{"id":"https://openalex.org/W2182147404","doi":null,"title":"An Exploratory Literature Review of Efforts to Help the Small-scale, Resource Poor Farmer in International Agricultural Development","display_name":"An Exploratory Literature Review of Efforts to Help the Small-scale, Resource Poor Farmer in International Agricultural Development","publication_year":1998,"publication_date":"1998-01-13","ids":{"openalex":"https://openalex.org/W2182147404","mag":"2182147404"},"language":"en","primary_location":{"id":"pmh:oai:vtechworks.lib.vt.edu:10919/30345","doi":null,"is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"http://hdl.handle.net/10919/30345","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306400248","display_name":"VTechWorks (Virginia Tech)","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"listed_in":[],"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/I859038795","host_organization_name":"Virginia Tech","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/I859038795"],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":null,"raw_type":"Dissertation"},"volume":null,"type":"dissertation","is_traditional":true,"indexed_in":[],"open_access":{"is_oa":false,"oa_status":"closed","oa_url":null,"any_repository_has_fulltext":false},"authorships":[{"author_position":"first","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5109650872","display_name":"Jennifer E. Taylor","orcid":null,"observed_orcids":[]},"institutions":[],"countries":[],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Jennifer Taylor","raw_affiliation_strings":[],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5113806427","display_name":"Jimmie C. Fortune","orcid":null,"observed_orcids":[]},"institutions":[],"countries":[],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Jimmie C. Fortune","raw_affiliation_strings":[],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5033194878","display_name":"Patrick O\u00d5Reilly","orcid":null,"observed_orcids":[]},"institutions":[],"countries":[],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Patrick O\u00d5Reilly","raw_affiliation_strings":[],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":null,"display_name":"O. B. Williams","orcid":null,"observed_orcids":[]},"institutions":[],"countries":[],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"O. B. Williams","raw_affiliation_strings":[],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5005844917","display_name":"J. Williams Green","orcid":null,"observed_orcids":[]},"institutions":[],"countries":[],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"J. Williams Green","raw_affiliation_strings":[],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5025478533","display_name":"Dave Hutchins","orcid":null,"observed_orcids":[]},"institutions":[],"countries":[],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Dave Hutchins","raw_affiliation_strings":[],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[]},{"author_position":"last","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5111684487","display_name":"S. K. DeDatta","orcid":null,"observed_orcids":[]},"institutions":[],"countries":[],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"S. K. DeDatta","raw_affiliation_strings":[],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[]}],"institutions":[],"countries_distinct_count":0,"institutions_distinct_count":0,"corresponding_author_ids":[],"corresponding_institution_ids":[],"apc_list":null,"apc_paid":null,"fwci":null,"has_fulltext":false,"cited_by_count":2,"citation_normalized_percentile":null,"cited_by_percentile_year":null,"biblio":{"volume":null,"issue":null,"first_page":null,"last_page":null},"is_retracted":false,"is_paratext":false,"is_xpac":false,"primary_topic":{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10367","display_name":"Agricultural Innovations and Practices","score":0.6195999979972839,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1100","display_name":"General Agricultural and Biological Sciences"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/11","display_name":"Agricultural and Biological Sciences"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/1","display_name":"Life Sciences"}},"topics":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10367","display_name":"Agricultural Innovations and Practices","score":0.6195999979972839,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1100","display_name":"General Agricultural and Biological Sciences"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/11","display_name":"Agricultural and Biological Sciences"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/1","display_name":"Life Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T13478","display_name":"Agricultural Development and Management","score":0.3488999903202057,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1100","display_name":"General Agricultural and Biological