{"id":"https://openalex.org/W2182863970","doi":null,"title":"CURRENT AND EMERGING TREATMENT STRATEGIES FOR MULTIPLE SCLEROSIS","display_name":"CURRENT AND EMERGING TREATMENT STRATEGIES FOR MULTIPLE SCLEROSIS","publication_year":2008,"publication_date":"2008-01-01","ids":{"openalex":"https://openalex.org/W2182863970","mag":"2182863970"},"language":"en","primary_location":{"id":"mag:2182863970","doi":null,"is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"http://jhasim.com/files/articlefiles/pdf/asim_8_5_p144_154_r1.pdf","pdf_url":null,"source":null,"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":null,"is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":null,"raw_type":null},"volume":null,"type":"article","is_traditional":true,"indexed_in":[],"open_access":{"is_oa":false,"oa_status":"closed","oa_url":null,"any_repository_has_fulltext":false},"authorships":[{"author_position":"first","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5015669455","display_name":"Bruce A. Cohen","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0009-0000-9544-8147","observed_orcids":["https://orcid.org/0009-0000-9544-8147"]},"institutions":[],"countries":[],"is_corresponding":true,"raw_author_name":"Bruce A. Cohen","raw_affiliation_strings":[],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[]}],"institutions":[],"countries_distinct_count":0,"institutions_distinct_count":0,"corresponding_author_ids":["https://openalex.org/A5015669455"],"corresponding_institution_ids":[],"apc_list":null,"apc_paid":null,"fwci":0.0,"has_fulltext":false,"cited_by_count":0,"citation_normalized_percentile":{"value":0.0,"is_in_top_1_percent":false,"is_in_top_10_percent":false},"cited_by_percentile_year":null,"biblio":{"volume":null,"issue":null,"first_page":null,"last_page":null},"is_retracted":false,"is_paratext":false,"is_xpac":false,"primary_topic":{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10137","display_name":"Multiple Sclerosis Research Studies","score":1.0,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2728","display_name":"Clinical Neurology"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/27","display_name":"Medicine"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/4","display_name":"Health Sciences"}},"topics":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10137","display_name":"Multiple Sclerosis Research Studies","score":1.0,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2728","display_name":"Clinical Neurology"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/27","display_name":"Medicine"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/4","display_name":"Health Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11827","display_name":"Polyomavirus and related diseases","score":0.0,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2730","display_name":"Oncology"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/27","display_name":"Medicine"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/4","display_name":"Health Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10469","display_name":"Psoriasis: Treatment and Pathogenesis","score":0.0,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2403","display_name":"Immunology"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/24","display_name":"Immunology and Microbiology"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/1","display_name":"Life Sciences"}}],"keywords":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/multiple-sclerosis","display_name":"multiple sclerosis","score":0.9980000257492065},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/disease-modifying-therapy","display_name":"disease-modifying therapy","score":0.843999981880188},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/interferon-beta","display_name":"interferon-beta","score":0.9629999995231628},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/glatiramer-acetate","display_name":"glatiramer acetate","score":0.9950000047683716},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/natalizumab","display_name":"natalizumab","score":0.9980000257492065},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/mitoxantrone","display_name":"mitoxantrone","score":0.9990000128746033},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/therapeutic-plasma-exchange","display_name":"plasma exchange","score":0.7620000243186951},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/methylprednisolone","display_name":"methylprednisolone","score":0.953000009059906},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/relapsing-remitting-multiple-sclerosis","display_name":"relapsing-remitting multiple sclerosis","score":0.8830000162124634},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/disability-progression","display_name":"disability