/W1553573168","https://openalex.org/W1557844065","https://openalex.org/W1566565078","https://openalex.org/W1570307703","https://openalex.org/W1581234142","https://openalex.org/W1584424916","https://openalex.org/W1586970671","https://openalex.org/W1591830692","https://openalex.org/W1592469546","https://openalex.org/W1592669368","https://openalex.org/W1602251555","https://openalex.org/W1690251713","https://openalex.org/W1815167514","https://openalex.org/W1823439115","https://openalex.org/W1854379977","https://openalex.org/W1863454274","https://openalex.org/W1883900955","https://openalex.org/W1890347600","https://openalex.org/W1926255724","https://openalex.org/W1941439967","https://openalex.org/W1957666542","https://openalex.org/W1965273083","https://openalex.org/W1967895761","https://openalex.org/W1975021796","https://openalex.org/W1977847857","https://openalex.org/W1977890266","https://openalex.org/W1986214948","https://openalex.org/W1989535774","https://openalex.org/W1990889500","https://openalex.org/W1998049836","https://openalex.org/W1999549237","https://openalex.org/W2004000693","https://openalex.org/W2008457198","https://openalex.org/W2010189956","https://openalex.org/W2016552760","https://openalex.org/W2019856397","https://openalex.org/W2020272840","https://openalex.org/W2022919773","https://openalex.org/W2024503557","https://openalex.org/W2025983490","https://openalex.org/W2033519187","https://openalex.org/W2038312866","https://openalex.org/W2044079416","https://openalex.org/W2044961782","https://openalex.org/W2046558565","https://openalex.org/W2048838151","https://openalex.org/W2050482467","https://openalex.org/W2050931047","https://openalex.org/W2056708512","https://openalex.org/W2057687391","https://openalex.org/W2058276596","https://openalex.org/W2067722531","https://openalex.org/W2069939401","https://openalex.org/W2070440183","https://openalex.org/W2073400560","https://openalex.org/W2074475306","https://openalex.org/W2074536868","https://openalex.org/W2078731157","https://openalex.org/W2080010573","https://openalex.org/W2091569229","https://openalex.org/W2096090989","https://openalex.org/W2099805722","https://openalex.org/W2109836828","https://openalex.org/W2110373114","https://openalex.org/W2111988782","https://openalex.org/W2113081676","https://openalex.org/W2114827394","https://openalex.org/W2135564041","https://openalex.org/W2137016230","https://openalex.org/W2138249450","https://openalex.org/W2139985946","https://openalex.org/W2143584325","https://openalex.org/W2143965340","https://openalex.org/W2145015839","https://openalex.org/W2145529582","https://openalex.org/W2147299362","https://openalex.org/W2150732543","https://openalex.org/W2150815855","https://openalex.org/W2150974299","https://openalex.org/W2151220071","https://openalex.org/W2154034270","https://openalex.org/W2159707839","https://openalex.org/W2160124959","https://openalex.org/W2161160464","https://openalex.org/W2163395908","https://openalex.org/W2167670175","https://openalex.org/W2167866902","https://openalex.org/W2296725357","https://openalex.org/W2353666954","https://openalex.org/W2726136127","https://openalex.org/W2806481907","https://openalex.org/W2890314743","https://openalex.org/W2890554991","https://openalex.org/W2890944180","https://openalex.org/W2891018837","https://openalex.org/W2891376438","https://openalex.org/W2892314142","https://openalex.org/W3022879420","https://openalex.org/W3023070006","https://openalex.org/W3121557545","https://openalex.org/W3122092537","https://openalex.org/W3122614952","https://openalex.org/W3122623147","https://openalex.org/W3123568397","https://openalex.org/W3123674119","https://openalex.org/W3123798134","https://openalex.org/W3123985485","https://openalex.org/W3124366560","https://openalex.org/W3124420145","https://openalex.org/W3124897234","https://openalex.org/W3125049921","https://openalex.org/W3125349478","https://openalex.org/W3125755007","https://openalex.org/W3126037482","https://openalex.org/W3150268823"],"related_works":["https://openalex.org/W7098834100","https://openalex.org/W2185566844","https://openalex.org/W2165947028","https://openalex.org/W2072028236","https://openalex.org/W1886195038","https://openalex.org/W2015398186","https://openalex.org/W7100397578","https://openalex.org/W2913627195","https://openalex.org/W2397257683","https://openalex.org/W4301382163"],"abstract_inverted_index":{"This":[0,51],"paper":[1],"provides":[2],"evidence":[3],"against":[4],"the":[5,8,11,41,79,85,102,119,142,145,186,189],"argument":[6],"that":[7,39,84,166],"rich":[9],"prevent":[10],"poor":[12,86,187],"from":[13,37],"obtaining":[14],"public":[15,45,69,125,132,182],"education":[16,70,126,183],"in":[17,101,114,124,131],"unequal":[18],"developing":[19,169],"democracies.":[20],"In":[21],"Brazilian":[22],"municipalities":[23,56],"with":[24,57,135,150,160,171],"low":[25,151,179],"median":[26,59],"incomes,":[27,152],"voters":[28],"are":[29],"significantly":[30,90,140,155],"less":[31],"likely":[32],"to":[33,81,105,191],"reelect":[34],"incumbent":[35],"candidates":[36],"parties":[38],"increased":[40],"number":[42],"of":[43,118,144,174,181],"local":[44,110],"primary":[46],"schools":[47],"during":[48],"their":[49,109],"terms.":[50],"is":[52,75],"not":[53],"true":[54],"for":[55,78,148,158],"high":[58,161,172],"incomes.":[60,162],"A":[61],"new":[62],"survey":[63,104],"asking":[64],"subjects":[65],"directly":[66],"whether":[67],"improving":[68],"or":[71],"increasing":[72],"cash":[73,88,136],"transfers":[74,89],"more":[76,91],"important":[77],"government":[80,111,147,190],"achieve":[82],"shows":[83],"prefer":[87,188],"than":[92],"do":[93],"higher-income":[94],"individuals.":[95],"We":[96],"introduce":[97],"randomized":[98],"information":[99,120],"shocks":[100,121],"same":[103],"respondents":[106,149],"on":[107],"how":[108],"allocated":[112],"resources":[113,193],"previous":[115],"years.":[116],"One":[117],"reports":[122],"increases":[123],"spending":[127,184],"accompanied":[128],"by":[129],"decreases":[130],"expenditures":[133],"associated":[134],"transfers.":[137],"That":[138],"shock":[139],"worsens":[141],"assessment":[143],"current":[146],"while":[153],"it":[154,157],"improves":[156],"those":[159],"These":[163],"findings":[164],"suggest":[165],"many":[167],"democratic":[168],"countries":[170],"levels":[173,180],"income":[175],"inequality":[176],"might":[177],"have":[178],"because":[185],"spend":[192],"elsewhere.":[194]},"counts_by_year":[{"year":2015,"cited_by_count":1},{"year":2012,"cited_by_count":2}],"updated_date":"2026-11-10T11:39:43.021295","created_date":"2016-06-24T00:00:00"}