{"id":"https://openalex.org/W2182395553","doi":null,"title":"Long-term insured lives morbidity and mortality risk associated with chronic hepatitis C virus infection.","display_name":"Long-term insured lives morbidity and mortality risk associated with chronic hepatitis C virus infection.","publication_year":2000,"publication_date":"2000-01-01","ids":{"openalex":"https://openalex.org/W2182395553","mag":"2182395553","pmid":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/16104370"},"language":"en","primary_location":{"id":"pmid:16104370","doi":null,"is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/16104370","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306525036","display_name":"PubMed","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"listed_in":[],"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/I1299303238","host_organization_name":"National Institutes of Health","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/I1299303238"],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Journal of insurance medicine (New York, N.Y.)","raw_type":"Journal Article"},"volume":null,"type":"article","is_traditional":true,"indexed_in":["pubmed"],"open_access":{"is_oa":false,"oa_status":"closed","oa_url":null,"any_repository_has_fulltext":false},"authorships":[{"author_position":"first","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5112136149","display_name":"R J Pokorski","orcid":null,"observed_orcids":[]},"institutions":[],"countries":[],"is_corresponding":true,"raw_author_name":"R J Pokorski","raw_affiliation_strings":["Worldwide Medical Research and Development, General-Cologne Re, Financial Centre, PO Box 300, 695 East Main Street, Stamford, CT 06904-0300, USA. pokorski@gcre.com"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Worldwide Medical Research and Development, General-Cologne Re, Financial Centre, PO Box 300, 695 East Main Street, Stamford, CT 06904-0300, USA. pokorski@gcre.com","institution_ids":[]}]}],"institutions":[],"countries_distinct_count":0,"institutions_distinct_count":0,"corresponding_author_ids":["https://openalex.org/A5112136149"],"corresponding_institution_ids":[],"apc_list":null,"apc_paid":null,"fwci":0.0,"has_fulltext":false,"cited_by_count":1,"citation_normalized_percentile":{"value":0.0,"is_in_top_1_percent":false,"is_in_top_10_percent":false},"cited_by_percentile_year":null,"biblio":{"volume":"32","issue":"4","first_page":"226","last_page":"48"},"is_retracted":false,"is_paratext":false,"is_xpac":false,"primary_topic":{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10151","display_name":"Hepatitis C virus research","score":0.9976000189781189,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2721","display_name":"Hepatology"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/27","display_name":"Medicine"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/4","display_name":"Health Sciences"}},"topics":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10151","display_name":"Hepatitis C virus research","score":0.9976000189781189,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2721","display_name":"Hepatology"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/27","display_name":"Medicine"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/4","display_name":"Health Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T12394","display_name":"Insurance and Financial Risk Management","score":0.0003000000142492354,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2002","display_name":"Economics and Econometrics"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/20","display_name":"Economics, Econometrics and Finance"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/2","display_name":"Social Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10804","display_name":"Health Systems, Economic Evaluations, Quality of Life","score":0.00019999999494757503,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2002","display_name":"Economics and Econometrics"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/20","display_name":"Economics, Econometrics and Finance"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/2","display_name":"Social Sciences"}}],"keywords":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/chronic-hepatitis-c","display_name":"chronic hepatitis C","score":0.8830000162124634},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/life-insurance-underwriting","display_name":"life insurance underwriting","score":0.7860000133514404},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/critical-illness-insurance","display_name":"critical illness insurance","score":0.9919999837875366},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/mortality-risk","display_name":"mortality risk","score":0.8140000104904175},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/morbidity","display_name":"morbidity","score":0.7649999856948853},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/cirrhosis-progression","display_name":"cirrhosis progression","score":0.796999990940094},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/hepatocellular-carcinoma","display_name":"hepatocellular carcinoma","score":0.9950000047683716},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/markov-model","display_name":"Markov model","score":0.9459999799728394},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/age-at-infection","display_name":"age at infection","score":0.6990000009536743},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/sex-differences","display_name":"sex differences","score":0.7570000290870667},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/alanine-aminotransferase","display_name":"alanine