{"id":"https://openalex.org/W2184340532","doi":null,"title":"The Rise of Inequality, the Decline of the Middle Class, and Educational Outcomes","display_name":"The Rise of Inequality, the Decline of the Middle Class, and Educational Outcomes","publication_year":2014,"publication_date":"2014-01-01","ids":{"openalex":"https://openalex.org/W2184340532","mag":"2184340532"},"language":"en","primary_location":{"id":"mag:2184340532","doi":null,"is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"http://www.umdcipe.org/conferences/DecliningMiddleClassesSpain/Papers/Thorson.pdf","pdf_url":null,"source":null,"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":null,"is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":null,"raw_type":null},"volume":null,"type":"article","is_traditional":true,"indexed_in":[],"open_access":{"is_oa":false,"oa_status":"closed","oa_url":null,"any_repository_has_fulltext":false},"authorships":[{"author_position":"first","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5007415603","display_name":"Greg Thorson","orcid":null,"observed_orcids":[]},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I193054373","display_name":"University of Redlands","ror":"https://ror.org/02hfyct53","country_code":"US","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I193054373"]}],"countries":["US"],"is_corresponding":true,"raw_author_name":"Greg Thorson","raw_affiliation_strings":["University of Redlands"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"University of Redlands","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I193054373"]}]}],"institutions":[],"countries_distinct_count":1,"institutions_distinct_count":1,"corresponding_author_ids":["https://openalex.org/A5007415603"],"corresponding_institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I193054373"],"apc_list":null,"apc_paid":null,"fwci":0.0,"has_fulltext":false,"cited_by_count":1,"citation_normalized_percentile":{"value":0.0,"is_in_top_1_percent":false,"is_in_top_10_percent":false},"cited_by_percentile_year":{"min":88,"max":93},"biblio":{"volume":null,"issue":null,"first_page":null,"last_page":null},"is_retracted":false,"is_paratext":false,"is_xpac":false,"primary_topic":{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10674","display_name":"School Choice and Performance","score":0.9340999722480774,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/3304","display_name":"Education"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/33","display_name":"Social Sciences"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/2","display_name":"Social Sciences"}},"topics":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10674","display_name":"School Choice and Performance","score":0.9340999722480774,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/3304","display_name":"Education"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/33","display_name":"Social Sciences"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/2","display_name":"Social Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T12088","display_name":"Intergenerational and Educational Inequality Studies","score":0.04729999974370003,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/3312","display_name":"Sociology and Political Science"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/33","display_name":"Social Sciences"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/2","display_name":"Social Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10446","display_name":"Income, Poverty, and Inequality","score":0.006300000008195639,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/3312","display_name":"Sociology and Political Science"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/33","display_name":"Social Sciences"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/2","display_name":"Social Sciences"}}],"keywords":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/economic-inequality","display_name":"economic inequality","score":0.9890000224113464},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/middle-class-decline","display_name":"middle class decline","score":0.8849999904632568},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/educational-outcomes","display_name":"educational outcomes","score":0.9610000252723694},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/academic-achievement","display_name":"academic performance","score":0.9229999780654907},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/pisa","display_name":"PISA","score":0.7829999923706055},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/timss","display_name":"TIMSS","score":0.9980000257492065},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/reading-achievement","display_name":"reading achievement","score":0.5199999809265137},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/mathematics-achievement","display_name":"mathematics achievement","score":0.8199999928474426},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/science-achievement","display_name":"science achievement","score":0.9990000128746033},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/cross-national-comparison","display_name":"cross-national comparison","score":0.6850000023841858},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/education-finance","display_name":"education funding","score":0.6359999775886536},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/teacher-student-ratio","display_name":"student-teacher ratio","score":0.9539999961853027},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/gdp-per-capita","display_name":"GDP per capita","score":0.9290000200271606}],"concepts":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/C45555294","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q28113351","display_name":"Inequality","level":2,"score":0.7738440036773682},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2779233565","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q241588","display_name":"Middle class","level":2,"score":0.6292750239372253},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2778783286","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q861360","display_name":"Educational inequality","level":3,"score":0.5773522257804871},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C165148211","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q5431887","display_name":"Social inequality","level":3,"score":0.5491915941238403},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C4249254","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q3044431","display_name":"Demographic