progression","score":0.6240000128746033},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/prognosis","display_name":"prognosis","score":0.6230000257492065},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/neurodegeneration","display_name":"neurodegeneration","score":0.6510000228881836},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/demyelination","display_name":"demyelination","score":0.5619999766349792}],"concepts":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/C71924100","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11190","display_name":"Medicine","level":0,"score":0.9092669486999512},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2778577042","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q418274","display_name":"Glatiramer acetate","level":3,"score":0.8856831789016724},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2780640218","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q8277","display_name":"Multiple sclerosis","level":2,"score":0.882587194442749},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2779134260","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q12136","display_name":"Disease","level":2,"score":0.5448051691055298},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C163276114","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q484591","display_name":"Natural history","level":2,"score":0.5034937262535095},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C143409427","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q161238","display_name":"Magnetic resonance imaging","level":2,"score":0.4822176694869995},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2780372218","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q417222","display_name":"Methylprednisolone","level":2,"score":0.4515950381755829},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C126322002","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11180","display_name":"Internal medicine","level":1,"score":0.44689494371414185},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2780775167","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q9606","display_name":"Spinal cord","level":2,"score":0.4360356628894806},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2779328510","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q424242","display_name":"Acute disseminated encephalomyelitis","level":3,"score":0.43360620737075806},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C529278444","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q47273","display_name":"Central nervous system","level":2,"score":0.42011603713035583},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C187212893","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q123028","display_name":"Pediatrics","level":1,"score":0.37030792236328125},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C203014093","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q101929","display_name":"Immunology","level":1,"score":0.29373693466186523},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C126838900","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q77604","display_name":"Radiology","level":1,"score":0.0939967930316925},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C118552586","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7867","display_name":"Psychiatry","level":1,"score":0.0}],"mesh":[],"locations_count":1,"locations":[{"id":"mag:2182863970","doi":null,"is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"http://jhasim.com/files/articlefiles/pdf/asim_8_5_p144_154_r1.pdf","pdf_url":null,"source":null,"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":null,"is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":null,"raw_type":null}],"best_oa_location":null,"sustainable_development_goals":[{"id":"https://metadata.un.org/sdg/3","score":1.0,"display_name":"Good health and well-being"}],"study_designs":[],"awards":[],"funders":[],"has_content":{"grobid_xml":false,"pdf":false},"content_urls":null,"referenced_works_count":75,"referenced_works":["https://openalex.org/W115809580","https://openalex.org/W1582251729","https://openalex.org/W1884147825","https://openalex.org/W1950293547","https://openalex.org/W1966515383","https://openalex.org/W1966718542","https://openalex.org/W1970547229","https://openalex.org/W1974289871","https://openalex.org/W1975104912","https://openalex.org/W1976018161","https://openalex.org/W1977759475","https://openalex.org/W1983999022","https://openalex.org/W1989423406","https://openalex.org/W1992656196","https://openalex.org/W1993338319","https://openalex.org/W1999723697","https://openalex.org/W2000130916","https://openalex.org/W2000379621","https://openalex.org/W2002580522","https://openalex.org/W2005100134","https://openalex.org/W2005506388","https://openalex.org/W2008332572","https://openalex.org/W2012054969","https://openalex.org/W2012365353","https://openalex.org/W2013117089","https://openalex.org/W2018622875","https://openalex.org/W2019755314","https://openalex.org/W2020206181","https://openalex.org/W2023385152","https://openalex.org/W2026413027","https://openalex.org/W2028669455","https://openalex.org/W2030983818","https://openalex.org/W2035804199","https://openalex.org/W2036769788","https://openalex.org/W2042423073","https://openalex.org/W2043729729","https://openalex.org/W2046729196","https://openalex.org/W2047174864","https://openalex.org/W2059736489","https://openalex.org/W2061005334","https://openalex.org/W2063148849","https