{"id":"https://openalex.org/W2183887696","doi":null,"title":"Income Thresholds and Aid Responses","display_name":"Income Thresholds and Aid Responses","publication_year":2013,"publication_date":"2013-01-01","ids":{"openalex":"https://openalex.org/W2183887696","mag":"2183887696"},"language":"en","primary_location":{"id":"mag:2183887696","doi":null,"is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"http://extranet.sioe.org/uploads/isnie2013/knack_xu_zhou.pdf","pdf_url":null,"source":null,"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":null,"is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":null,"raw_type":null},"volume":null,"type":"article","indexed_in":[],"open_access":{"is_oa":false,"oa_status":"closed","oa_url":null,"any_repository_has_fulltext":false},"authorships":[{"author_position":"first","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5053910397","display_name":"Stephen Knack","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-1650-4580","observed_orcids":["https://orcid.org/0000-0003-1650-4580"]},"institutions":[],"countries":[],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Stephen Knack","raw_affiliation_strings":[],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[]},{"author_position":"last","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5037758633","display_name":"Ben Zou","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-7925-0966","observed_orcids":["https://orcid.org/0000-0001-7925-0966"]},"institutions":[],"countries":[],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Ben Zou","raw_affiliation_strings":[],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-7925-0966","affiliations":[]}],"institutions":[],"countries_distinct_count":0,"institutions_distinct_count":0,"corresponding_author_ids":[],"corresponding_institution_ids":[],"apc_list":null,"apc_paid":null,"fwci":4.19,"has_fulltext":false,"cited_by_count":2,"citation_normalized_percentile":{"value":0.95199859,"is_in_top_1_percent":false,"is_in_top_10_percent":true},"cited_by_percentile_year":{"min":89,"max":94},"biblio":{"volume":null,"issue":null,"first_page":null,"last_page":null},"is_retracted":false,"is_paratext":false,"is_xpac":false,"primary_topic":{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11168","display_name":"International Development and Aid","score":0.9994999766349792,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/3303","display_name":"Development"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/33","display_name":"Social Sciences"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/2","display_name":"Social Sciences"}},"topics":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11168","display_name":"International Development and Aid","score":0.9994999766349792,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/3303","display_name":"Development"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/33","display_name":"Social Sciences"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/2","display_name":"Social Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10503","display_name":"Global Financial Crisis and Policies","score":0.0,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2003","display_name":"Finance"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/20","display_name":"Economics, Econometrics and Finance"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/2","display_name":"Social Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10128","display_name":"Global trade and economics","score":0.0,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2000","display_name":"General Economics, Econometrics and Finance"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/20","display_name":"Economics, Econometrics and Finance"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/2","display_name":"Social Sciences"}}],"keywords":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/foreign-aid-allocation","display_name":"aid allocation","score":0.5509999990463257},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/income-thresholds","display_name":"income thresholds","score":0.6000000238418579},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/world-bank","display_name":"World Bank","score":0.796999990940094},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/bilateral-donors","display_name":"bilateral donors","score":0.8270000219345093},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/per-capita-income","display_name":"per capita income","score":0.8289999961853027},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/data-manipulation","display_name":"data manipulation","score":0.6980000138282776},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/developing-countries","display_name":"developing countries","score":0.37299999594688416}],"concepts":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/C29122968","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1414816","display_name":"Incentive","level":2,"score":0.6325916051864624},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C160443848","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q45918","display_name":"Per capita income","level":2,"score":0.6312445402145386},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C162324750","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q8134","display_name":"Economics","level":0,"score":0.6293807029724121},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2778137410","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2732820","display_name":"Government (linguistics)","level":2,"score":0.5512253046035767},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C6422946","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q857354","display_name":"Panel data","level":2,"score":0.4820607602596283},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2778217198","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q556977","display_name":"Cutoff","level":2,"score":0.47807836532592773},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C127598652","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q558635","display_name":"Per capita","level":3,"score":0.44780173897743225},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C166167597","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q5157006","display_name":"Comprehensive income","level":5,"score":0.4474949538707733},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C110246401","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q6803767","display_name":"Gross national income","level":3,"score":0.43294116854667664},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2993767641","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q4994367","display_name":"High income countries","level":3,"score":0.42890018224716187},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C4249254","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q3044431","display_name":"Demographic economics","level":1,"score":0.38979148864746094},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C100001284","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2248246","display_name":"Public economics","level":1,"score":0.37447723746299744},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C149782125","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q160039","display_name":"Econometrics","level":1,"score":0.34502726793289185},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C83864248","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q177323","display_name":"Developing