economics","level":1,"score":0.5046271085739136},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C162324750","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q8134","display_name":"Economics","level":0,"score":0.4879981577396393},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C513380476","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q5055020","display_name":"Economic inequality","level":3,"score":0.48699551820755005},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C110888244","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q187588","display_name":"Social class","level":2,"score":0.4621681869029999},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C127598652","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q558635","display_name":"Per capita","level":3,"score":0.42996037006378174},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C47768531","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1127188","display_name":"Development economics","level":1,"score":0.4008132517337799},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C15744967","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q9418","display_name":"Psychology","level":0,"score":0.34014755487442017},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C50522688","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q189833","display_name":"Economic growth","level":1,"score":0.3269270658493042},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C17744445","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q36442","display_name":"Political science","level":0,"score":0.32355478405952454},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C144024400","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q21201","display_name":"Sociology","level":0,"score":0.2630152106285095},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C149923435","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q37732","display_name":"Demography","level":1,"score":0.17602956295013428},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2908647359","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2625603","display_name":"Population","level":2,"score":0.11616295576095581},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C33923547","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q395","display_name":"Mathematics","level":0,"score":0.08667904138565063},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C134306372","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7754","display_name":"Mathematical analysis","level":1,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C34447519","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q179522","display_name":"Market economy","level":1,"score":0.0}],"mesh":[],"locations_count":1,"locations":[{"id":"mag:2184340532","doi":null,"is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"http://www.umdcipe.org/conferences/DecliningMiddleClassesSpain/Papers/Thorson.pdf","pdf_url":null,"source":null,"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":null,"is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":null,"raw_type":null}],"best_oa_location":null,"sustainable_development_goals":[{"score":0.9629999995231628,"display_name":"Reduced inequalities","id":"https://metadata.un.org/sdg/10"},{"score":0.8278999924659729,"display_name":"Quality education","id":"https://metadata.un.org/sdg/4"}],"study_designs":[],"awards":[],"funders":[],"has_content":{"pdf":false,"grobid_xml":false},"content_urls":null,"referenced_works_count":15,"referenced_works":["https://openalex.org/W205025832","https://openalex.org/W1490858860","https://openalex.org/W1491085961","https://openalex.org/W1502890052","https://openalex.org/W1548126597","https://openalex.org/W1548714850","https://openalex.org/W1570057778","https://openalex.org/W2062616771","https://openalex.org/W2071240032","https://openalex.org/W2081529781","https://openalex.org/W2143180551","https://openalex.org/W2158562746","https://openalex.org/W2170317670","https://openalex.org/W2186570755","https://openalex.org/W2289544279"],"related_works":["https://openalex.org/W2893357819","https://openalex.org/W4416641114","https://openalex.org/W2484284326","https://openalex.org/W2271840231","https://openalex.org/W4413103706","https://openalex.org/W7125979469","https://openalex.org/W354734114","https://openalex.org/W4389551163","https://openalex.org/W2487895433","https://openalex.org/W4397019775"],"abstract_inverted_index":{"Today":[0],"much":[1],"of":[2,20,38,128,131,149,184],"the":[3,18,21,39,80,83,86,102,129],"developed":[4],"world":[5],"is":[6],"simultaneously":[7],"experiencing":[8],"large":[9],"increases":[10,52],"in":[11,17,44,53,85],"economic":[12,114,150],"inequality":[13,45,91,115,132,151,166],"and":[14,42,57,69,89,136,139,187],"severe":[15],"erosions":[16],"size":[19],"middle":[22,40,87],"class":[23,41,71,88],"(Pressman,":[24],"2007;":[25],"Birdsall,":[26],"Graham,":[27],"&":[28,61],"Pettinato,":[29],"2000).":[30],"Recent":[31],"research":[32],"has":[33,92,116,167],"demonstrated":[34],"that":[35,82,113,144],"this":[36,76],"decline":[37,84],"rise":[43],"can":[46],"have":[47],"significant":[48,119],"social":[49,67],"impact,":[50],"including":[51],"violence,":[54],"mental":[55],"illness,":[56],"declining":[58],"health":[59],"(Wilkinson":[60],"Pickett,":[62],"2010)":[63],"while":[64],"also":[65],"eroding":[66],"cohesion":[68],"promoting":[70],"conflict":[72],"(Stiglitz,":[73],"2012).":[74],"In":[75,125],"paper,":[77],"I":[78,111,142],"examine":[79],"impact":[81],"rising":[90],"had":[93],"on":[94,121,133,157,170,173],"educational":[95,185],"outcomes.":[96],"Drawing":[97],"upon":[98],"data":[99],"provided":[100],"by":[101],"International":[103],"Cross-Time,":[104],"Cross-System":[105],"Education":[106],"Data":[107],"for":[108],"Researchers":[109],"(XTXS),":[110],"find":[112,143],"large,":[117],"statistically":[118],"effects":[120,130,169],"student":[122,155,171],"academic":[123],"achievement.":[124],"my":[126],"examination":[127],"reading,":[134],"math,":[135],"science":[137],"PISA":[138],"TIMSS":[140],"scores,":[141],"countries":[145],"with":[146],"higher":[147],"levels":[148],"experience":[152],"lower":[153],"average":[154],"performance":[156,172],"these":[158,174],"tests.":[159],"The":[160],"effect":[161],"sizes":[162],"are":[163],"large.":[164],"Economic":[165],"larger":[168],"tests":[175],"than":[176],"does":[177],"a":[178],"country\u2019s":[179],"GDP":[180],"per":[181],"capita,":[182],"level":[183],"spending,":[186],"aggregate":[188],"pupil-teacher":[189],"ratios.":[190]},"counts_by_year":[{"year":2023,"cited_by_count":1}],"updated_date":"2026-10-01T08:54:57.152042","created_date":"2016-06-24T00:00:00"}