{"id":"https://openalex.org/W2183146540","doi":null,"title":"characteristics of metal i ng u ist ic awareness in bilingual children","display_name":"characteristics of metal i ng u ist ic awareness in bilingual children","publication_year":1988,"publication_date":"1988-01-01","ids":{"openalex":"https://openalex.org/W2183146540","mag":"2183146540"},"language":"de","primary_location":{"id":"mag:2183146540","doi":null,"is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://web.stanford.edu/~hakuta/www/research/publications/(1988)%20-%20SUBJECT%20SPECIFIC%20AND%20TASK%20SPECIFIC%20CHARECTERISTICS%20.pdf","pdf_url":null,"source":null,"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":null,"is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":null,"raw_type":null},"volume":null,"type":"article","is_traditional":true,"indexed_in":[],"open_access":{"is_oa":false,"oa_status":"closed","oa_url":null,"any_repository_has_fulltext":false},"authorships":[{"author_position":"first","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5052387347","display_name":"Sylvia Joseph Galambos","orcid":null,"observed_orcids":[]},"institutions":[],"countries":[],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Sylvia Joseph Galambos","raw_affiliation_strings":[],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[]},{"author_position":"last","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5058562842","display_name":"Kenji Hakuta","orcid":null,"observed_orcids":[]},"institutions":[],"countries":[],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Kenji Hakuta","raw_affiliation_strings":[],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[]}],"institutions":[],"countries_distinct_count":0,"institutions_distinct_count":0,"corresponding_author_ids":[],"corresponding_institution_ids":[],"apc_list":null,"apc_paid":null,"fwci":0.0,"has_fulltext":false,"cited_by_count":0,"citation_normalized_percentile":{"value":0.38119564,"is_in_top_1_percent":false,"is_in_top_10_percent":false},"cited_by_percentile_year":null,"biblio":{"volume":null,"issue":null,"first_page":null,"last_page":null},"is_retracted":false,"is_paratext":false,"is_xpac":false,"primary_topic":{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10730","display_name":"Language Development and Disorders","score":0.9312000274658203,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/3204","display_name":"Developmental and Educational Psychology"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/32","display_name":"Psychology"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/2","display_name":"Social Sciences"}},"topics":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10730","display_name":"Language Development and Disorders","score":0.9312000274658203,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/3204","display_name":"Developmental and Educational Psychology"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/32","display_name":"Psychology"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/2","display_name":"Social Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10265","display_name":"Multilingual Education and Policy","score":0.020600000396370888,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/3310","display_name":"Linguistics and Language"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/33","display_name":"Social Sciences"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/2","display_name":"Social Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10103","display_name":"Reading and Literacy Development","score":0.014499999582767487,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/3204","display_name":"Developmental and Educational Psychology"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/32","display_name":"Psychology"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/2","display_name":"Social Sciences"}}],"keywords":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/metalinguistic-awareness","display_name":"metalinguistic awareness","score":0.9879999756813049},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/bilingualism","display_name":"bilingualism","score":0.8500000238418579},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/spanish-english-bilingual-children","display_name":"Spanish-English bilingual children","score":0.9539999961853027},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/puerto-rican-children","display_name":"Puerto Rican children","score":0.8109999895095825},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/transitional-bilingual-education","display_name":"transitional bilingual education","score":0.8669999837875366},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/native-language-proficiency","display_name":"native language proficiency","score":0.8320000171661377},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/grammatical-awareness","display_name":"grammatical awareness","score":0.5139999985694885},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/paraphrasing","display_name":"paraphrase","score":0.8339999914169312},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/low-income-children","display_name":"low-income children","score":0.5680000185966492}],"concepts":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/C49876356","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7002651","display_name":"Neuroscience of multilingualism","level":2,"score":0.8321807384490967},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C15744967","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q9418","display_name":"Psychology","level":0,"score":0.7382548451423645},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2776745099","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q13419941","display_name":"Metalinguistic awareness","level":2,"score":0.7162029147148132},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C41895202","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q8162","display_name":"Linguistics","level":1,"score":0.5299179553985596},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2778883600","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2390977","display_name":"Language proficiency","level":2,"score":0.4407684803009033},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C138496976","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q175002","display_name":"Developmental