{"id":"https://openalex.org/W2184301893","doi":null,"title":"Crack, Policy, and Advocacy: A Case Analysis Illustrating the Need to Monitor Emergent Public Health-Related Policy and Engage in Persistent Evidence-Based Advocacy","display_name":"Crack, Policy, and Advocacy: A Case Analysis Illustrating the Need to Monitor Emergent Public Health-Related Policy and Engage in Persistent Evidence-Based Advocacy","publication_year":2014,"publication_date":"2014-01-01","ids":{"openalex":"https://openalex.org/W2184301893","mag":"2184301893"},"language":"en","primary_location":{"id":"mag:2184301893","doi":null,"is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"http://jehonline.org/2014/JEH-2014_No_11-Wallace_pp_139-160-released.pdf","pdf_url":null,"source":null,"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":null,"is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":null,"raw_type":null},"volume":null,"type":"article","is_traditional":true,"indexed_in":[],"open_access":{"is_oa":false,"oa_status":"closed","oa_url":null,"any_repository_has_fulltext":false},"authorships":[{"author_position":"first","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5028697196","display_name":"Barbara C. Wallace","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-4521-1672","observed_orcids":["https://orcid.org/0000-0003-4521-1672"]},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I78577930","display_name":"Columbia University","ror":"https://ror.org/00hj8s172","country_code":"US","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I78577930"]}],"countries":["US"],"is_corresponding":true,"raw_author_name":"Barbara C. Wallace","raw_affiliation_strings":["Columbia University"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-4521-1672","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Columbia University","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I78577930"]}]}],"institutions":[],"countries_distinct_count":1,"institutions_distinct_count":1,"corresponding_author_ids":["https://openalex.org/A5028697196"],"corresponding_institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I78577930"],"apc_list":null,"apc_paid":null,"fwci":3.2248,"has_fulltext":false,"cited_by_count":5,"citation_normalized_percentile":{"value":0.91585807,"is_in_top_1_percent":false,"is_in_top_10_percent":true},"cited_by_percentile_year":{"min":88,"max":94},"biblio":{"volume":null,"issue":null,"first_page":null,"last_page":null},"is_retracted":false,"is_paratext":false,"is_xpac":false,"primary_topic":{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10318","display_name":"Criminal Justice and Corrections Analysis","score":0.8812999725341797,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/3312","display_name":"Sociology and Political Science"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/33","display_name":"Social Sciences"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/2","display_name":"Social Sciences"}},"topics":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10318","display_name":"Criminal Justice and Corrections Analysis","score":0.8812999725341797,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/3312","display_name":"Sociology and Political Science"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/33","display_name":"Social Sciences"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/2","display_name":"Social Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T13376","display_name":"Criminal Law and Policy","score":0.09510000050067902,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/3308","display_name":"Law"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/33","display_name":"Social Sciences"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/2","display_name":"Social Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10043","display_name":"Substance Abuse Treatment and Outcomes","score":0.004600000102072954,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2713","display_name":"Epidemiology"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/27","display_name":"Medicine"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/4","display_name":"Health Sciences"}}],"keywords":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/crack-cocaine-epidemic","display_name":"crack cocaine epidemic","score":0.9929999709129333},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/drug-policy","display_name":"drug policy","score":0.9200000166893005},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/racial-disparities-in-sentencing","display_name":"racial disparities in sentencing","score":0.9179999828338623},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/criminal-justice-system","display_name":"criminal justice