country","level":2,"score":0.261435329914093},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C172008318","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q3683077","display_name":"Gross income","level":4,"score":0.20158827304840088},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C175444787","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q39072","display_name":"Microeconomics","level":1,"score":0.182521253824234},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C50522688","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q189833","display_name":"Economic growth","level":1,"score":0.1735948622226715},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2908647359","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2625603","display_name":"Population","level":2,"score":0.1166490912437439},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C149923435","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q37732","display_name":"Demography","level":1,"score":0.07139933109283447},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C62520636","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q944","display_name":"Quantum mechanics","level":1,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C138885662","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q5891","display_name":"Philosophy","level":0,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C121332964","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q413","display_name":"Physics","level":0,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C551662922","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2346630","display_name":"Tax reform","level":2,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C41895202","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q8162","display_name":"Linguistics","level":1,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C74939039","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7603703","display_name":"State income tax","level":3,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C144024400","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q21201","display_name":"Sociology","level":0,"score":0.0}],"mesh":[],"locations_count":1,"locations":[{"id":"mag:2183887696","doi":null,"is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"http://extranet.sioe.org/uploads/isnie2013/knack_xu_zhou.pdf","pdf_url":null,"source":null,"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":null,"is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":null,"raw_type":null}],"best_oa_location":null,"sustainable_development_goals":[{"id":"https://metadata.un.org/sdg/17","display_name":"Partnerships for the goals","score":1.0},{"id":"https://metadata.un.org/sdg/1","display_name":"No poverty","score":0.8928999900817871},{"id":"https://metadata.un.org/sdg/10","display_name":"Reduced inequalities","score":0.7578999996185303},{"id":"https://metadata.un.org/sdg/16","display_name":"Peace, justice, and strong institutions","score":0.7297000288963318}],"sustainable_development_goals_aurora":[],"study_designs":[],"awards":[],"funders":[],"has_content":{"grobid_xml":false,"pdf":false},"content_urls":null,"referenced_works_count":23,"referenced_works":["https://openalex.org/W1527947709","https://openalex.org/W1538433954","https://openalex.org/W1573874166","https://openalex.org/W1888858538","https://openalex.org/W1969912361","https://openalex.org/W2026536756","https://openalex.org/W2037376494","https://openalex.org/W2067286243","https://openalex.org/W2073744659","https://openalex.org/W2079284543","https://openalex.org/W2096931311","https://openalex.org/W2107369086","https://openalex.org/W2119354377","https://openalex.org/W2139707590","https://openalex.org/W2146751324","https://openalex.org/W2167780967","https://openalex.org/W2217351344","https://openalex.org/W2287948698","https://openalex.org/W2479625546","https://openalex.org/W3121492802","https://openalex.org/W3121630938","https://openalex.org/W3123248704","https://openalex.org/W3123265974"],"related_works":["https://openalex.org/W1541637763","https://openalex.org/W4410125958","https://openalex.org/W2889596121","https://openalex.org/W7113530251","https://openalex.org/W1523421273","https://openalex.org/W7064406602","https://openalex.org/W175634183","https://openalex.org/W1554288999","https://openalex.org/W1598578578","https://openalex.org/W2130606791"],"abstract_inverted_index":{"The":[0],"aid":[1,58,121,131,155,192],"allocation":[2],"literature":[3],"has":[4],"devoted":[5],"surprisingly":[6],"little":[7],"attention":[8],"to":[9,136,172,177,213,219,247],"strategic":[10],"interaction":[11],"among":[12,109],"donors.":[13,38,110],"This":[14],"study":[15],"investigates":[16],"the":[17,20,34,43,97,101,123,137,146,178,184,201,228,240],"effects":[18],"of":[19,29,36,54,154,160,236],"World":[21,44,202],"Bank's":[22,45],"income":[23,89,148,180,185,223,241],"threshold":[24],"for":[25,69,151,187,234],"IDA":[26,31,71,82,147,174,179,188,229],"eligibility,":[27],"and":[28,47,129,243],"actual":[30,173],"allocations,":[32],"on":[33],"allocations":[35,48,72],"bilateral":[37,125],"Other":[39],"donors":[40,66,134,168,196],"might":[41,59,67],"interpret":[42],"policies":[46],"across":[49],"recipients":[50],"as":[51,197,199],"informative":[52],"signals":[53],"where":[55,79],"their":[56,75,215],"own":[57,76],"be":[60],"used":[61],"most":[62],"effectively.":[63],"Alternatively,":[64],"other":[65,152,167,195],"compensate":[68],"reduced":[70,142],"by":[73,85,166],"increasing":[74],"aid,":[77],"particularly":[78],"declines":[80],"in":[81,93,206],"were":[83],"triggered":[84],"crossing":[86,183],"an":[87,211],"arbitrary":[88],"threshold.":[90,181,230],"We":[91],"show":[92],"this":[94],"paper":[95],"that":[96,120],"former":[98],"effect":[99],"dominates":[100],"latter,":[102],"but":[103],"we":[104,118,232],"also":[105],"find":[106,119,244],"some":[107],"heterogeneity":[108],"Using":[111],"panel":[112],"data":[113,218,249],"with":[114],"country":[115],"fixed":[116],"effects,":[117],"from":[122,132,194,200],"DAC":[124,138],"donor":[126],"countries":[127,144,208],"-":[128,139],"total":[130],"all":[133],"reporting":[135],"is":[140,226],"significantly":[141,190],"after":[143],"cross":[145],"cutoff,":[149],"controlling":[150],"determinants":[153],"including":[156],"various":[157],"nonlinear":[158],"functions":[159],"(continuous)":[161],"per":[162,221],"capita":[163,222],"income.":[164],"Allocations":[165],"are":[169],"not":[170],"sensitive":[171],"disbursements,":[175],"only":[176],"Because":[182],"cutoff":[186],"eligibility":[189],"reduces":[191],"levels":[193],"well":[198],"Bank,":[203],"government":[204],"officials":[205],"recipient":[207],"may":[209],"have":[210],"incentive":[212],"manipulate":[214],"national":[216],"accounts":[217],"understate":[220],"when":[224],"it":[225],"near":[227],"Accordingly,":[231],"test":[233],"bunching":[235],"observations":[237],"just":[238],"below":[239],"threshold,":[242],"no":[245],"evidence":[246],"support":[248],"manipulation":[250],"concerns.":[251]},"counts_by_year":[{"year":2015,"cited_by_count":1},{"year":2014,"cited_by_count":1}],"updated_date":"2026-10-16T09:59:22.235173","created_date":"2016-06-24T00:00:00"}