{"id":"https://openalex.org/W2181403571","doi":null,"title":"MASS TRANSPORT IN POLYMER ELECTROLYTE MEMBRANE FUEL CELLS USING NATURAL CONVECTION FOR AIR SUPPLY","display_name":"MASS TRANSPORT IN POLYMER ELECTROLYTE MEMBRANE FUEL CELLS USING NATURAL CONVECTION FOR AIR SUPPLY","publication_year":2004,"publication_date":"2004-04-02","ids":{"openalex":"https://openalex.org/W2181403571","mag":"2181403571"},"language":"en","primary_location":{"id":"pmh:oai:aaltodoc.aalto.fi:123456789/2401","doi":null,"is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://aaltodoc.aalto.fi/handle/123456789/2401","pdf_url":"https://aaltodoc.aalto.fi/bitstreams/dfb828fd-fdc5-45bc-b4b2-cba65fd3848f/download","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306401662","display_name":"Aaltodoc (Aalto University)","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"listed_in":[],"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/I9927081","host_organization_name":"Aalto University","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/I9927081"],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":null,"raw_type":"G5 Artikkeliv\u00e4it\u00f6skirja"},"volume":null,"type":"dissertation","is_traditional":true,"indexed_in":[],"open_access":{"is_oa":true,"oa_status":"green","oa_url":"https://aaltodoc.aalto.fi/bitstreams/dfb828fd-fdc5-45bc-b4b2-cba65fd3848f/download","any_repository_has_fulltext":true},"authorships":[{"author_position":"first","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5053110646","display_name":"Tuomas Mennola","orcid":null,"observed_orcids":[]},"institutions":[],"countries":[],"is_corresponding":true,"raw_author_name":"Tuomas Mennola","raw_affiliation_strings":["(Helsinki University of Technology)"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"(Helsinki University of Technology)","institution_ids":[]}]}],"institutions":[],"countries_distinct_count":0,"institutions_distinct_count":0,"corresponding_author_ids":["https://openalex.org/A5053110646"],"corresponding_institution_ids":[],"apc_list":null,"apc_paid":null,"fwci":null,"has_fulltext":true,"cited_by_count":4,"citation_normalized_percentile":null,"cited_by_percentile_year":null,"biblio":{"volume":null,"issue":null,"first_page":null,"last_page":null},"is_retracted":false,"is_paratext":false,"is_xpac":false,"primary_topic":{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10409","display_name":"Fuel Cells and Related Materials","score":1.0,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2208","display_name":"Electrical and Electronic Engineering"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/22","display_name":"Engineering"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},"topics":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10409","display_name":"Fuel Cells and Related Materials","score":1.0,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2208","display_name":"Electrical and Electronic Engineering"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/22","display_name":"Engineering"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10311","display_name":"Advancements in Solid Oxide Fuel Cells","score":0.0,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2505","display_name":"Materials Chemistry"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/25","display_name":"Materials Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10030","display_name":"Electrocatalysts for Energy Conversion","score":0.0,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2105","display_name":"Renewable Energy, Sustainability and the Environment"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/21","display_name":"Energy"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}}],"keywords":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/proton-exchange-membrane-fuel-cells","display_name":"proton exchange membrane fuel cells","score":0.9950000047683716},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/mass-transfer","display_name":"mass transfer","score":0.906000018119812},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/current-distribution-measurement","display_name":"current distribution measurement","score":0.7279999852180481},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/gas-diffusion-layer","display_name":"gas diffusion layer","score":0.8399999737739563},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/water-transport","display_name":"water transport","score":0.6899999976158142},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/water-management-fuel-cells","display_name":"water management (fuel cells)","score":0.5529999732971191},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/floods","display_name":"floods","score":0.5149999856948853},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/relative-humidity","display_name":"relative