{"id":"https://openalex.org/W2179971682","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1093/auk/124.4.1121","title":"ECOLOGY OF WEST NILE VIRUS TRANSMISSION AND ITS IMPACT ON BIRDS IN THE WESTERN HEMISPHERE","display_name":"ECOLOGY OF WEST NILE VIRUS TRANSMISSION AND ITS IMPACT ON BIRDS IN THE WESTERN HEMISPHERE","publication_year":2007,"publication_date":"2007-01-01","ids":{"openalex":"https://openalex.org/W2179971682","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1093/auk/124.4.1121","mag":"2179971682"},"language":"en","primary_location":{"id":"doi:10.1093/auk/124.4.1121","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1093/auk/124.4.1121","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1093/auk/124.4.1121","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S152904045","display_name":"The Auk","issn_l":"0004-8038","issn":["0004-8038","1938-4254"],"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":true,"listed_in":["cwts-core","norway-1","poland-140","russia-white-list-1"],"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310311648","host_organization_name":"Oxford University Press","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310311648","https://openalex.org/P4310311647"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Oxford University Press","University of Oxford"],"type":"journal"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"The Auk","raw_type":"journal-article"},"volume":null,"type":"article","is_traditional":true,"indexed_in":["crossref"],"open_access":{"is_oa":false,"oa_status":"closed","oa_url":null,"any_repository_has_fulltext":false},"authorships":[{"author_position":"first","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5002238111","display_name":"Auston Marm Kilpatrick","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-3612-5775","observed_orcids":["https://orcid.org/0000-0002-3612-5775"]},"institutions":[],"countries":[],"is_corresponding":true,"raw_author_name":"A. Marm Kilpatrick","raw_affiliation_strings":["Consortium for Conservation Medicine, 460 West 34th Street, 17th floor, New York, New York 10001, USA"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Consortium for Conservation Medicine, 460 West 34th Street, 17th floor, New York, New York 10001, USA","institution_ids":[]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5009240856","display_name":"Shannon L. LaDeau","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-4825-5435","observed_orcids":["https://orcid.org/0000-0003-4825-5435"]},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I103187081","display_name":"Smithsonian Institution","ror":"https://ror.org/01pp8nd67","country_code":"US","type":"government","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I103187081"]},{"id":"https://openalex.org/I4210113136","display_name":"National Zoological Park","ror":"https://ror.org/026etfb20","country_code":"US","type":"archive","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I103187081","https://openalex.org/I4210113136"]}],"countries":["US"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Shannon L. LaDeau","raw_affiliation_strings":["Smithsonian Migratory Bird Center, National Zoological Park, P.O. Box 37012, MRC 5508, Washington, D.C. 20013, USA"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Smithsonian Migratory Bird Center, National Zoological Park, P.O. Box 37012, MRC 5508, Washington, D.C. 20013, USA","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I103187081","https://openalex.org/I4210113136"]}]},{"author_position":"last","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5021060999","display_name":"Peter P. Marra","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-0508-7577","observed_orcids":["https://orcid.org/0000-0002-0508-7577"]},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I103187081","display_name":"Smithsonian Institution","ror":"https://ror.org/01pp8nd67","country_code":"US","type":"government","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I103187081"]},{"id":"https://openalex.org/I4210113136","display_name":"National Zoological Park","ror":"https://ror.org/026etfb20","country_code":"US","type":"archive","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I103187081","https://openalex.org/I4210113136"]}],"countries":["US"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Peter