{"id":"https://openalex.org/W2183339718","doi":null,"title":"Unit-Focused and Individual-Focused Transformational Leadership: The Role of Middle Leaders in the Midst of Incremental Organizational Change","display_name":"Unit-Focused and Individual-Focused Transformational Leadership: The Role of Middle Leaders in the Midst of Incremental Organizational Change","publication_year":2014,"publication_date":"2014-01-01","ids":{"openalex":"https://openalex.org/W2183339718","mag":"2183339718"},"language":"en","primary_location":{"id":"mag:2183339718","doi":null,"is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"http://m.www.na-businesspress.com/JMPP/CarterMZ_Web15_5_.pdf","pdf_url":null,"source":null,"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":null,"is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":null,"raw_type":null},"volume":null,"type":"article","indexed_in":[],"open_access":{"is_oa":false,"oa_status":"closed","oa_url":null,"any_repository_has_fulltext":false},"authorships":[{"author_position":"first","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5045865465","display_name":"Min Z. Carter","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-4073-4570","observed_orcids":["https://orcid.org/0000-0003-4073-4570"]},"institutions":[],"countries":[],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Min Z. Carter","raw_affiliation_strings":[],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-4073-4570","affiliations":[]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5075661777","display_name":"Dennis R. Self","orcid":null,"observed_orcids":[]},"institutions":[],"countries":[],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Dennis R. Self","raw_affiliation_strings":[],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5038010944","display_name":"Diane Bandow","orcid":null,"observed_orcids":[]},"institutions":[],"countries":[],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Diane Bandow","raw_affiliation_strings":[],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5058514891","display_name":"Robert Lee Wheatley","orcid":null,"observed_orcids":[]},"institutions":[],"countries":[],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Robert Lee Wheatley","raw_affiliation_strings":[],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[]},{"author_position":"last","author":{"id":null,"display_name":"Frank J. Thompson","orcid":null,"observed_orcids":[]},"institutions":[],"countries":[],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Frank J. Thompson","raw_affiliation_strings":[],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[]}],"institutions":[],"countries_distinct_count":0,"institutions_distinct_count":0,"corresponding_author_ids":[],"corresponding_institution_ids":[],"apc_list":null,"apc_paid":null,"fwci":2.1994,"has_fulltext":false,"cited_by_count":20,"citation_normalized_percentile":{"value":0.90809759,"is_in_top_1_percent":false,"is_in_top_10_percent":true},"cited_by_percentile_year":{"min":93,"max":97},"biblio":{"volume":null,"issue":null,"first_page":null,"last_page":null},"is_retracted":false,"is_paratext":false,"is_xpac":false,"primary_topic":{"id":"https://openalex.org/T13149","display_name":"Organizational Change and Leadership","score":0.774399995803833,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1407","display_name":"Organizational Behavior and Human Resource Management"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/14","display_name":"Business, Management and Accounting"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/2","display_name":"Social Sciences"}},"topics":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/T13149","display_name":"Organizational Change and Leadership","score":0.774399995803833,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1407","display_name":"Organizational Behavior and Human Resource Management"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/14","display_name":"Business, Management and Accounting"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/2","display_name":"Social Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T14436","display_name":"Employee Performance and Leadership","score":0.09059999883174896,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1407","display_name":"Organizational Behavior and Human Resource Management"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/14","display_name":"Business, Management and Accounting"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/2","display_name":"Social Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10006","display_name":"Job Satisfaction and Organizational Behavior","score":0.08219999819993973,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1407","display_name":"Organizational Behavior and Human Resource Management"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/14","display_name":"Business, Management and Accounting"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/2","display_name":"Social Sciences"}}],"keywords":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/transformational-leadership","display_name":"transformational leadership","score":0.9160000085830688},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/middle-leaders","display_name":"middle leaders","score":0.8169999718666077},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/change-oriented-organizational-citizenship-behavior","display_name":"change-oriented organizational citizenship behavior","score":0.9330000281333923},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/commitment-to-change","display_name":"commitment to change","score":0.8389999866485596},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/unit-performance","display_name":"unit performance","score":0.8790000081062317}],"concepts":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/C38775462","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1569376","display_name":"Transformational leadership","level":2,"score":0.9168190956115723},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C126583095","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1548752","display_name":"Organizational citizenship behavior","level":3,"score":0.7154340744018555},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C160682292","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q999897","display_name":"Middle