humidity","score":0.5550000071525574},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/ambient-temperature","display_name":"ambient temperature","score":0.8740000128746033}],"concepts":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/C54791560","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q3285020","display_name":"Natural convection","level":3,"score":0.631739616394043},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C68801617","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q162908","display_name":"Electrolyte","level":3,"score":0.5831286907196045},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2987658370","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q180253","display_name":"Fuel cells","level":2,"score":0.5570815801620483},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C41625074","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q176088","display_name":"Membrane","level":2,"score":0.4890909790992737},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2776608160","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q4785462","display_name":"Natural (archaeology)","level":2,"score":0.4780990779399872},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2989209122","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q178512","display_name":"Mass transport","level":2,"score":0.4602789580821991},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C521977710","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q81163","display_name":"Polymer","level":2,"score":0.4494004249572754},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C10899652","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q160329","display_name":"Convection","level":2,"score":0.43592238426208496},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C39432304","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q188847","display_name":"Environmental science","level":0,"score":0.4334371089935303},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C192562407","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q228736","display_name":"Materials science","level":0,"score":0.33155712485313416},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C185592680","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2329","display_name":"Chemistry","level":0,"score":0.3248785138130188},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C42360764","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q83588","display_name":"Chemical engineering","level":1,"score":0.27505728602409363},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C57879066","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q41217","display_name":"Mechanics","level":1,"score":0.2741881310939789},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C127313418","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1069","display_name":"Geology","level":0,"score":0.1490539312362671},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C127413603","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11023","display_name":"Engineering","level":0,"score":0.14156880974769592},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C61696701","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q770766","display_name":"Engineering physics","level":1,"score":0.11921137571334839},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C159985019","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q181790","display_name":"Composite material","level":1,"score":0.11374074220657349},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C121332964","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q413","display_name":"Physics","level":0,"score":0.11214083433151245},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C17525397","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q176140","display_name":"Electrode","level":2,"score":0.06981578469276428},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C147789679","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11372","display_name":"Physical chemistry","level":1,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C55493867","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7094","display_name":"Biochemistry","level":1,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C151730666","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7205","display_name":"Paleontology","level":1,"score":0.0}],"mesh":[],"locations_count":2,"locations":[{"id":"pmh:oai:aaltodoc.aalto.fi:123456789/2401","doi":null,"is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://aaltodoc.aalto.fi/handle/123456789/2401","pdf_url":"https://aaltodoc.aalto.fi/bitstreams/dfb828fd-fdc5-45bc-b4b2-cba65fd3848f/download","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306401662","display_name":"Aaltodoc (Aalto University)","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"listed_in":[],"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/I9927081","host_organization_name":"Aalto University","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/I9927081"],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":null,"raw_type":"G5 Artikkeliv\u00e4it\u00f6skirja"},{"id":"mag:2181403571","doi":null,"is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"http://lib.tkk.fi/Diss/2004/isbn9512269848/isbn9512269848.pdf","pdf_url":null,"source":null,"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":null,"is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":null,"raw_type":null}],"best_oa_location":{"id":"pmh:oai:aaltodoc.aalto.fi:123456789/2401","doi":null,"is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://aaltodoc.aalto.fi/handle/123456789/2401","pdf_url":"https://aaltodoc.aalto.fi/bitstreams/dfb828fd-fdc5-45bc-b4b2-cba65fd3848f/download","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306401662","display_name":"Aaltodoc (Aalto University)","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"listed_in":[],"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/I9927081","host_organization_name":"Aalto University","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/I9927081"],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":null,"raw_type":"G5 Artikkeliv\u00e4it\u00f6skirja"},"sustainable_development_goals":[{"display_name":"Affordable and clean energy","score":0.9853000044822693,"id":"https://metadata.un.org/sdg/7"}],"study_designs":[],"awards":[],"funders":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/F4320321855","display_name":"Tekes","ror":"https://ror.org/02ag8cq23"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/F4320322725","display_name":"China Scholarship Council","ror":"https://ror.org/04atp4p48"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/F4320323669","display_name":"Nordic Energy Research","ror":"https://ror.org/035jwz470"}],"has_content":{"pdf":true,"grobid_xml":true},"content_urls":{"pdf":"https://content.openalex.org/works/W2181403571.pdf","grobid_xml":"https://content.openalex.org/works/W2181403571.grobid-xml"},"referenced_works_count":91,"referenced_works":["https://openalex.org/W63268239","https://openalex.org/W73487259","https://openalex.org/W1502445466","https://openalex.org/W1519286961","https://openalex.org/W1539803785","https://openalex.org/W1558944208","https://openalex.org/W1606522850","https://openalex.org/W1959272384","https://openalex.org/W1965485716","https://openalex.org/W1965516159","https://openalex.org/W1966553766","https://openalex.org/W1968623623","https://openalex.org/W1971434775","https://openalex.org/W1971860042","https://openalex.org/W1972028401","https://openalex.org/W1978722317","https://openalex.org/W1980196589","https://openalex.org/W1982295350","https://openalex.org/W1985267389","https://openalex.org/W1986118259","https://openalex.org/W1987307386","https://openalex.org/W1987603202","https://openalex.org/W1987702245","https://openalex.org/W1989919964","https://openalex.org/W1991546454","https://openalex.org/W1996454311","https://openalex.org/W1996963703","https://openalex.org/W2002013263","https://openalex.org/W2002308099","https://openalex.org/W2002651547","https://openalex.org/W2005684179","https://openalex.org/W2009541226","https://openalex.org/W2013250850","https://openalex.org/W2014990138","https://openalex.org/W2016086905","https://openalex.org/W2017520726","https://openalex.org/W2018970823","https://openalex.org/W2021749494","https://openalex.org/W2022538986","https://openalex.org/W2023690790","https://openalex.org/W2023794757","https://openalex.org/W2025049873","https://openalex.org/W2027949586","https://openalex.org/W2031480843","https://openalex.org/W2033885715","https://openalex.org/W2036277989","https://openalex.org/W2036902968","https://openalex.org/W2039682342","https://openalex.org/W2040339512","https://openalex.org/W2041372564","https://openalex.org/W2042068451","https://openalex.org/W2044307855","https://openalex.org/W2045534000","https://openalex.org/W2050023021","https://openalex.org/W2051992949","https://openalex.org/W2057729576","https://openalex.org/W2058205781","https://openalex.org/W2059149370","https://openalex.org/W2061170827","https://openalex.org/W2062667330","https://openalex.org/W2063161309","https://openalex.org/W2064503430","https://openalex.org/W2064888525","https://openalex.org/W2065714131","https://openalex.org/W2074004109","https://openalex.org/W2081635078","https://openalex.org/W2082846822","https://openalex.org/W2083435388","https://openalex.org/W2083961092","https://openalex.org/W2086768611","https://openalex.org/W2087262861