://openalex.org/W2064775943","https://openalex.org/W2070857423","https://openalex.org/W2072295861","https://openalex.org/W2079691677","https://openalex.org/W2087589796","https://openalex.org/W2099210971","https://openalex.org/W2101502818","https://openalex.org/W2103758700","https://openalex.org/W2105490558","https://openalex.org/W2106637447","https://openalex.org/W2116810340","https://openalex.org/W2119172537","https://openalex.org/W2121931605","https://openalex.org/W2125422382","https://openalex.org/W2139082112","https://openalex.org/W2139367012","https://openalex.org/W2141111992","https://openalex.org/W2145185401","https://openalex.org/W2146802292","https://openalex.org/W2148814846","https://openalex.org/W2151866555","https://openalex.org/W2156308848","https://openalex.org/W2161552221","https://openalex.org/W2164238938","https://openalex.org/W2165547142","https://openalex.org/W2169098250","https://openalex.org/W2169726349","https://openalex.org/W2313649737","https://openalex.org/W2326826867","https://openalex.org/W2509277703","https://openalex.org/W2792456710","https://openalex.org/W2916040650","https://openalex.org/W2984556666","https://openalex.org/W4366064463"],"related_works":["https://openalex.org/W31195842","https://openalex.org/W1573224779","https://openalex.org/W2049566645","https://openalex.org/W2267921720","https://openalex.org/W2314874120","https://openalex.org/W2079951491","https://openalex.org/W2135640632","https://openalex.org/W151882094","https://openalex.org/W2410008720","https://openalex.org/W7027508920"],"abstract_inverted_index":{"Multiple":[0],"sclerosis":[1],"(MS)":[2],"is":[3,8,148,162],"an":[4],"autoimmune":[5],"disease":[6,128,218],"that":[7,70,229,285],"characterized":[9],"by":[10],"central":[11],"nervous":[12],"system":[13],"inflammation,":[14],"demyelination,":[15],"and":[16,30,32,53,88,116,197,204,214,253,282],"axon":[17],"loss.":[18],"The":[19],"clinical":[20,51,276],"hallmarks":[21],"of":[22,27,34,40,48,56,60,64,82,92,104,144,157,184,208,217,244,247],"MS":[23,41,65,105,180,270],"include":[24,181],"a":[25,89],"pattern":[26],"alternating":[28],"relapses":[29,213],"remissions,":[31],"progression":[33],"permanent":[35],"neurologic":[36],"disability.":[37,57],"Several":[38],"subtypes":[39],"have":[42,66,106,136,211,227],"been":[43,138],"described":[44],"on":[45],"the":[46,49,61,80,95,102,114,127,154,158,245],"basis":[47],"initial":[50],"presentation":[52],"long-term":[54],"course":[55,156],"Longitudinal":[58],"studies":[59,226],"natural":[62],"history":[63],"identified":[67],"several":[68],"factors":[69],"are":[71,120,255,272,286],"associated":[72],"with":[73,222],"poor":[74],"prognosis,":[75],"including":[76,278],"greater":[77,90],"disability":[78],"at":[79,86],"time":[81],"evaluation,":[83],"older":[84],"age":[85],"onset,":[87],"number":[91],"attacks":[93,166],"during":[94],"first":[96],"few":[97],"years.":[98],"Recent":[99],"guidelines":[100],"for":[101,165,179,258],"diagnosis":[103],"incorporated":[107],"magnetic":[108],"resonance":[109],"imaging":[110],"(MRI)":[111],"findings":[112],"from":[113],"brain":[115],"spinal":[117],"cord,":[118],"which":[119],"also":[121],"important":[122],"prognostic":[123],"markers":[124],"early":[125],"in":[126,167,220,275],"course.":[129],"Steroids":[130],"(eg,":[131],"oral":[132,279],"or":[133],"intravenous":[134],"methylprednisolone)":[135],"long":[137],"used":[139],"to":[140,174,238,265,288],"treat":[141],"acute":[142],"exacerbations":[143],"MS,":[145],"although":[146],"it":[147],"unclear":[149],"whether":[150],"they":[151],"significantly":[152],"alter":[153],"longterm":[155],"disease.":[159],"Plasma":[160],"exchange":[161],"effective":[163],"treatment":[164],"some":[168],"patients":[169,221,259],"who":[170,260],"do":[171,261],"not":[172,262],"respond":[173,263],"steroids.":[175],"First-line":[176],"diseasemodifying":[177],"treatments":[178,271],"3":[182,191],"formulations":[183],"interferon":[185],"(IFN)":[186],"\u03b2":[187],"(subcutaneous":[188],"IFN\u03b2-1a":[189],"administered":[190,195,200],"times/week;":[192],"intramuscular":[193],"IFN\u03b21a":[194],"once/week;":[196],"subcutaneous":[198],"IFN\u03b2-1b":[199],"every":[201],"other":[202,266],"day)":[203],"glatiramer":[205],"acetate.":[206],"All":[207],"these":[209],"agents":[210,281],"reduced":[212],"MRI":[215],"measures":[216],"activity":[219],"relapsing":[223],"MS.":[224],"Some":[225],"suggested":[228],"more":[230],"frequent,":[231],"higher-dose":[232],"IFN\u03b2":[233],"regimens":[234],"may":[235],"be":[236],"superior":[237],"less":[239],"frequent":[240],"IFN":[241],"administration.":[242],"Because":[243],"risk":[246],"potentially":[248],"serious":[249],"adverse":[250],"events,":[251],"natalizumab":[252],"mitoxantrone":[254],"usually":[256],"reserved":[257],"adequately":[264],"treatments.":[267],"Many":[268],"new":[269],"being":[273],"evaluated":[274],"trials,":[277],"immunomodulating":[280],"novel":[283],"therapies":[284],"intended":[287],"prevent":[289],"neurodegeneration.":[290],"(Adv":[291],"Stud":[292],"Med.":[293],"2008;8(5):144-154)":[294]},"counts_by_year":[],"updated_date":"2026-11-04T10:54:05.112534","created_date":"2016-06-24T00:00:00"}