P. Marra","raw_affiliation_strings":["Smithsonian Migratory Bird Center, National Zoological Park, P.O. Box 37012, MRC 5508, Washington, D.C. 20013, USA"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Smithsonian Migratory Bird Center, National Zoological Park, P.O. Box 37012, MRC 5508, Washington, D.C. 20013, USA","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I103187081","https://openalex.org/I4210113136"]}]}],"institutions":[],"countries_distinct_count":1,"institutions_distinct_count":2,"corresponding_author_ids":["https://openalex.org/A5002238111"],"corresponding_institution_ids":[],"apc_list":null,"apc_paid":null,"fwci":14.9074,"has_fulltext":false,"cited_by_count":254,"citation_normalized_percentile":{"value":0.99263527,"is_in_top_1_percent":true,"is_in_top_10_percent":true},"cited_by_percentile_year":{"min":98,"max":100},"biblio":{"volume":"124","issue":"4","first_page":"1121","last_page":"1121"},"is_retracted":false,"is_paratext":false,"is_xpac":false,"primary_topic":{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10166","display_name":"Mosquito-borne diseases and control","score":0.9961000084877014,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2739","display_name":"Public Health, Environmental and Occupational Health"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/27","display_name":"Medicine"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/4","display_name":"Health Sciences"}},"topics":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10166","display_name":"Mosquito-borne diseases and control","score":0.9961000084877014,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2739","display_name":"Public Health, Environmental and Occupational Health"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/27","display_name":"Medicine"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/4","display_name":"Health Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T12178","display_name":"Bird parasitology and diseases","score":0.0010000000474974513,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2405","display_name":"Parasitology"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/24","display_name":"Immunology and Microbiology"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/1","display_name":"Life Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10167","display_name":"Influenza Virus Research Studies","score":0.0006000000284984708,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2713","display_name":"Epidemiology"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/27","display_name":"Medicine"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/4","display_name":"Health Sciences"}}],"keywords":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/west-nile-virus","display_name":"West Nile virus","score":0.9990000128746033},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/flavivirus","display_name":"flavivirus","score":0.527999997138977},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/bird-mortality","display_name":"bird mortality","score":0.546999990940094},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/corvids","display_name":"Corvidae","score":0.7870000004768372},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/mosquito-vectors","display_name":"mosquito vectors","score":0.6949999928474426},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/virus-virulence","display_name":"viral virulence","score":0.4790000021457672},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/flavivirus-surveillance","display_name":"flavivirus surveillance","score":0.35100001096725464},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/western-hemisphere","display_name":"Western Hemisphere","score":0.492000013589859},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/encephalitis","display_name":"encephalitis","score":0.6470000147819519},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/horses","display_name":"horses","score":0.6299999952316284},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/mosquito-borne-diseases","display_name":"mosquito-borne