{"id":"https://openalex.org/W2181476791","doi":null,"title":"What Underlies Weak States? The Role of Ethnic Fractionalization and Terrain Ruggedness*","display_name":"What Underlies Weak States? The Role of Ethnic Fractionalization and Terrain Ruggedness*","publication_year":2012,"publication_date":"2012-01-01","ids":{"openalex":"https://openalex.org/W2181476791","mag":"2181476791"},"language":"en","primary_location":{"id":"mag:2181476791","doi":null,"is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"http://economics.fiu.edu/events/2012/seminar-mehmet-ulubasoglu/title.pdf","pdf_url":null,"source":null,"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":null,"is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":null,"raw_type":null},"volume":null,"type":"article","is_traditional":true,"indexed_in":[],"open_access":{"is_oa":false,"oa_status":"closed","oa_url":null,"any_repository_has_fulltext":false},"authorships":[{"author_position":"first","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5000313352","display_name":"Pablo Jim\u00e9nez\u2010Ayora","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-1601-1076","observed_orcids":["https://orcid.org/0000-0002-1601-1076"]},"institutions":[],"countries":[],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Pablo Jim\u00e9nez\u2010Ayora","raw_affiliation_strings":[],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-1601-1076","affiliations":[]},{"author_position":"last","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5008913261","display_name":"Mehmet Ali","orcid":null,"observed_orcids":[]},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I149704539","display_name":"Deakin University","ror":"https://ror.org/02czsnj07","country_code":"AU","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I149704539"]}],"countries":["AU"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Mehmet Ali","raw_affiliation_strings":["Deakin University"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Deakin University","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I149704539"]}]}],"institutions":[],"countries_distinct_count":1,"institutions_distinct_count":1,"corresponding_author_ids":[],"corresponding_institution_ids":[],"apc_list":null,"apc_paid":null,"fwci":0.0,"has_fulltext":false,"cited_by_count":0,"citation_normalized_percentile":{"value":0.0,"is_in_top_1_percent":false,"is_in_top_10_percent":false},"cited_by_percentile_year":null,"biblio":{"volume":null,"issue":null,"first_page":null,"last_page":null},"is_retracted":false,"is_paratext":false,"is_xpac":false,"primary_topic":{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10070","display_name":"Political Conflict and Governance","score":0.9096999764442444,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/3312","display_name":"Sociology and Political Science"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/33","display_name":"Social Sciences"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/2","display_name":"Social Sciences"}},"topics":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10070","display_name":"Political Conflict and Governance","score":0.9096999764442444,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/3312","display_name":"Sociology and Political Science"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/33","display_name":"Social Sciences"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/2","display_name":"Social Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T12312","display_name":"Culture, Economy, and Development Studies","score":0.06880000233650208,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/3303","display_name":"Development"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/33","display_name":"Social Sciences"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/2","display_name":"Social Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11823","display_name":"Natural Resources and Economic Development","score":0.013299999758601189,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2000","display_name":"General Economics, Econometrics and Finance"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/20","display_name":"Economics, Econometrics and Finance"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/2","display_name":"Social Sciences"}}],"keywords":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/fragile-states","display_name":"fragile states","score":0.8230000138282776},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/ethnic-fractionalization","display_name":"ethnic fractionalization","score":0.9399999976158142},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/terrain-ruggedness","display_name":"terrain ruggedness","score":0.9990000128746033},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/state-capacity","display_name":"state capacity","score":0.9409999847412109},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/public-goods-provision","display_name":"public goods provision","score":0.746999979019165},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/collective-action","display_name":"collective action","score":0.7789999842643738},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/checks-and-balances","display_name":"checks and balances","score":0.7549999952316284},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/early-urbanization","display_name":"early urbanization","score":0.9480000138282776},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/rule-of-law","display_name":"rule of law","score":0.777999997138977},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/tax-revenue","display_name":"tax revenue","score":0.8379999995231628},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/civil-violence","display_name":"civil violence","score":0.8740000128746033},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/macroeconomic-instability","display_name":"macroeconomic instability","score":0.8339999914169312},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/latent-variable-modeling","display_name":"latent variable models","score":0.5389999747276306}],"concepts":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/C71735400","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q5477566","display_name":"Fractionalization","level":3,"score":0.9707555770874023},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C80191262","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q5477668","display_name":"Fragility","level":2,"score":0.6574655771255493},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C137403100","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q41710","display_name":"Ethnic group","level":2,"score":0.6276699900627136},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C161840515","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q186131","display_name":"Terrain","level":2,"score":0.5679889917373657},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C195487862","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q850210","display_name":"Revenue","level":2,"score":0.519619882106781},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C153180980","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q19776675","display_name":"Commit","level":2,"score":0.5025312900543213},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C162324750","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q8134","display_name":"Economics","level":0,"score":0.4914592504501343},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C48103436","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q599031","display_name":"State (computer science)","level":2,"score":0.46573227643966675},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C162222271","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q92779871","display_name":"Public good","level":2,"score":0.4293905794620514},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C47768531","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1127188","display_name":"Development economics","level":1,"score":0.4080825448036194},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C100001284","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2248246","display_name":"Public economics","level":1,"score":0.33545607328414917},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C17744445","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q36442","display_name":"Political science","level":0,"score":0.27250468730926514},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C205649164","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1071","display_name":"Geography","level":0,"score":0.2509748041629791},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C175444787","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q39072","display_name":"Microeconomics","level":1,"score":0.2083723247051239},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C199539241","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7748","display_name":"Law","level":1,"score":0.14263200759887695},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C41008148","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q21198","display_name":"Computer science","level":0,"score":0.07767805457115173},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C185592680","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2329","display_name":"Chemistry","level":0,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C147789679","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11372","display_name":"Physical chemistry","level":1,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C77088390","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q8513","display_name":"Database","level":1,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C58640448","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q42515","display_name":"Cartography","level":1,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C121955636","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q4116214","display_name":"Accounting","level":1,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C11413529","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q8366","display_name":"Algorithm","level":1,"score":0.0}],"mesh":[],"locations_count":1,"locations":[{"id":"mag:2181476791","doi":null,"is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"http://economics.fiu.edu/events/2012/seminar-mehmet-ulubasoglu/title.pdf","pdf_url":null,"source":null,"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":null,"is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":null,"raw_type":null}],"best_oa_location":null,"sustainable_development_goals":[{"score":0.9595999717712402,"id":"https://metadata.un.org/sdg/16","display_name":"Peace, justice, and strong institutions"}],"study_designs":[],"awards":[],"funders":[],"has_content":{"pdf":false,"grobid_xml":false},"content_urls":null,"referenced_works_count":30,"referenced_works":["https://openalex.org/W577501125","https://openalex.org/W1557318978","https://openalex.org/W1558123533","https://openalex.org/W1975264861","https://openalex.org/W2037108902","https://openalex.org/W2056630140","https://openalex.org/W2059107538","https://openalex.org/W2098317876","https://openalex.org/W2098665033","https://openalex.org/W2110537446","https://openalex.org/W2111612348","https://openalex.org/W2111988782","https://openalex.org/W2116537463","https://openalex.org/W2121697314","https://openalex.org/W2124825646","https://openalex.org/W2132773002","https://openalex.org/W2137805598","https://openalex.org/W2152269067","https://openalex.org/W2169417293","https://openalex.org/W2237951054","https://openalex.org/W2314428029","https://openalex.org/W2324656367","https://openalex.org/W2789051288","https://openalex.org/W2889827801","https://openalex.org/W3122681988","https://openalex.org/W3123649436","https://openalex.org/W3124131699","https://openalex.org/W3124159295","https://openalex.org/W3125135614","https://openalex.org/W3125426360"],"related_works":["https://openalex.org/W7044260325","https://openalex.org/W4289524132","https://openalex.org/W2189373519","https://openalex.org/W3196922757","https://openalex.org/W2523652575","https://openalex.org/W2181402839","https://openalex.org/W2620956334","https://openalex.org/W2745383107","https://openalex.org/W3121550856","https://openalex.org/W2068862119"],"abstract_inverted_index":{"This":[0,42,154],"article":[1],"explores":[2],"ethnic":[3,88,145],"fractionalization":[4,146],"and":[5,21,52,75,92,96,115,138,140,147],"terrain":[6,25,90,148],"ruggedness":[7,91,149],"as":[8,61],"underlying":[9],"causes":[10],"of":[11,39,54,66,68,110,122,129,160],"state":[12,79,130,152,161],"fragility.":[13],"It":[14],"is":[15,44,118],"hypothesized":[16],"that":[17],"ethnically":[18],"fragmented":[19],"countries":[20],"those":[22],"with":[23,107],"rugged":[24],"face":[26],"significant":[27],"obstacles":[28],"to":[29,50,58,157],"establish":[30],"cooperation":[31],"in":[32,120],"collective":[33],"action":[34],"among":[35],"the":[36,40,85,93,123,127,132,158],"constituent":[37],"groups":[38],"state.":[41],"problem":[43],"then":[45,97],"translated":[46],"into":[47],"an":[48],"inability":[49],"commit":[51],"under-provision":[53],"public":[55],"goods,":[56],"leading":[57],"outcomes":[59],"such":[60],"macroeconomic":[62],"instability,":[63],"poor":[64],"protection":[65],"rule":[67],"law,":[69],"limited":[70],"tax":[71],"revenue,":[72],"civil":[73],"violence,":[74],"ultimately,":[76],"a":[77,103,108],"weak":[78],"apparatus.":[80],"The":[81],"paper":[82,133],"first":[83],"establishes":[84],"connections":[86],"between":[87],"fractionalization,":[89],"said":[94],"outcomes,":[95],"econometrically":[98],"tests":[99],"these":[100],"links":[101],"using":[102],"latent":[104],"variable":[105],"model":[106],"sample":[109],"190":[111],"independent":[112],"countries.":[113],"Robust":[114],"clear":[116],"evidence":[117],"found":[119],"favor":[121],"reasoning.":[124],"After":[125],"establishing":[126],"foundations":[128],"fragility,":[131],"studies":[134],"two":[135],"mechanisms,":[136],"checks":[137],"balances":[139],"early":[141],"urbanization,":[142],"through":[143],"which":[144],"may":[150],"affect":[151],"performance.":[153],"analysis":[155],"contributes":[156],"empirics":[159],"capacity.":[162]},"counts_by_year":[],"updated_date":"2026-09-26T08:19:03.415552","created_date":"2016-06-24T00:00:00"}