aminotransferase","score":0.9679999947547913},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/insurability","display_name":"insurability","score":0.4869999885559082}],"concepts":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2777214474","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q147778","display_name":"Cirrhosis","level":2,"score":0.787412166595459},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C71924100","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11190","display_name":"Medicine","level":0,"score":0.7094008922576904},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2778019345","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1148337","display_name":"Hepatocellular carcinoma","level":2,"score":0.6922467350959778},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2776408679","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q708693","display_name":"Hepatitis C virus","level":3,"score":0.6473809480667114},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C126322002","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11180","display_name":"Internal medicine","level":1,"score":0.6003801226615906},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2777075537","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q929737","display_name":"Liver disease","level":2,"score":0.5792858004570007},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C26503482","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1898080","display_name":"Underwriting","level":2,"score":0.5385900735855103},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C179755657","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q58702","display_name":"Mortality rate","level":2,"score":0.5318676233291626},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2776455275","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q154869","display_name":"Hepatitis C","level":2,"score":0.47114673256874084},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2776029263","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q131742","display_name":"Hepatitis","level":2,"score":0.41835737228393555},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C149923435","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q37732","display_name":"Demography","level":1,"score":0.36864519119262695},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C90924648","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q120569","display_name":"Gastroenterology","level":1,"score":0.35243767499923706},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2522874641","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q808","display_name":"Virus","level":2,"score":0.3453892171382904},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C203014093","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q101929","display_name":"Immunology","level":1,"score":0.32948166131973267},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C10138342","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q43015","display_name":"Finance","level":1,"score":0.06756740808486938},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C144024400","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q21201","display_name":"Sociology","level":0,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C162324750","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q8134","display_name":"Economics","level":0,"score":0.0}],"mesh":[{"descriptor_ui":"D000328","descriptor_name":"Adult","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D005260","descriptor_name":"Female","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D006801","descriptor_name":"Humans","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D007352","descriptor_name":"Insurance, Life","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":true},{"descriptor_ui":"D008103","descriptor_name":"Liver Cirrhosis","qualifier_ui":"Q000209","qualifier_name":"etiology","is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D008103","descriptor_name":"Liver Cirrhosis","qualifier_ui":"Q000503","qualifier_name":"physiopathology","is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D008297","descriptor_name":"Male","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D008390","descriptor_name":"Markov Chains","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D008875","descriptor_name":"Middle Aged","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D014481","descriptor_name":"United States","qualifier_ui":"Q000453","qualifier_name":"epidemiology","is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D019698","descriptor_name":"Hepatitis C, Chronic","qualifier_ui":"Q000150","qualifier_name":"complications","is_major_topic":true},{"descriptor_ui":"D019698","descriptor_name":"Hepatitis C, Chronic","qualifier_ui":"Q000401","qualifier_name":"mortality","is_major_topic":true},{"descriptor_ui":"D019698","descriptor_name":"Hepatitis C, Chronic","qualifier_ui":"Q000503","qualifier_name":"physiopathology","is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D020379","descriptor_name":"Risk Adjustment","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":true}],"locations_count":2,"locations":[{"id":"pmid:16104370","doi":null,"is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/16104370","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306525036","display_name":"PubMed","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"listed_in":[],"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/I1299303238","host_organization_name":"National Institutes of Health","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/I1299303238"],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Journal of insurance medicine (New York, N.Y.)","raw_type":"Journal Article"},{"id":"mag:2182395553","doi":null,"is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/16104370","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306525036","display_name":"PubMed","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"listed_in":[],"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/I1299303238","host_organization_name":"National Institutes of Health","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/I1299303238"],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":null,"is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":"PubMed","raw_type":null}],"best_oa_location":null,"sustainable_development_goals":[{"id":"https://metadata.un.org/sdg/3","display_name":"Good