diseases","score":0.3269999921321869},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/avian-hosts","display_name":"avian hosts","score":0.4410000145435333}],"concepts":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2776866189","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q158856","display_name":"West Nile virus","level":3,"score":0.8505752086639404},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2991870787","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q181982","display_name":"Western hemisphere","level":2,"score":0.7820837497711182},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C18903297","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7150","display_name":"Ecology","level":1,"score":0.6871613264083862},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C205649164","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1071","display_name":"Geography","level":0,"score":0.5818973779678345},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2777252438","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q41228","display_name":"Southern Hemisphere","level":2,"score":0.5131433606147766},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C761482","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q118093","display_name":"Transmission (telecommunications)","level":2,"score":0.44514015316963196},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C86803240","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q420","display_name":"Biology","level":0,"score":0.3764473795890808},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2522874641","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q808","display_name":"Virus","level":2,"score":0.22973817586898804},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C159047783","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7215","display_name":"Virology","level":1,"score":0.10036683082580566},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C26271046","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q187097","display_name":"Economic geography","level":1,"score":0.05760207772254944},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C119599485","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q43035","display_name":"Electrical engineering","level":1,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C127413603","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11023","display_name":"Engineering","level":0,"score":0.0}],"mesh":[],"locations_count":3,"locations":[{"id":"doi:10.1093/auk/124.4.1121","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1093/auk/124.4.1121","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1093/auk/124.4.1121","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S152904045","display_name":"The Auk","issn_l":"0004-8038","issn":["0004-8038","1938-4254"],"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":true,"listed_in":["cwts-core","norway-1","poland-140","russia-white-list-1"],"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310311648","host_organization_name":"Oxford University Press","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310311648","https://openalex.org/P4310311647"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Oxford University Press","University of Oxford"],"type":"journal"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"The Auk","raw_type":"journal-article"},{"id":"doi:10.1642/0004-8038(2007)124[1121:eownvt]2.0.co;2","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1642/0004-8038(2007)124[1121:eownvt]2.0.co;2","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1642/0004-8038(2007)124[1121:eownvt]2.0.co;2","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S152904045","display_name":"The Auk","issn_l":"0004-8038","issn":["0004-8038","1938-4254"],"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":true,"listed_in":["cwts-core","norway-1","poland-140","russia-white-list-1"],"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310311648","host_organization_name":"Oxford University Press","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310311648","https://openalex.org/P4310311647"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Oxford University Press","University of Oxford"],"type":"journal"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"The