Sciences"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/11","display_name":"Agricultural and Biological Sciences"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/1","display_name":"Life Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T12348","display_name":"Rural Development and Agriculture","score":0.014800000004470348,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/3303","display_name":"Development"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/33","display_name":"Social Sciences"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/2","display_name":"Social Sciences"}}],"keywords":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/smallholder-farmers","display_name":"smallholder farmers","score":0.8140000104904175},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/resource-poor-farmers","display_name":"resource-poor farmers","score":0.8830000162124634},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/international-agricultural-development","display_name":"international agricultural development","score":0.9049999713897705},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/agricultural-extension","display_name":"agricultural extension","score":0.6980000138282776},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/technology-adoption","display_name":"technology adoption","score":0.8659999966621399},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/farmers-participation","display_name":"farmer participation","score":0.9319999814033508},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/farmer-groups","display_name":"farmer groups","score":0.718999981880188},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/community-development","display_name":"community development","score":0.6700000166893005},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/capacity-building","display_name":"capacity building","score":0.9710000157356262},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/sustainable-development","display_name":"sustainable development","score":0.7080000042915344},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/food-security","display_name":"food security","score":0.6830000281333923},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/developing-countries","display_name":"developing countries","score":0.6000000238418579},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/project-evaluation","display_name":"project evaluation","score":0.4009999930858612},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/rural-development","display_name":"rural development","score":0.35899999737739563},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/participatory-development","display_name":"participatory development","score":0.38600000739097595},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/rural-poverty-alleviation","display_name":"rural poverty alleviation","score":0.38199999928474426},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/rural-livelihoods","display_name":"rural livelihoods","score":0.3440000116825104}],"concepts":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/C118518473","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11451","display_name":"Agriculture","level":2,"score":0.6509365439414978},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C206345919","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q20380951","display_name":"Resource (disambiguation)","level":2,"score":0.5790698528289795},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2778755073","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q10858537","display_name":"Scale (ratio)","level":2,"score":0.563223123550415},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2778402112","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q4693964","display_name":"Agricultural extension","level":3,"score":0.5271391868591309},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C144133560","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q4830453","display_name":"Business","level":0,"score":0.48066484928131104},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C552854447","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q131201","display_name":"Sustainable development","level":2,"score":0.46933332085609436},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C50522688","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q189833","display_name":"Economic growth","level":1,"score":0.4409807622432709},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C87616379","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2477868","display_name":"International development","level":2,"score":0.4208899140357971},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C17744445","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q36442","display_name":"Political