management","level":2,"score":0.6166630983352661},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C3017995491","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q19483216","display_name":"Organizational change","level":2,"score":0.5535479187965393},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C122637931","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q118084","display_name":"Unit (ring theory)","level":2,"score":0.5356457233428955},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C15744967","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q9418","display_name":"Psychology","level":0,"score":0.5271064043045044},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C77805123","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q161272","display_name":"Social psychology","level":1,"score":0.43306130170822144},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C165672731","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q25047583","display_name":"Organizational performance","level":2,"score":0.4267125725746155},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C83030740","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q267236","display_name":"Organizational commitment","level":2,"score":0.363832950592041},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C39549134","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q133080","display_name":"Public relations","level":1,"score":0.3441665768623352},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C17744445","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q36442","display_name":"Political science","level":0,"score":0.31620079278945923},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C144133560","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q4830453","display_name":"Business","level":0,"score":0.2653111219406128},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C162853370","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q39809","display_name":"Marketing","level":1,"score":0.11224904656410217},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C145420912","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q853077","display_name":"Mathematics education","level":1,"score":0.0}],"mesh":[],"locations_count":1,"locations":[{"id":"mag:2183339718","doi":null,"is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"http://m.www.na-businesspress.com/JMPP/CarterMZ_Web15_5_.pdf","pdf_url":null,"source":null,"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":null,"is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":null,"raw_type":null}],"best_oa_location":null,"sustainable_development_goals":[],"study_designs":[],"awards":[],"funders":[],"has_content":{"grobid_xml":false,"pdf":false},"content_urls":null,"referenced_works_count":49,"referenced_works":["https://openalex.org/W1585382938","https://openalex.org/W1606538479","https://openalex.org/W1968434361","https://openalex.org/W1978572074","https://openalex.org/W1979176095","https://openalex.org/W1981810997","https://openalex.org/W1989418899","https://openalex.org/W1994036783","https://openalex.org/W1996267316","https://openalex.org/W2012320661","https://openalex.org/W2021205913","https://openalex.org/W2035910541","https://openalex.org/W2037740863","https://openalex.org/W2041204043","https://openalex.org/W2041945356","https://openalex.org/W2047895656","https://openalex.org/W2049269714","https://openalex.org/W2049433258","https://openalex.org/W2051999413","https://openalex.org/W2054497078","https://openalex.org/W2055682710","https://openalex.org/W2061564019","https://openalex.org/W2062368568","https://openalex.org/W2065289879","https://openalex.org/W2071628563","https://openalex.org/W2075965524","https://openalex.org/W2080317642","https://openalex.org/W2085827460","https://openalex.org/W2094375951","https://openalex.org/W2095987105","https://openalex.org/W2102916105","https://openalex.org/W2103612098","https://openalex.org/W2104390649","https://openalex.org/W2104558050","https://openalex.org/W2105904862","https://openalex.org/W2109554297","https://openalex.org/W2115387465","https://openalex.org/W2121162031","https://openalex.org/W2128283425","https://openalex.org/W2130265624","https://openalex.org/W2134816404","https://openalex.org/W2143829762","https://openalex.org/W2150266489","https://openalex.org/W2157549550","https://openalex.org/W2162159915","https://openalex.org/W2503454064","https://openalex.org/W2505932719","https://openalex.org/W3035140987","https://openalex.org/W3035582179"],"related_works":["https://openalex.org/W4249489916","https://openalex.org/W2143829762","https://openalex.org/W962098158","https://openalex.org/W3047830002","https://openalex.org/W4379794152","https://openalex.org/W2954269625","https://openalex.org/W2587914767","https://openalex.org/W4410738584","https://openalex.org/W2370840706","https://openalex.org/W7137485440"],"abstract_inverted_index":{"Although":[0],"organizational":[1,40,62],"change":[2,54,68,81,89,93],"depends":[3],"on":[4,87],"leadership,":[5],"researchers":[6,18],"have":[7,19],"recently":[8],"begun":[9],"to":[10],"integrate":[11],"the":[12,22,33,84],"two":[13],"bodies":[14],"of":[15,35],"literature.":[16],"Moreover,":[17],"largely":[20],"overlooked":[21],"middle":[23,36],"leaders\u2019":[24],"role.":[25],"Our":[26],"study":[27],"develops":[28],"a":[29],"conceptual":[30],"framework":[31],"explaining":[32],"role":[34],"leaders":[37],"during":[38],"incremental":[39],"change.":[41],"We":[42],"propose":[43],"that":[44,80],"leader":[45],"unit-focused":[46],"transformational":[47,57],"leadership":[48,58,85],"influences":[49,59],"unit":[50,53,75,88],"performance":[51],"via":[52,66],"efficacy,":[55],"individual-focused":[56],"follower":[60,67,92],"change-oriented":[61,71],"citizenship":[63],"behavior":[64],"(OCB)":[65],"commitment,":[69,94],"and":[70,91],"OCB":[72],"positively":[73],"impacts":[74],"performance.":[76],"Further,":[77],"we":[78],"posit":[79],"magnitude":[82],"moderates":[83],"effects":[86],"efficacy":[90],"respectively.":[95]},"counts_by_year":[{"year":2023,"cited_by_count":3},{"year":2022,"cited_by_count":3},{"year":2021,"cited_by_count":3},{"year":2020,"cited_by_count":2},{"year":2019,"cited_by_count":3},{"year":2018,"cited_by_count":3},{"year":2017,"cited_by_count":3}],"updated_date":"2026-10-16T09:59:22.235173","created_date":"2016-06-24T00:00:00"}