Auk","raw_type":"journal-article"},{"id":"pmh:10.1642/0004-8038(2007)124[1121:EOWNVT]2.0.CO;2","doi":null,"is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"http://www.bioone.org/doi/10.1642/0004-8038%282007%29124%5B1121%3AEOWNVT%5D2.0.CO%3B2","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306402358","display_name":"BioOne Complete (BioOne)","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"listed_in":[],"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/I4210111627","host_organization_name":"BioOne","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/I4210111627"],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":"","raw_type":"text"}],"best_oa_location":null,"sustainable_development_goals":[{"display_name":"Good health and well-being","score":0.5683000087738037,"id":"https://metadata.un.org/sdg/3"}],"study_designs":[],"awards":[],"funders":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/F4320306076","display_name":"National Science Foundation","ror":"https://ror.org/021nxhr62"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/F4320332161","display_name":"National Institutes of Health","ror":"https://ror.org/01cwqze88"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/F4320337355","display_name":"National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases","ror":"https://ror.org/043z4tv69"}],"has_content":{"pdf":false,"grobid_xml":false},"content_urls":null,"referenced_works_count":107,"referenced_works":["https://openalex.org/W223203787","https://openalex.org/W329456531","https://openalex.org/W645424952","https://openalex.org/W1576899287","https://openalex.org/W1834110262","https://openalex.org/W1884377126","https://openalex.org/W1968266351","https://openalex.org/W1980138800","https://openalex.org/W1980888239","https://openalex.org/W1982564231","https://openalex.org/W1984935093","https://openalex.org/W1988176421","https://openalex.org/W1992387297","https://openalex.org/W1999984759","https://openalex.org/W2004995376","https://openalex.org/W2007208492","https://openalex.org/W2015117195","https://openalex.org/W2016957024","https://openalex.org/W2021410341","https://openalex.org/W2030447917","https://openalex.org/W2032185082","https://openalex.org/W2034043791","https://openalex.org/W2039469876","https://openalex.org/W2042093410","https://openalex.org/W2042094306","https://openalex.org/W2042661331","https://openalex.org/W2047270847","https://openalex.org/W2048957164","https://openalex.org/W2049285992","https://openalex.org/W2054354272","https://openalex.org/W2058726246","https://openalex.org/W2058945594","https://openalex.org/W2059221607","https://openalex.org/W2062798264","https://openalex.org/W2064966277","https://openalex.org/W2065572772","https://openalex.org/W2068780389","https://openalex.org/W2071628389","https://openalex.org/W2077338854","https://openalex.org/W2078559285","https://openalex.org/W2082000298","https://openalex.org/W2086937330","https://openalex.org/W2087430132","https://openalex.org/W2087544926","https://openalex.org/W2094652517","https://openalex.org/W2096859188","https://openalex.org/W2097953602","https://openalex.org/W2101483453","https://openalex.org/W2102461707","https://openalex.org/W2106073699","https://openalex.org/W2106790490","https://openalex.org/W2107016444","https://openalex.org/W2108218115","https://openalex.org/W2108336788","https://openalex.org/W2109285957","https://openalex.org/W2111868360","https://openalex.org/W2117212101","https://openalex.org/W2120400711","https://openalex.org/W2120668599","https://openalex.org/W2125143730","https://openalex.org/W2125147092","https://openalex.org/W2127045006","https://openalex.org/W2128148912","https://openalex.org/W2128318322","https://openalex.org/W2129723967","https://openalex.org/W2130661569","https://openalex.org/W2132416157","https://openalex.org/W2133197970","https://openalex.org/W2134459978","https://openalex.org/W2134601650","https://openalex.org/W2135516984","https://openalex.org/W2135957412","https://openalex.org/W2138304948","https://openalex.org/W2140630012","https://openalex.org/W2142067756","https://openalex.org/W2144967744","https://openalex.org/W2145173841","https://openalex.org/W2152775425","https://openalex.org/W2156887987","https://