science","level":0,"score":0.4112381041049957},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C205649164","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1071","display_name":"Geography","level":0,"score":0.3712165355682373},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C48824518","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q396340","display_name":"Agricultural economics","level":1,"score":0.3329317569732666},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C162324750","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q8134","display_name":"Economics","level":0,"score":0.17635995149612427},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C199539241","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7748","display_name":"Law","level":1,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C41008148","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q21198","display_name":"Computer science","level":0,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C166957645","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q23498","display_name":"Archaeology","level":1,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C31258907","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1301371","display_name":"Computer network","level":1,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C58640448","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q42515","display_name":"Cartography","level":1,"score":0.0}],"mesh":[],"locations_count":2,"locations":[{"id":"pmh:oai:vtechworks.lib.vt.edu:10919/30345","doi":null,"is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"http://hdl.handle.net/10919/30345","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306400248","display_name":"VTechWorks (Virginia Tech)","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"listed_in":[],"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/I859038795","host_organization_name":"Virginia Tech","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/I859038795"],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":null,"raw_type":"Dissertation"},{"id":"mag:2182147404","doi":null,"is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://scholar.lib.vt.edu/theses/available/etd-21698-182143/unrestricted/Farmhelpcpy.pdf","pdf_url":null,"source":null,"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":null,"is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":null,"raw_type":null}],"best_oa_location":null,"sustainable_development_goals":[{"display_name":"Zero hunger","score":0.9208999872207642,"id":"https://metadata.un.org/sdg/2"},{"display_name":"No poverty","score":0.666700005531311,"id":"https://metadata.un.org/sdg/1"},{"display_name":"Partnerships for the goals","score":0.5217000246047974,"id":"https://metadata.un.org/sdg/17"}],"study_designs":[],"awards":[],"funders":[],"has_content":{"grobid_xml":false,"pdf":false},"content_urls":null,"referenced_works_count":0,"referenced_works":[],"related_works":["https://openalex.org/W1908935680","https://openalex.org/W1546179612","https://openalex.org/W2554905563","https://openalex.org/W1701425938","https://openalex.org/W122085445","https://openalex.org/W2072452035","https://openalex.org/W611498350","https://openalex.org/W2914503094","https://openalex.org/W2332885502","https://openalex.org/W2795019910"],"abstract_inverted_index":{"Since":[0],"the":[1,13,33,37,46,52,73,105,108,121,127,143,147,151,162,167,173,177,183,186,202,229,233,257,277,289,307,327,331,336,348,351,370,373,412,458,461,469,495,499,509,512,524,532,541,570,584,596,613,638,647,659,663,674,685,691,698,701,708],"1979":[2,548],"World":[3,549],"Conference":[4,17,550,587],"on":[5,18,487,505,522,551,588],"Agrarian":[6,552],"Reform":[7,553],"and":[8,12,48,142,188,198,211,220,231,247,265,271,281,306,314,324,394,404,406,438,489,528,554,590,595,623,635,700],"Rural":[9,555],"Development":[10,556,591],"(WCARRD)":[11],"1992":[14,577],"United":[15,53,585],"Nations":[16,54,586],"Environment":[19,589],"Development,":[20],"international":[21,155,222,356,418,435],"agricultural":[22,67,88,140,156,223,357,419,436],"development":[23,35,157,224,358,420,629],"organizations":[24,158,225,359,421],"have":[25,616],"been":[26,118],"urged":[27],"to":[28,159,287,321,440,511,531,637,684,707],"strengthen":[29],"their":[30],"focus":[31],"toward":[32],"sustainable":[34,144,506,529,636],"of":[36,51,72,95,114,134,137,139,146,153,176,192,236,256,291,326,335,347,350,354,372,381,411,444,457,468,492,494,498,508,526,540,545,563,569,583,599,612,620,642,676,688,695,697,704],"small-scale,":[38,77,128,462,476,513,533,668,709],"resource":[39,78,129,375,463,477,514,534,669,710],"poor":[40,79,130,376,464,478,515,535,670,711],"farmer.":[41,465,516,536,639,712],"A":[42,252],"recent":[43],"report":[44,82,109,568],"from":[45,276],"Food":[47],"Agricultural":[49,605],"Organization":[50],"(FAO,":[55],"1996)":[56,318],"indicated":[57,369,617],"that":[58,84,111,415,423,646],"many":[59,417],"small-scale":[60],"farmers":[61,75,97,116,163,388,479],"were":[62,226,274,319,338,384],"not":[63,680],"being":[64],"reached