psychology","level":1,"score":0.42082738876342773},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C145420912","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q853077","display_name":"Mathematics education","level":1,"score":0.15594136714935303},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C169760540","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q207011","display_name":"Neuroscience","level":1,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C138885662","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q5891","display_name":"Philosophy","level":0,"score":0.0}],"mesh":[],"locations_count":1,"locations":[{"id":"mag:2183146540","doi":null,"is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://web.stanford.edu/~hakuta/www/research/publications/(1988)%20-%20SUBJECT%20SPECIFIC%20AND%20TASK%20SPECIFIC%20CHARECTERISTICS%20.pdf","pdf_url":null,"source":null,"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":null,"is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":null,"raw_type":null}],"best_oa_location":null,"sustainable_development_goals":[{"id":"https://metadata.un.org/sdg/4","display_name":"Quality education","score":0.4156000018119812}],"study_designs":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/study-designs/observational-study","display_name":"Observational Study"}],"awards":[],"funders":[],"has_content":{"grobid_xml":false,"pdf":false},"content_urls":null,"referenced_works_count":19,"referenced_works":["https://openalex.org/W22493228","https://openalex.org/W55490248","https://openalex.org/W64110833","https://openalex.org/W115442831","https://openalex.org/W170189849","https://openalex.org/W601099863","https://openalex.org/W1551770093","https://openalex.org/W2002687829","https://openalex.org/W2044754442","https://openalex.org/W2049136403","https://openalex.org/W2054704909","https://openalex.org/W2058477930","https://openalex.org/W2078353465","https://openalex.org/W2086603597","https://openalex.org/W2091191225","https://openalex.org/W2167374943","https://openalex.org/W2234698906","https://openalex.org/W2243074789","https://openalex.org/W4231003599"],"related_works":["https://openalex.org/W2159371443","https://openalex.org/W2021609983","https://openalex.org/W1547186724","https://openalex.org/W2613149460","https://openalex.org/W7000214483","https://openalex.org/W2009322705","https://openalex.org/W2133943685","https://openalex.org/W2086258649","https://openalex.org/W339311961","https://openalex.org/W2896456015"],"abstract_inverted_index":{"The":[0,40,78,115,135,171,272,320],"relationship":[1,165,180,199],"between":[2,166,181],"bilingualism":[3,131,167,182,217],"and":[4,13,22,48,60,90,104,107,157,168,183,191,298,367],"metalinguistic":[5,133,150,169,184],"awareness":[6,185],"was":[7,325],"explored":[8],"in":[9,25,31,52,58,88,102,148,162,249,256,274,282,288,294],"Puerto":[10],"Rican":[11],"Spanish-":[12],"English-speaking":[14],"children.":[15],"All":[16],"subjects":[17,99],"were":[18,23,38,55,70,97,101,108],"from":[19,117,225],"low-income":[20],"backgrounds":[21],"enrolled":[24],"a":[26,73,112,204,270,331],"transitional":[27],"bilingual":[28,342],"education":[29],"program":[30],"the":[32,44,64,67,83,93,128,144,149,164,179,187,194,211,219,223,226,283,295,299,312,318,341,347,350,357,363],"United":[33],"States.":[34],"Two":[35],"longitudinal":[36],"studies":[37,119],"conducted.":[39],"first":[41,59],"study":[42,80,324],"examined":[43],"abilities":[45],"to":[46,85,91,177,189,228,280,309,329,335,359,362],"note":[47],"correct":[49],"ungrammatical":[50],"sentences":[51],"Spanish.":[53],"Subjects":[54],"104":[56],"children":[57],"second":[61,79],"grade":[62],"at":[63,82],"beginning":[65],"of":[66,75,130,146,173,196,206,222,292,301,314,322,349,365],"study.":[68],"They":[69],"followed":[71,110],"over":[72,111],"period":[74],"2":[76],"years.":[77],"looked":[81],"ability":[84,188,358],"detect":[86],"ambiguity":[87],"sentences,":[89],"paraphrase":[92],"different":[94],"meanings.":[95],"There":[96],"107":[98],"who":[100],"fourth":[103],"fifth":[105],"grades,":[106],"also":[109,137],"2-year":[113],"period.":[114],"results":[116,136,276],"both":[118,155],"indicated":[120,138],"that":[121,139,154,216,340,346],"native":[122],"language":[123,366],"proficiency":[124,293],"as":[125,127,287],"well":[126],"degree":[129],"affected":[132],"awareness.":[134,170],"these":[140,275],"effects":[141],"interacted":[142],"with":[143],"types":[145],"items":[147],"tasks.":[151],"This":[152,198],"suggests":[153],"subject-specific":[156],"task-specific":[158],"factors":[159],"are":[160,307],"important":[161],"understanding":[163],"goal":[172],"this":[174,244],"paper":[175],"is":[176],"explore":[178],"-":[186,339],"attend":[190],"reflect":[192],"upon":[193],"properties":[195],"language.":[197],"has":[200,246,253],"been":[201,247,255],"studied":[202],"by":[203,344],"number":[205],"previous":[207],"researchers":[208],"who,":[209],"for":[210,269],"most":[212],"part,":[213],"have":[214],"hypothesized":[215],"accelerates":[218],"conscious":[220],"separation":[221],"name":[224],"object":[227],"which":[229],"it":[230,252,370],"refers":[231],"(Ben-Zeev,":[232],"1977a,":[233],"1977b;":[234],"Cummins,":[235],"1978;":[236],"Ianco-Worrall,":[237],"1972;":[238],"Rosenbaum":[239],"&":[240,266],"Pinker,":[241],"1983).":[242],"Although":[243],"hypothesis":[245,332],"supported":[248],"some":[250],"experiments,":[251],"not":[254],"others":[257],"(see,":[258],"e.g.,":[259],"Ben-Zeev,":[260],"1977;":[261],"Cummins":[262],"1976;":[263],"see":[264],"Galambos":[265],"Goldin-Meadow,":[267],"1986,":[268],"review).":[271],"discrepancy":[273],"might":[277],"be":[278,336,353],"due":[279],"differences":[281],"populations":[284],"studied,":[285],"such":[286],"their":[289],"age,":[290],"level":[291],"two":[296,351],"languages,":[297],"context":[300],"bilingualism.":[302],"These":[303],"dif-":[304],"ferences,":[305],"however,":[306],"difficult":[308],"assess,":[310],"given":[311],"lack":[313],"detailed":[315],"information":[316],"about":[317],"populations.":[319],"concern":[321],"our":[323],"two-fold.":[326],"We":[327],"wanted":[328],"test":[330],"we":[333],"believe":[334],"more":[337],"promising":[338],"experience,":[343],"requiring":[345],"form":[348,364],"languages":[352],"attended":[354],"to,":[355],"enhances":[356],"direct":[360],"attention":[361],"focus":[368],"on":[369],"effectively.":[371],"Our":[372],"hypothesis,":[373]},"counts_by_year":[],"updated_date":"2026-10-12T09:40:04.860316","created_date":"2016-06-24T00:00:00"}