openalex.org/W2157481012","https://openalex.org/W2163248574","https://openalex.org/W2165403691","https://openalex.org/W2167763823","https://openalex.org/W2171479452","https://openalex.org/W2172865194","https://openalex.org/W2172924415","https://openalex.org/W2174306048","https://openalex.org/W2174395007","https://openalex.org/W2175122815","https://openalex.org/W2175402272","https://openalex.org/W2176474689","https://openalex.org/W2177605639","https://openalex.org/W2180155478","https://openalex.org/W2182272947","https://openalex.org/W2290584280","https://openalex.org/W2319973729","https://openalex.org/W2329413583","https://openalex.org/W2345185450","https://openalex.org/W2399128786","https://openalex.org/W2405188963","https://openalex.org/W2615515747","https://openalex.org/W3015459314","https://openalex.org/W4211179948","https://openalex.org/W4322697281","https://openalex.org/W4324262509","https://openalex.org/W6608838275","https://openalex.org/W6775325044"],"related_works":["https://openalex.org/W7096381978","https://openalex.org/W7095710172","https://openalex.org/W2414167594","https://openalex.org/W1868794145","https://openalex.org/W1977538191","https://openalex.org/W2102211721","https://openalex.org/W4408161645","https://openalex.org/W2016563525","https://openalex.org/W1969935656","https://openalex.org/W2049943486"],"abstract_inverted_index":{"West":[0,173,672,854,2717,5666],"Nile":[1,174,673,855,2718,5667],"virus":[2,40,85,92,175,298,384,414,584,674,681,782,833,856,926,1135,1829,2719,5399,5535,5578,5668],"(WNV)":[3,675],"was":[4,41,694,1106,1520,1683,2124,2204,2268,2307,2485,3033,3065,3397,3580,3783,4325,4367,4453,4465,4684,4705,5420,5427,5741],"introduced":[5,39,685,5415,5450],"into":[6,465,479,1137,2247,3842],"the":[7,38,94,124,199,223,235,249,254,259,272,286,294,297,303,348,380,389,406,455,461,476,546,549,576,583,596,631,654,677,755,761,832,846,850,878,898,903,906,925,929,932,936,981,1078,1100,1138,1141,1187,1284,1366,1397,1435,1467,1514,1593,1697,1828,1851,1872,1888,1891,1895,1941,1949,1963,1977,1997,2008,2021,2063,2086,2103,2231,2248,2258,2286,2295,2310,2330,2390,2415,2427,2430,2474,2480,2490,2647,2661,2669,2676,2681,2738,2741,2858,2881,2892,2899,2964,2996,3015,3021,3045,3070,3083,3107,3162,3186,3207,3220,3292,3302,3314,3335,3346,3400,3414,3546,3550,3564,3566,3574,3583,3589,3595,3634,3638,3677,3705,3728,3780,3877,3924,3927,3947,3976,4032,4050,4066,4071,4084,4089,4167,4211,4232,4291,4322,4416,4492,4515,4533,4586,4628,4640,4707,4727,4749,4788,4803,4885,4899,4927,4958,4964,4973,4983,4987,5017,5031,5044,5050,5097,5158,5279,5283,5293,5354,5364,5381,5395,5398,5414,5449,5505,5528,5534,5537,5564,5577,5593,5596,5611,5617,5626,5639,5642,5646,5655,5702,5737,5744,5765,5773,5776],"western":[8,1414,1436,3567,3590,5045,5067],"hemisphere":[9],"in":[10,21,48,50,93,123,181,183,237,248,258,285,293,302,339,428,468,475,482,527,636,676,760,772,845,849,867,940,1071,1165,1183,1192,1238,1255,1291,1379,1393,1431,1434,1485,1513,1522,1533,1552,1579,1656,1696,1721,2020,2195,2304,2438,2590,2631,2637,2673,2828,2848,2931,3020,3026,3073,3164,3212,3225,3243,3334,3361,3369,3394,3430,3442,3453,3461,3470,3484,3486,3504,3542,3563,3582,3588,3710,3722,3725,3743,3746,3754,3756,3761,3785,3855,3860,3904,3958,4003,4038,4057,4093,4143,4187,4197,4321,4331,4443,4618,4691,4756,4811,4872,5028,5043,5066,5187,5311,5430,5473,5495,5504,5511,5544,5550,5599,5635,5672,5680],"1999":[11,114],"near":[12],"New":[13],"York":[14],"City,":[15],"where":[16,565,1208,2445,3962,4761,4966,4976,5035],"it":[17,300,543,566,693,1337,1880,3248,3894,3969,4512,5467,5574,5585],"caused":[18,118,178,1129,5288],"substantial":[19,395,4329,4550],"mortality":[20,4330,5113,5205],"corvids":[22,4332,4652,5133,5165,5335],"and":[23,56,71,107,127,134,141,168,192,204,288,291,310,314,318,333,360,367,408,415,431,478,484,509,529,558,581,703,726,801,805,810,865,902,934,958,962,993,1015,1023,1039,1042,1051,1088,1094,1252,1257,1266,1289,1301,1343,1378,1381,1390,1408,1450,1478,1489,1496,1595,1599,1604,1611,1626,1693,1724,1752,1776,1781,1785,1920,1947,2047,2057,2082,2336,2342,2472,2500,2519,2560,2581,2612,2655,2678,2686,2700,2711,2728,2820,2834,2851,2870,2888,2918,3088,3104,3113,3133,3170,3205,3313,3356,3433,3445,3450,3467,3476,3571,3610,3680,3689,3694,3752,3758,3802,3821,3826,3