":[65,119],"by":[66,120,228],"extension,":[68],"although":[69],"approximately":[70],"75%":[71,456],"worlds'":[74,459],"are":[76,425,451],"farmers.":[80,377],"The":[81,196,279,333,365,378,409,640],"suggested":[83,645],"in":[85,98,295,340,395,538,558,574,593,604,608,690],"some":[86,427],"instances":[87],"extension":[89,122,439],"services":[90],"reported":[91,475,484,502,520],"reaching":[92],"one":[93,112,518,666],"out":[94,113,261],"three":[96],"Africa.":[99],"In":[100],"other":[101],"areas":[102],"such":[103,399],"as":[104,207,209,400,655],"Near":[106],"East,":[107],"stated":[110],"seven":[115],"had":[117],"services.":[123],"This":[124],"study":[125,337,413,644,678],"investigated":[126],"farmer's":[131],"ongoing":[132],"level":[133,290],"participation,":[135],"rate":[136,491],"adoption":[138,493,525,696],"technology,":[141,699],"benefits":[145,507,530,705],"implemented":[148,352,692],"projects":[149,241,353,483,501,675],"within":[150,330,361,673],"documents":[152,258,297,614],"several":[154],"determine":[160,288],"if":[161],"can":[164],"positively":[165],"impact":[166],"forecasted":[168],"food":[169,653],"shortage":[170],"expected":[171],"during":[172],"early":[174],"part":[175],"21st":[178,660],"Century.":[179],"To":[180],"accomplish":[181],"this,":[182],"methodology":[184],"utilized":[185],"Light":[187,197,280],"Pillemer":[189,199,282],"(1984)":[190,283],"method":[191,200,284],"exploratory":[193],"literature":[194],"review.":[195],"provided":[201,299,343],"foundation":[203],"for":[204,434,565,601,627,650],"data":[205,273,329,486,504,521],"collection":[206],"well":[208],"numerical":[210,270,300,485,503],"narrative":[212,272,328,366],"document":[213,367,519,580],"analysis.":[214],"Data":[215],"collection:":[216],"Eleven":[217],"key":[218],"governmental":[219],"non-governmental":[221],"contacted":[227],"researcher":[230],"supplied":[232],"following":[234],"types":[235],"documents:":[237],"(1)":[238],"unpublished":[239,244],"completed":[240],"reports,":[242,246],"(2)":[243],"annual":[245],"(3)":[248],"published":[249],"news":[250],"reports.":[251],"planned":[253],"systematic":[254,345],"investigation":[255],"was":[259,285],"carried":[260],"(Girden,":[262],"1996).":[263],"Numerical":[264],"Narrative":[266],"Document":[267],"Analysis:":[268],"Both":[269],"collected":[275],"documents.":[278,332],"used":[286,320],"overall":[292],"project":[293,445,510,693],"change":[294],"those":[296,448],"which":[298,342,450,630],"or":[301],"quantitative":[302],"data.":[303],"Meta":[304],"ethnography":[305],"QSR":[308],"NUD.ist":[309],"computer":[310],"software":[311],"(Qualitative":[312],"Solutions":[313],"Research":[315,606],"Pty.":[316],"Ltd.,":[317],"investigate":[322],"themes":[323],"characteristics":[325,349],"findings":[334,410],"placed":[339],"matrices":[341],"a":[344,431,581,628],"examination":[346],"51":[355,471,500],"located":[360],"38":[362],"developing":[363],"countries.":[364],"analysis":[368],"participation":[371,383,386,480],"smal-lscale,":[374],"characteristic":[379],"indicators":[380],"farmer":[382,385,671],"in:":[387],"groups,":[389,391],"select":[390],"community":[392],"development,":[393,403],"capacity":[396],"building":[397],"methods":[398],"training,":[401],"leadership":[402],"planning":[405],"decision":[407],"making.":[408],"suggest":[414],"though":[416],"claim":[422],"they":[424],"making":[426],"progress":[428],"there":[429],"remains":[430],"grave":[432],"need":[433,649],"research":[437],"provide":[441],"more":[442,454,664],"documentation":[443],"outcomes":[446],"especially":[447],"outcome":[449],"concerned":[452],"with":[453],"than":[455,665],"farmers,":[460],"For":[466],"example,":[467],"study\u2019s":[470],"projects,":[472],"only":[473],"six":[474],"percentage.":[481],"Seven":[482],"before":[488],"after":[490],"technology.":[496],"Sixteen":[497],"Only":[517],"both":[523,633],"technology":[527],"However,":[537],"light":[539],"world":[542],"impacting":[543],"Plan":[544,562,598],"Actions":[546],"(i.e.":[547],"held":[557,573,592,607],"Rome,":[559,575],"Italy;":[560,576],"1991":[561],"Action":[564,600],"Peoples\u2019":[566],"Participation":[567],"Twenty-sixth":[571],"Session":[572],"Agenda":[578],"21":[579],"product":[582],"Brazil;":[594],"1996":[597],"Global":[602],"Partnership":[603],"Washington,":[609],"D.C.)":[610],"all":[611],"should":[615,624],"this":[618,643,677],"type":[619],"essential":[621,706],"data,":[622],"be":[625,632,681],"striving":[626],"would":[631],"productive":[634],"results":[641],"impending":[648],"improved":[651],"global":[652],"production":[654],"we":[656],"move":[657],"into":[658],"century":[661],"through":[662],"million":[667],"participants":[672],"may":[679],"met":[682],"due":[683],"low":[686],"amount":[687],"evidence":[689],"reports":[694],"inadequate":[702],"reporting":[703]},"counts_by_year":[{"year":2020,"cited_by_count":1},{"year":2013,"cited_by_count":1}],"updated_date":"2026-09-29T14:09:16.559479","created_date":"2016-06-24T00:00:00"}