system","score":0.5910000205039978},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/public-health-advocacy","display_name":"public health advocacy","score":0.722000002861023},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/evidence-based-advocacy","display_name":"evidence-based advocacy","score":0.8690000176429749},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/drug-policy-reform","display_name":"drug policy reform","score":0.41200000047683716}],"concepts":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/C102587632","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q117488","display_name":"Criminal justice","level":2,"score":0.6639405488967896},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C73484699","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q161733","display_name":"Criminology","level":1,"score":0.6282142996788025},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2779343474","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q3109175","display_name":"Context (archaeology)","level":2,"score":0.5469940900802612},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2777266375","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q770480","display_name":"Injustice","level":2,"score":0.5274389386177063},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2780262971","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q44554","display_name":"Law enforcement","level":2,"score":0.521727442741394},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C17744445","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q36442","display_name":"Political science","level":0,"score":0.504416823387146},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C138816342","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q189603","display_name":"Public health","level":2,"score":0.5018317699432373},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C109986646","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q546113","display_name":"Public policy","level":2,"score":0.4532843232154846},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C40010229","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q3184856","display_name":"Substance abuse","level":2,"score":0.44336506724357605},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2779777834","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q4202277","display_name":"Enforcement","level":2,"score":0.440130352973938},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C199539241","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7748","display_name":"Law","level":1,"score":0.3495591878890991},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C144024400","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q21201","display_name":"Sociology","level":0,"score":0.29950618743896484},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C71924100","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11190","display_name":"Medicine","level":0,"score":0.28937309980392456},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C118552586","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7867","display_name":"Psychiatry","level":1,"score":0.1456911265850067},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C159110408","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q121176","display_name":"Nursing","level":1,"score":0.09572723507881165},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C86803240","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q420","display_name":"Biology","level":0,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C151730666","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7205","display_name":"Paleontology","level":1,"score":0.0}],"mesh":[],"locations_count":1,"locations":[{"id":"mag:2184301893","doi":null,"is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"http://jehonline.org/2014/JEH-2014_No_11-Wallace_pp_139-160-released.pdf","pdf_url":null,"source":null,"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":null,"is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":null,"raw_type":null}],"best_oa_location":null,"sustainable_development_goals":[{"score":0.9294000267982483,"display_name":"Peace, justice, and strong institutions","id":"https://metadata.un.org/sdg/16"},{"score":0.6240000128746033,"display_name":"Good health and