health and well-being","score":0.979200005531311}],"study_designs":[],"awards":[],"funders":[],"has_content":{"pdf":false,"grobid_xml":false},"content_urls":null,"referenced_works_count":65,"referenced_works":["https://openalex.org/W1889168751","https://openalex.org/W1964879626","https://openalex.org/W1965000508","https://openalex.org/W1976110218","https://openalex.org/W1976494632","https://openalex.org/W1979931682","https://openalex.org/W1980779398","https://openalex.org/W1982770627","https://openalex.org/W1985840221","https://openalex.org/W1990552018","https://openalex.org/W1990667627","https://openalex.org/W1991378085","https://openalex.org/W1998407188","https://openalex.org/W1999109787","https://openalex.org/W2002749846","https://openalex.org/W2004619214","https://openalex.org/W2009798224","https://openalex.org/W2012002512","https://openalex.org/W2017821218","https://openalex.org/W2021831138","https://openalex.org/W2022073038","https://openalex.org/W2026399029","https://openalex.org/W2033142105","https://openalex.org/W2035575209","https://openalex.org/W2038580771","https://openalex.org/W2039000780","https://openalex.org/W2039276585","https://openalex.org/W2041833525","https://openalex.org/W2053370422","https://openalex.org/W2056721244","https://openalex.org/W2058128629","https://openalex.org/W2058200448","https://openalex.org/W2068431603","https://openalex.org/W2072210524","https://openalex.org/W2072871799","https://openalex.org/W2073948032","https://openalex.org/W2075293916","https://openalex.org/W2078702295","https://openalex.org/W2084877925","https://openalex.org/W2085548157","https://openalex.org/W2089095308","https://openalex.org/W2097549636","https://openalex.org/W2102785869","https://openalex.org/W2103796460","https://openalex.org/W2104105113","https://openalex.org/W2112623508","https://openalex.org/W2113726962","https://openalex.org/W2114712971","https://openalex.org/W2120383409","https://openalex.org/W2124073571","https://openalex.org/W2132290252","https://openalex.org/W2133580842","https://openalex.org/W2157611390","https://openalex.org/W2157642105","https://openalex.org/W2158469184","https://openalex.org/W2164390831","https://openalex.org/W2164654252","https://openalex.org/W2168543151","https://openalex.org/W2171930710","https://openalex.org/W2172256762","https://openalex.org/W2312718287","https://openalex.org/W2313300349","https://openalex.org/W2314619766","https://openalex.org/W2327525734","https://openalex.org/W2411575313"],"related_works":["https://openalex.org/W222955749","https://openalex.org/W184196238","https://openalex.org/W151262848","https://openalex.org/W2955043070","https://openalex.org/W2087612433","https://openalex.org/W2041985779","https://openalex.org/W2148341406","https://openalex.org/W3024381594","https://openalex.org/W2326262690","https://openalex.org/W2067309872"],"abstract_inverted_index":{"BACKGROUND:":[0],"Hepatitis":[1],"C":[2],"virus":[3],"(HCV)":[4],"infects":[5],"170":[6],"million":[7],"people":[8],"worldwide.":[9],"Some":[10],"medical":[11],"experts":[12],"have":[13,24,42],"suggested":[14,210],"that":[15,26,172,211],"progression":[16,27,95],"to":[17,30,44,67,100,120,144,153,179,187,192,199],"end-stage":[18],"liver":[19,239],"disease":[20],"is":[21,28],"inevitable;":[22],"others":[23],"concluded":[25],"restricted":[29],"a":[31,64,114,121,136,145,212],"limited":[32],"percentage":[33],"of":[34,63,94,116,123,140,147,156,206,238,253],"those":[35,232],"who":[36,50],"are":[37,245],"infected.":[38],"These":[39],"opposing":[40],"views":[41],"added":[43],"the":[45,154,175,207,247,251,268],"uncertainty":[46],"faced":[47],"by":[48],"underwriters":[49],"must":[51],"assess":[52],"risk":[53,69],"in":[54,75,174,217,267],"applicants":[55,78,218],"infected":[56],"with":[57,71,90,108,165,219,233,258],"HCV.":[58],"This":[59],"article":[60],"discusses":[61],"use":[62],"Markov":[65],"model":[66,176],"estimate":[68],"associated":[70],"chronic":[72],"HCV":[73,98,185],"infection":[74,99,186],"otherwise":[76],"healthy":[77],"for":[79,133,231,250],"life":[80],"and":[81,189,202,243,263],"critical":[82],"illness":[83],"insurance.":[84],"RESULTS:":[85],"Estimated":[86],"mortality":[87,105,138,159,244],"ratios":[88,106],"varied":[89],"assumptions":[91],"regarding":[92],"rate":[93],"from":[96,113,135,183,190],"active":[97,184],"cirrhosis.":[101],"For":[102],"males,":[103],"peak":[104,137],"decreased":[107],"advancing":[109],"age":[110,166,260],"at":[111,160,167,261],"underwriting":[112],"high":[115],"209%":[117],"(age":[118,125,142,149],"20)":[119,143],"low":[122,146],"122%":[124],"60).":[126,150],"A":[127,204],"similar":[128],"age-related":[129],"pattern":[130,155],"was":[131,215,228],"seen":[132],"females,":[134],"ratio":[139],"184%":[141],"128%":[148],"In":[151],"contrast":[152],"decreasing":[157],"relative":[158],"older":[161],"ages,":[162],"morbidity":[163],"increased":[164],"underwriting.":[168],"Sensitivity":[169],"analysis":[170],"indicated":[171],"calculations":[173],"were":[177],"sensitive":[178,198],"different":[180],"transition":[181],"rates":[182],"cirrhosis":[188,191],"hepatocellular":[193],"carcinoma":[194],"(HCC)":[195],"but":[196,226],"not":[197],"treatment":[200],"frequency":[201],"success.":[203],"review":[205],"literature":[208],"also":[209],"favorable":[213],"prognosis":[214,227],"likely":[216],"persistently":[220],"normal":[221],"alanine":[222],"aminotransferase":[223],"(ALT)":[224],"levels,":[225],"less":[229],"certain":[230],"intermittent":[234],"or":[235],"persistent":[236],"elevation":[237],"enzymes.":[240],"CONCLUSION:":[241],"Morbidity":[242],"within":[246],"insurable":[248],"range":[249],"majority":[252],"HCV-infected":[254],"persons.":[255],"Risk":[256],"varies":[257],"gender,":[259],"infection,":[262],"other":[264],"variables":[265],"discussed":[266],"article.":[269]},"counts_by_year":[],"updated_date":"2026-10-31T12:09:11.096373","created_date":"2016-06-24T00:00:00"}