","https://openalex.org/W2089442892","https://openalex.org/W2091757083","https://openalex.org/W2091824157","https://openalex.org/W2095164550","https://openalex.org/W2099122713","https://openalex.org/W2105969719","https://openalex.org/W2129640024","https://openalex.org/W2134007185","https://openalex.org/W2155623182","https://openalex.org/W2155991911","https://openalex.org/W2156041361","https://openalex.org/W2156314002","https://openalex.org/W2162135551","https://openalex.org/W2165465120","https://openalex.org/W2166060249","https://openalex.org/W2493649239","https://openalex.org/W2508539747","https://openalex.org/W2523471718","https://openalex.org/W2913711939","https://openalex.org/W3091960763"],"related_works":["https://openalex.org/W160832303","https://openalex.org/W92524347","https://openalex.org/W2182344819","https://openalex.org/W1858385549","https://openalex.org/W2045967980","https://openalex.org/W2595588247","https://openalex.org/W2547006992","https://openalex.org/W2601216766","https://openalex.org/W2262530073","https://openalex.org/W346613638"],"abstract_inverted_index":{"A":[0,52],"fuel":[1,16],"cell":[2,53,97,227,269],"converts":[3],"chemical":[4],"energy":[5],"into":[6,74],"electricity":[7],"and":[8,29,64,78,127,140,142,166,223,291],"heat":[9],"through":[10,187],"electrochemical":[11],"reactions.":[12],"Polymer":[13],"electrolyte":[14],"membrane":[15,176],"cells":[17,251],"(PEMFCs)":[18],"are":[19,316],"approaching":[20],"commercialization":[21],"in":[22,41,67,149,162,231,252],"many":[23],"applications,":[24],"including":[25],"transportation,":[26],"stationary":[27],"power,":[28],"portable":[30],"devices.":[31],"In":[32,130,283,323],"this":[33],"thesis,":[34],"the":[35,48,81,92,96,110,120,134,143,150,163,167,174,181,188,195,203,212,245,256,268,276,289,294,329,332,341,346],"focus":[36],"was":[37,60,98,107,122,156,177,215,229,241,265,306,326],"on":[38,109,226],"small-scale":[39],"PEMFCs,":[40],"which":[42,106],"natural":[43],"convection":[44],"is":[45],"used":[46,338],"as":[47,299],"air":[49,147],"supply":[50],"method.":[51,259],"design":[54,270],"with":[55,211],"straight":[56],"vertical":[57],"cathode":[58,151,164,295],"channels":[59,296],"studied":[61,99,178],"using":[62,100],"experimental":[63,125],"modeling":[65],"methods,":[66],"order":[68,131,284],"to":[69,79,132,158,285,302,339],"obtain":[70],"a":[71,101,113,153,232,238,253],"quantitative":[72],"insight":[73],"mass":[75,88,160],"transport":[76,89,161,172,200],"phenomena":[77],"identify":[80],"performance":[82,228],"limiting":[83],"processes.":[84],"The":[85,117,190,206,218],"variation":[86,196],"of":[87,95,112,119,138,145,183,194,197,208,220,249,278,280,293,331,343],"conditions":[90],"over":[91],"active":[93,204,347],"area":[94],"current":[102,115,257],"distribution":[103,342],"measurement":[104,239],"system,":[105],"based":[108],"use":[111],"segmented":[114],"collector.":[116],"accuracy":[118],"method":[121],"analyzed":[123],"by":[124,179,255],"work":[126],"numerical":[128,154],"simulation.":[129],"quantify":[133],"local":[135],"mole":[136],"fractions":[137],"water":[139,185,199,209,281,344],"oxygen,":[141],"velocity":[144],"buoyancy-driven":[146],"flow":[148,214,334],"channel,":[152],"model":[155],"developed":[157,242],"describe":[159],"channel":[165],"gas":[168,312],"diffusion":[169,313],"layer.":[170],"Water":[171],"across":[173,202,345],"polymer":[175],"measuring":[180],"fraction":[182],"product":[184],"exiting":[186],"anode.":[189],"results":[191],"give":[192],"indication":[193],"net":[198],"coefficient":[201],"area.":[205,348],"redistribution":[207],"along":[210],"hydrogen":[213],"also":[216,307],"observed.":[217],"effect":[219],"ambient":[221],"temperature":[222],"relative":[224],"humidity":[225],"investigated":[230],"climate":[233],"chamber.":[234],"For":[235],"stack":[236,254],"research,":[237],"approach":[240],"for":[243,318],"determining":[244],"ohmic":[246],"voltage":[247],"losses":[248],"individual":[250],"interruption":[258],"As":[260],"an":[261,320],"overall":[262],"conclusion,":[263],"it":[264,325],"found":[266,308,327],"that":[267,309,328],"should":[271],"be":[272,303,337],"improved":[273],"especially":[274],"from":[275],"point":[277],"view":[279],"management.":[282],"reduce":[286],"flooding":[287],"problems,":[288],"cross-section":[290],"length":[292],"were":[297],"identified":[298],"key":[300],"parameters":[301],"optimized.":[304],"It":[305],"mechanically":[310],"rigid":[311],"layer":[314],"materials":[315],"advantageous":[317],"designing":[319],"optimized":[321],"geometry.":[322],"addition,":[324],"choice":[330],"anode":[333],"geometry":[335],"can":[336],"control":[340]},"counts_by_year":[{"year":2026,"cited_by_count":1},{"year":2020,"cited_by_count":1}],"updated_date":"2026-10-03T13:16:28.481748","created_date":"2016-06-24T00:00:00"}
