{"id":"https://openalex.org/W2183934680","doi":null,"title":"Cross-Cutting Cleavages and Government Spending","display_name":"Cross-Cutting Cleavages and Government Spending","publication_year":2007,"publication_date":"2007-01-01","ids":{"openalex":"https://openalex.org/W2183934680","mag":"2183934680"},"language":"en","primary_location":{"id":"pmh:oai:CiteSeerX.psu:10.1.1.180.2880","doi":null,"is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"http://citeseerx.ist.psu.edu/viewdoc/summary?doi=10.1.1.180.2880","pdf_url":null,"source":null,"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":"http://www.hss.caltech.edu/%7Esnowberg/papers/Snowberg%20Cross-Cutting.pdf","raw_type":"text"},"volume":null,"type":"article","is_traditional":true,"indexed_in":[],"open_access":{"is_oa":false,"oa_status":"closed","oa_url":null,"any_repository_has_fulltext":false},"authorships":[{"author_position":"first","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5073019130","display_name":"Erik Snowberg","orcid":null,"observed_orcids":[]},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I97018004","display_name":"Stanford University","ror":"https://ror.org/00f54p054","country_code":"US","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I97018004"]}],"countries":["US"],"is_corresponding":true,"raw_author_name":"Erik Snowberg","raw_affiliation_strings":["Stanford University ()"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Stanford University ()","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I97018004"]}]}],"institutions":[],"countries_distinct_count":1,"institutions_distinct_count":1,"corresponding_author_ids":["https://openalex.org/A5073019130"],"corresponding_institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I97018004"],"apc_list":null,"apc_paid":null,"fwci":0.0,"has_fulltext":false,"cited_by_count":1,"citation_normalized_percentile":{"value":0.0,"is_in_top_1_percent":false,"is_in_top_10_percent":false},"cited_by_percentile_year":{"min":88,"max":93},"biblio":{"volume":null,"issue":null,"first_page":null,"last_page":null},"is_retracted":false,"is_paratext":false,"is_xpac":false,"primary_topic":{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10108","display_name":"Electoral Systems and Political Participation","score":0.9545999765396118,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/3320","display_name":"Political Science and International Relations"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/33","display_name":"Social Sciences"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/2","display_name":"Social Sciences"}},"topics":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10108","display_name":"Electoral Systems and Political Participation","score":0.9545999765396118,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/3320","display_name":"Political Science and International Relations"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/33","display_name":"Social Sciences"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/2","display_name":"Social Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10443","display_name":"Social Policy and Reform Studies","score":0.02669999934732914,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/3320","display_name":"Political Science and International Relations"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/33","display_name":"Social Sciences"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/2","display_name":"Social Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11621","display_name":"Fiscal Policies and Political Economy","score":0.007699999958276749,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2002","display_name":"Economics and Econometrics"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/20","display_name":"Economics, Econometrics and Finance"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/2","display_name":"Social Sciences"}}],"keywords":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/cross-cutting-cleavages","display_name":"cross-cutting cleavages","score":1.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/public-expenditure","display_name":"government spending","score":0.7799999713897705},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/redistributive-policy","display_name":"redistributive policy","score":0.9539999961853027},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/racial-cleavages","display_name":"racial cleavages","score":0.8050000071525574},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/class-cleavages","display_name":"class cleavages","score":0.968999981880188},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/political-sensitivity","display_name":"political sensitivity","score":0.8790000081062317},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/racial-composition","display_name":"racial composition","score":0.6460000276565552},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/black-white-income-gap","display_name":"black-white income gap","score":0.6520000100135803},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/urban-politics","display_name":"urban politics","score":0.5619999766349792},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/voting-behavior","display_name":"voting behavior","score":0.4580000042915344}],"concepts":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2776949292","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q471855","display_name":"Jurisdiction","level":2,"score":0.7130964994430542},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C94625758","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7163","display_name":"Politics","level":2,"score":0.6419580578804016},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C162324750","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q8134","display_name":"Economics","level":0,"score":0.6087473630905151},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C45555294","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q28113351","display_name":"Inequality","level":2,"score":0.46114853024482727},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C100001284","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2248246","display_name":"Public economics","level":1,"score":0.4509597718715668},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2777212361","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q5127848","display_name":"Class (philosophy)","level":2,"score":0.4487159550189972},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C76509639","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q918036","display_name":"Race (biology)","level":2,"score":0.41428595781326294},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C145236788","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q28161","display_name":"Labour economics","level":1,"score":0.3700110912322998},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C4249254","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q3044431","display_name":"Demographic