well-being","id":"https://metadata.un.org/sdg/3"}],"study_designs":[],"awards":[],"funders":[],"has_content":{"pdf":false,"grobid_xml":false},"content_urls":null,"referenced_works_count":46,"referenced_works":["https://openalex.org/W164299787","https://openalex.org/W180410055","https://openalex.org/W573280837","https://openalex.org/W577033005","https://openalex.org/W577167523","https://openalex.org/W588094308","https://openalex.org/W594019466","https://openalex.org/W628268857","https://openalex.org/W628752999","https://openalex.org/W1488742854","https://openalex.org/W1515473298","https://openalex.org/W1521965447","https://openalex.org/W1549716657","https://openalex.org/W1566095391","https://openalex.org/W1568285852","https://openalex.org/W1969079543","https://openalex.org/W1969298620","https://openalex.org/W1969594678","https://openalex.org/W1973787774","https://openalex.org/W1975233256","https://openalex.org/W1988937301","https://openalex.org/W1992701829","https://openalex.org/W1993027454","https://openalex.org/W2010218589","https://openalex.org/W2020186666","https://openalex.org/W2029596586","https://openalex.org/W2036498328","https://openalex.org/W2048568244","https://openalex.org/W2048796693","https://openalex.org/W2049017284","https://openalex.org/W2068523926","https://openalex.org/W2093944052","https://openalex.org/W2094904722","https://openalex.org/W2097098436","https://openalex.org/W2118720389","https://openalex.org/W2119436356","https://openalex.org/W2128459346","https://openalex.org/W2138308583","https://openalex.org/W2142089497","https://openalex.org/W2158617757","https://openalex.org/W2166574812","https://openalex.org/W2172101910","https://openalex.org/W2496385338","https://openalex.org/W2798859703","https://openalex.org/W3122567285","https://openalex.org/W3122877532"],"related_works":["https://openalex.org/W2403684715","https://openalex.org/W2183035829","https://openalex.org/W6999499562","https://openalex.org/W2809636113","https://openalex.org/W16080810","https://openalex.org/W2556624389","https://openalex.org/W1502324782","https://openalex.org/W2126586811","https://openalex.org/W3181295224","https://openalex.org/W2911345118"],"abstract_inverted_index":{"While":[0],"utilizing":[1],"the":[2,5,12,21,30,45,56,79,82,98,105,111,118,125,134,139,146,163,168,174,179,194,198,204,209,215,232,241,245,254],"case":[3,243],"of":[4,15,25,34,47,58,84,102,110,115,129,143,183,200,203,211,217,227,244,253,258],"crack":[6,233],"cocaine":[7],"epidemic,":[8],"this":[9],"article":[10],"analyzes":[11],"quarter":[13],"century":[14],"drug":[16,121],"policy":[17,61,265],"that":[18,36,166,185],"began":[19],"with":[20,29],"Anti-Drug":[22,99,112,126,140],"Abuse":[23,100,113,127,141],"Act":[24,33,101,114,128,142,257],"1986,":[26],"while":[27],"ending":[28],"Fair":[31,180,255],"Sentencing":[32,181,256],"2010":[35,184],"took":[37],"effect":[38,188],"November":[39,189],"1,":[40,190],"2011.":[41],"The":[42,76],"analysis":[43,77],"illustrates":[44],"importance":[46,83],"those":[48],"working":[49],"in":[50,54,66,138,150,162,238,266],"public":[51,90],"health":[52,91],"engaging":[53],"both":[55],"monitoring":[57],"emergent":[59],"health-related":[60],"and":[62,70,93,117,155,208,235,250,260,270],"persistent":[63],"evidence-based":[64],"advocacy":[65],"order":[67],"to":[68,87,133,268],"reverse":[69],"replace":[71],"flawed":[72],"or":[73],"unjust":[74],"policy.":[75],"covers":[78],"following:":[80],"(1)":[81],"paying":[85],"attention":[86],"policy,":[88],"relevant":[89],"questions,":[92],"illustrative":[94],"answers":[95],"when":[96],"analyzing":[97],"1986;":[103,144],"(2)":[104],"social":[106],"context":[107],"surrounding":[108],"passage":[109],"1986":[116,195],"controversial":[119],"100-to-1":[120],"quantity":[122],"ratio;":[123],"(3)":[124],"1988\u2014which":[130],"added":[131],"insult":[132],"prior":[135],"injury":[136],"embodied":[137],"(4)":[145],"resultant":[147],"racial":[148,157,236],"disparities":[149,237],"sentencing,":[151],"law":[152],"enforcement,":[153],"prosecution,":[154],"cumulative":[156],"disparities;":[158],"(5)":[159],"significant":[160],"developments":[161],"new":[164,205],"millennium":[165],"highlighted":[167],"need":[169],"for":[170,223],"urgent":[171],"change":[172],"across":[173],"criminal":[175],"justice":[176],"system;":[177],"(6)":[178],"act":[182],"went":[186],"into":[187],"2011\u201425":[191],"years":[192],"after":[193],"Act;":[196],"(7)":[197],"issue":[199],"retroactive":[201,251],"application":[202,252],"sentencing":[206],"guidelines":[207],"risk":[210],"ongoing":[212,228],"injustice;":[213],"(8)":[214],"thousands":[216],"incarcerated":[218],"mostly":[219],"Black":[220],"males":[221],"waiting":[222],"justice,":[224],"as":[225],"evidence":[226],"national":[229],"impact":[230],"from":[231],"epidemic":[234],"sentencing;":[239],"(9)":[240],"2013":[242],"United":[246],"States":[247],"v.":[248],"Blewett":[249],"2010;":[259],"(10)":[261],"guiding":[262],"principles":[263],"regarding":[264],"response":[267],"epidemics":[269],"other":[271],"recommendations.":[272]},"counts_by_year":[{"year":2023,"cited_by_count":1},{"year":2017,"cited_by_count":1},{"year":2016,"cited_by_count":1},{"year":2015,"cited_by_count":1},{"year":2014,"cited_by_count":1}],"updated_date":"2025-11-06T04:12:42.849631","created_date":"2016-06-24T00:00:00"}
