{"id":"https://openalex.org/W2182167331","doi":null,"title":"Appraising covariate balance after assignment to treatment by groups Technical Report # 436","display_name":"Appraising covariate balance after assignment to treatment by groups Technical Report # 436","publication_year":2006,"publication_date":"2006-01-01","ids":{"openalex":"https://openalex.org/W2182167331","mag":"2182167331"},"language":"en","primary_location":{"id":"mag:2182167331","doi":null,"is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"http://www.stat.lsa.umich.edu/~bbh/groupRand2006-04-07.pdf","pdf_url":null,"source":null,"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":null,"is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":null,"raw_type":null},"volume":null,"type":"article","is_traditional":true,"indexed_in":[],"open_access":{"is_oa":false,"oa_status":"closed","oa_url":null,"any_repository_has_fulltext":false},"authorships":[{"author_position":"first","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5036381727","display_name":"Ben B. Hansen","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-0478-4776","observed_orcids":["https://orcid.org/0000-0002-0478-4776"]},"institutions":[],"countries":[],"is_corresponding":true,"raw_author_name":"Ben B. Hansen","raw_affiliation_strings":[],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[]}],"institutions":[],"countries_distinct_count":0,"institutions_distinct_count":0,"corresponding_author_ids":["https://openalex.org/A5036381727"],"corresponding_institution_ids":[],"apc_list":null,"apc_paid":null,"fwci":0.0,"has_fulltext":false,"cited_by_count":1,"citation_normalized_percentile":{"value":0.0,"is_in_top_1_percent":false,"is_in_top_10_percent":false},"cited_by_percentile_year":null,"biblio":{"volume":null,"issue":null,"first_page":null,"last_page":null},"is_retracted":false,"is_paratext":false,"is_xpac":false,"primary_topic":{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10845","display_name":"Advanced Causal Inference Techniques","score":0.9916999936103821,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2613","display_name":"Statistics and Probability"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/26","display_name":"Mathematics"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},"topics":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10845","display_name":"Advanced Causal Inference Techniques","score":0.9916999936103821,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2613","display_name":"Statistics and Probability"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/26","display_name":"Mathematics"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11235","display_name":"Statistical Methods in Clinical Trials","score":0.0032999999821186066,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2613","display_name":"Statistics and Probability"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/26","display_name":"Mathematics"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11798","display_name":"Optimal Experimental Design Methods","score":0.0005000000237487257,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1803","display_name":"Management Science and Operations Research"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/18","display_name":"Decision Sciences"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/2","display_name":"Social Sciences"}}],"keywords":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/covariate-balance","display_name":"covariate balance","score":0.9919999837875366},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/random-assignment","display_name":"random assignment","score":0.5669999718666077},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/randomized-experiments","display_name":"randomized experiments","score":0.6200000047683716},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/balance-tests","display_name":"balance testing","score":0.5759999752044678},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/cluster-randomization","display_name":"cluster randomization","score":0.7889999747276306},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/large-sample-tests","display_name":"large sample tests","score":0.8190000057220459},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/simulation-based-inference","display_name":"simulation-based inference","score":0.6069999933242798},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/political-participation","display_name":"political participation","score":0.46000000834465027},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/clinical-trials","display_name":"clinical trials","score":0.593999981880188}],"concepts":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/C119043178","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q320723","display_name":"Covariate","level":2,"score":0.7217549085617065},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C129410224","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7291958","display_name":"Random assignment","level":2,"score":0.6884344816207886},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C105795698","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q12483","display_name":"Statistics","level":1,"score":0.6454254984855652},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C155108698","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1231081","display_name":"Randomized experiment","level":2,"score":0.6394931077957153},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C100480397","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7836899","display_name":"Treatment and control groups","level":2,"score":0.5774904489517212},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C168031717","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1530280","display_name":"Balance (ability)","level":2,"score":0.5437842607498169},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2776214188","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q408386","display_name":"Inference","level":2,"score":0.535778284072876},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C129848803","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2564360","display_name":"Sample size determination","level":2,"score":0.5335609912872314},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C149782125","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q160039","display_name":"Econometrics","level":1,"score":0.5157490372657776},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C204243189","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1363085","display_name":"Randomization","level":3,"score":0.5008039474487305},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2777267654","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q3519023","display_name":"Test (biology)","level":2,"score":0.5005714893341064},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C77904505","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1669154","display_name":"Omnibus test","level":3,"score":0.47191599011421204},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C198531522","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q485146","display_name":"Sample (material)","level":2,"score":0.46549972891807556},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C87007009","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q210832","display_name":"Statistical hypothesis testing","level":2,"score":0.4572474956512451},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C168563851","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1436668","display_name":"Randomized controlled trial","level":2,"score":0.4241299033164978},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C134261354","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q938438","display_name":"Statistical inference","level":2,"score":0.42366689443588257},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C33923547","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q395","display_name":"Mathematics","level":0,"score":0.42023757100105286},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C15744967","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q9418","display_name":"Psychology","level":0,"score":0.3651371896266937},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C41008148","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q21198","display_name":"Computer science","level":0,"score":0.2596761882305145},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C71924100","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11190","display_name":"Medicine","level":0,"score":0.16733583807945251},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C154945302","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11660","display_name":"Artificial intelligence","level":1,"score":0.09339892864227295},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C86803240","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q420","display_name":"Biology","level":0,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C185592680","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2329","display_name":"Chemistry","level":0,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C169760540","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q207011","display_name":"Neuroscience","level":1,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C141071460","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q40821","display_name":"Surgery","level":1,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C151730666","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7205","display_name":"Paleontology","level":1,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C43617362","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q170050","display_name":"Chromatography","level":1,"score":0.0}],"mesh":[],"locations_count":1,"locations":[{"id":"mag:2182167331","doi":null,"is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"http://www.stat.lsa.umich.edu/~bbh/groupRand2006-04-07.pdf","pdf_url":null,"source":null,"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":null,"is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":null,"raw_type":null}],"best_oa_location":null,"sustainable_development_goals":[],"study_designs":[],"awards":[],"funders":[],"has_content":{"grobid_xml":false,"pdf":false},"content_urls":null,"referenced_works_count":18,"referenced_works":["https://openalex.org/W568564792","https://openalex.org/W1977759528","https://openalex.org/W1983280748","https://openalex.org/W1989377468","https://openalex.org/W2002455170","https://openalex.org/W2002595054","https://openalex.org/W2058874144","https://openalex.org/W2085782272","https://openalex.org/W2102330235","https://openalex.org/W2103012681","https://openalex.org/W2118452659","https://openalex.org/W2131850093","https://openalex.org/W2134502685","https://openalex.org/W2139577967","https://openalex.org/W2166755875","https://openalex.org/W2751862591","https://openalex.org/W2800802736","https://openalex.org/W3216011544"],"related_works":["https://openalex.org/W1547147213","https://openalex.org/W7100488475","https://openalex.org/W2084896254","https://openalex.org/W4387608856","https://openalex.org/W4401700841","https://openalex.org/W6921502131","https://openalex.org/W2002455170","https://openalex.org/W43724065","https://openalex.org/W7097319063","https://openalex.org/W2078409839"],"abstract_inverted_index":{"In":[0],"a":[1,50,56,145],"randomized":[2],"experiment,":[3],"treatment":[4],"and":[5,142],"control":[6],"groups":[7],"should":[8,47],"be":[9,30,37,49],"roughly":[10],"the":[11,71,112,132,143],"same":[12],"\u2014":[13,15],"balanced":[14],"in":[16,62,148],"their":[17],"distribution":[18],"of":[19,64,85,95,99,114,134],"pre-treatment":[20,44],"variables.":[21],"But":[22],"how":[23],"nearly":[24],"so?":[25],"Can":[26],"descriptive":[27],"comparisons":[28],"meaningfully":[29],"paired":[31],"with":[32],"significance":[33],"tests?":[34],"Should":[35],"there":[36,48,55],"several":[38],"such":[39],"tests,":[40],"one":[41,74,140],"for":[42,82,126],"each":[43],"variable,":[45],"or":[46,78],"single,":[51],"omnibus":[52],"test?":[53],"Is":[54],"large-sample":[57,76],"test":[58],"that":[59,118],"is":[60,79,110],"reliable":[61,83],"samples":[63],"moderate":[65],"size,":[66],"notwithstanding":[67],"recent":[68],"evidence":[69],"to":[70],"contrary":[72],"about":[73,137],"natural":[75],"procedure,":[77],"simulation":[80],"needed":[81],"appraisals":[84],"balance?":[86],"What":[87],"new":[88],"concerns":[89],"are":[90,101,120],"introduced":[91],"by":[92],"random":[93],"assignment":[94],"clusters?":[96],"Which":[97],"tests":[98],"balance":[100],"optimal?":[102],"To":[103],"address":[104],"these":[105],"questions,":[106],"Fisher\u2019s":[107],"randomization":[108],"inference":[109],"applied":[111],"question":[113],"balance.":[115],"The":[116],"procedures":[117],"result":[119],"not":[121],"new,":[122],"although":[123],"certain":[124],"arguments":[125],"them":[127],"are.":[128],"Its":[129],"application":[130],"suggests":[131],"reversal":[133],"published":[135],"conclusions":[136],"two":[138],"studies,":[139],"clinical":[141],"other":[144],"field":[146],"experiment":[147],"political":[149],"participation.":[150]},"counts_by_year":[],"updated_date":"2026-10-10T09:11:00.788812","created_date":"2016-06-24T00:00:00"}