economics","level":1,"score":0.3656858205795288},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C138921699","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q47555","display_name":"Political economy","level":1,"score":0.3544788956642151},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C17744445","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q36442","display_name":"Political science","level":0,"score":0.32856035232543945},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C144024400","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q21201","display_name":"Sociology","level":0,"score":0.22251152992248535},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C33923547","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q395","display_name":"Mathematics","level":0,"score":0.14028921723365784},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C199539241","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7748","display_name":"Law","level":1,"score":0.11997956037521362},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C107993555","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1662673","display_name":"Gender studies","level":1,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C134306372","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7754","display_name":"Mathematical analysis","level":1,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C154945302","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11660","display_name":"Artificial intelligence","level":1,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C41008148","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q21198","display_name":"Computer science","level":0,"score":0.0}],"mesh":[],"locations_count":2,"locations":[{"id":"pmh:oai:CiteSeerX.psu:10.1.1.180.2880","doi":null,"is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"http://citeseerx.ist.psu.edu/viewdoc/summary?doi=10.1.1.180.2880","pdf_url":null,"source":null,"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":"http://www.hss.caltech.edu/%7Esnowberg/papers/Snowberg%20Cross-Cutting.pdf","raw_type":"text"},{"id":"mag:2183934680","doi":null,"is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://people.hss.caltech.edu/~snowberg/papers/Snowberg%20Cross-Cutting.pdf","pdf_url":null,"source":null,"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":null,"is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":null,"raw_type":null}],"best_oa_location":null,"sustainable_development_goals":[{"display_name":"Reduced inequalities","score":0.9629999995231628,"id":"https://metadata.un.org/sdg/10"},{"display_name":"Peace, justice, and strong institutions","score":0.6601999998092651,"id":"https://metadata.un.org/sdg/16"}],"study_designs":[],"awards":[],"funders":[],"has_content":{"pdf":false,"grobid_xml":false},"content_urls":null,"referenced_works_count":52,"referenced_works":["https://openalex.org/W107887801","https://openalex.org/W222671014","https://openalex.org/W609131716","https://openalex.org/W619769234","https://openalex.org/W1516095006","https://openalex.org/W1528315930","https://openalex.org/W1580779422","https://openalex.org/W1608361905","https://openalex.org/W1823439115","https://openalex.org/W1970531094","https://openalex.org/W1975264861","https://openalex.org/W1977173309","https://openalex.org/W2001135780","https://openalex.org/W2004458196","https://openalex.org/W2005409557","https://openalex.org/W2015245186","https://openalex.org/W2016966976","https://openalex.org/W2020272840","https://openalex.org/W2031340404","https://openalex.org/W2036818645","https://openalex.org/W2037467254","https://openalex.org/W2040225104","https://openalex.org/W2041207574","https://openalex.org/W2041692102","https://openalex.org/W2045159797","https://openalex.org/W2047358232","https://openalex.org/W2074015101","https://openalex.org/W2075581699","https://openalex.org/W2078646629","https://openalex.org/W2081714882","https://openalex.org/W2083893187","https://openalex.org/W2088897435","https://openalex.org/W2108818539","https://openalex.org/W2112352537","https://openalex.org/W2112953648","https://openalex.org/W2123281214","https://openalex.org/W2124657043","https://openalex.org/W2128533228","https://openalex.org/W2132667021","https://openalex.org/W2150459713","https://openalex.org/W2163082209","https://openalex.org/W2166029219","https://openalex.org/W2319964564","https://openalex.org/W2505663499","https://openalex.org/W2626968420","https://openalex.org/W2891246096","https://openalex.org/W2891376438","https://openalex.org/W2891794882","https://openalex.org/W3121994948","https://openalex.org/W3124159295","https://openalex.org/W3126105906","https://openalex.org/W4253884375"],"related_works":["https://openalex.org/W4400684031","https://openalex.org/W2737721195","https://openalex.org/W2001463644","https://openalex.org/W15371580","https://openalex.org/W2755618425","https://openalex.org/W3035971987","https://openalex.org/W3023368234","https://openalex.org/W2067833921","https://openalex.org/W2088897435","https://openalex.org/W177910687"],"abstract_inverted_index":{"When":[0],"racial":[1,26,47],"groups":[2],"dier":[3],"in":[4,21,63],"terms":[5],"of":[6,11,28,58,85,108,120],"their":[7,16],"political":[8,30,64,98],"sensitivity\u2014the":[9],"propensity":[10],"group":[12],"members":[13],"to":[14,45,72,88,124],"change":[15],"vote":[17],"based":[18],"on":[19,111,116],"changes":[20],"a":[22,29,83],"candidate\u2019s":[23],"redistributive":[24,33,101,112],"platform\u2014the":[25],"composition":[27],"jurisdiction":[31],"aects":[32],"policy":[34,113],"even":[35],"when":[36],"interests":[37],"are":[38,51,135],"entirely":[39],"class":[40,49],"based.":[41],"Furthermore,":[42],"the":[43,56,91,106],"extent":[44],"which":[46],"and":[48,66,81,100,146],"cleavages":[50,60,87,110,129],"cross-cutting":[52,86,109,128],"is":[53,61],"important.":[54],"Although":[55],"concept":[57],"crosscutting":[59],"well-known":[62],"science":[65],"sociology,":[67],"its":[68],"implications":[69],"have":[70],"yet":[71],"be":[73],"analyzed":[74],"formally.":[75],"This":[76],"paper":[77],"formally":[78],"defines,":[79],"develops":[80],"tests":[82],"model":[84,130],"better":[89],"understand":[90],"complex":[92],"relationships":[93],"between":[94,144],"race,":[95],"class,":[96],"preferences,":[97],"sensitivity":[99],"policy.":[102],"I":[103],"show":[104],"that":[105,134],"effect":[107],"depends":[114],"critically":[115],"economic":[117],"parity\u2014the":[118],"ratio":[119],"average":[121,125],"black":[122],"income":[123],"income.":[126],"The":[127],"makes":[131],"six":[132],"predictions":[133],"all":[136],"supported":[137],"by":[138],"data":[139],"from":[140],"large":[141],"U.S.":[142],"cities":[143],"1942":[145],"1972.":[147]},"counts_by_year":[{"year":2020,"cited_by_count":1}],"updated_date":"2026-11-04T10:54:05.112534","created_date":"2016-06-24T00:00:00"}