873,3950,4010,4013,4076,4096,4117,4150,4172,4194,4242,4285,4300,4305,4333,4359,4394,4462,4485,4574,4595,4612,4655,4661,4678,4737,4758,4825,4844,4889,4911,4916,4945,5009,5070,5166,5204,5218,5251,5322,5349,5385,5391,5403,5433,5525,5558,5592,5621,5698,5718,5726,5729,5749,5775,5781],"a":[24,45,87,368,376,537,610,841,868,875,949,965,1131,1172,1226,1549,1559,1590,1644,1674,1868,1899,1937,1956,1971,1988,1991,2097,2117,2172,2176,2254,2291,2301,2326,2345,2349,2411,2613,2620,2653,2746,2932,3034,3148,3223,3236,3270,3288,3409,3718,4041,4118,4161,4252,4265,4472,4623,4730,4876,5107,5123,5161,5245,5423,5502,5541,5602,5673],"small":[25,1646,2934],"number":[26,150,5091,5565],"of":[27,132,151,188,194,196,201,256,296,329,347,350,371,405,410,412,435,454,460,539,548,600,623,633,642,668,671,716,720,729,757,763,795,820,852,877,880,900,905,931,968,1056,1077,1122,1157,1189,1201,1219,1287,1351,1368,1396,1413,1445,1516,1575,1592,1597,1601,1624,1629,1648,1687,1718,1761,1779,1814,1853,1874,1894,1944,1951,1959,1979,1993,2023,2054,2066,2088,2102,2131,2233,2260,2332,2339,2429,2476,2503,2550,2603,2671,2680,2740,2745,2761,2840,2891,2928,2936,2959,2963,3014,3028,3051,3076,3090,3106,3110,3188,3191,3209,3222,3258,3291,3327,3383,3437,3553,3573,3606,3633,3640,3642,3707,3727,3845,3865,3871,3881,3890,3900,3909,3929,3978,3991,4035,4044,4052,4061,4073,4078,4088,4091,4099,4136,4145,4153,4169,4213,4231,4234,4278,4290,4297,4319,4402,4405,4415,4419,4432,4438,4459,4494,4501,4531,4535,4539,4542,4552,4557,4589,4610,4639,4688,4729,4733,4838,4887,4905,4961,5002,5014,5030,5052,5058,5092,5099,5197,5241,5244,5273,5286,5292,5316,5324,5334,5346,5356,5368,5383,5397,5407,5417,5448,5566,5595,5613,5641,5648,5657,5661,5675,5704,5747,5764,5768,5772,5779],"human":[28,121,208,241,727,3983,4170,4188,5392],"cases":[29,122,131,189,4189],"(Nash":[30,4338],"et":[31,53,76,81,229,306,356,364,488,493,497,501,505,513,517,736,740,744,749,776,790,814,909,921,945,976,997,1008,1047,1066,1081,1085,1114,1150,1214,1246,1270,1305,1309,1313,1333,1346,1385,1401,1405,1418,1422,1440,1463,1493,1526,1538,1570,1616,1638,1702,1728,1733,1740,1744,1748,1756,1765,1769,1773,1789,1910,1967,2032,2036,2040,2044,2092,2139,2143,2147,2197,2212,2316,2371,2403,2609,2706,2905,2910,2973,2978,2983,2987,3005,3174,3178,3182,3275,3299,3305,3310,3317,3322,3338,3342,3374,3418,3456,3464,3473,3490,3508,3512,3523,3527,3620,3656,3660,3686,3731,3735,3739,3749,3769,3773,3810,3814,3830,3834,3938,4017,4021,4028,4104,4114,4125,4191,4204,4247,4339,4363,4427,4476,4561,4565,4571,4578,4601,4645,4744,4908,4922,4931,4993,5023,5145,5149,5221,5328,5443,5476,5480,5486,5521,5684],"al.":[32,54,77,82,230,307,357,365,489,494,498,502,506,514,518,737,741,745,750,777,791,815,910,922,946,977,998,1009,1048,1067,1082,1086,1115,1151,1215,1247,1271,1306,1310,1314,1334,1347,1386,1402,1406,1419,1423,1441,1464,1494,1527,1539,1571,1617,1639,1703,1729,1734,1741,1745,1749,1757,1766,1770,1774,1790,1911,1968,2033,2037,2041,2045,2093,2140,2144,2148,2198,2213,2317,2372,2404,2610,2707,2906,2911,2974,2979,2984,2988,3006,3175,3179,3183,3276,3300,3306,3311,3318,3323,3339,3343,3375,3419,3457,3465,3474,3491,3509,3513,3524,3528,3621,3657,3661,3687,3732,3736,3740,3750,3770,3774,3811,3815,3831,3835,3939,4018,4022,4029,4105,4115,4126,4192,4205,4248,4340,4364,4428,4477,4562,4566,4572,4579,4602,4646,4745,4909,4923,4932,4994,5024,5146,5150,5222,5329,5444,5477,5481,5487,5522,5685],"2001).":[33,4341],"Genetic":[34],"analysis":[35,1222,1470,2298],"showed":[36,1672],"that":[37,274,400,437,656,827,979,985,1120,1224,1475,1609,1673,1859,1870,1898,1902,1915,1981,2011,2068,2108,2123,2180,2236,2328,2378,2483,2569,2587,2627,2694,2967,3080,3122,3193,3218,3349,3381,3405,3599,3666,3853,3879,3926,3954,3996,4184,4222,4346,4373,4452,4706,4709,4719,4771,4791,4829,4901,4929,5120,5185,5295,5375,5426,5466,5531,5576,5735],"most":[42,390,963,2492,2882,2900,2969,2997,3866,3912,4085,5512],"similar":[43],"to":[44,115,158,234,536,541,545,570,652,663,708,753,780,859,970,1002,1030,1109,1127,1229,1262,1362,1487,1547,1652,1664,1708,1803,1835,1846,1862,1927,2002,2013,2018,2025,2270,2289,2409,2420,2645,2656,2667,2714,2750,2837,2854,2897,3002,3279,3424,3428,3480,3499,3534,3675,3896,3967,3999,4082,4132,4165,4201,4261,4311,4466,4584,4605,4635,4712,4722,4766,4794,4819,4826,4869,4883,4980,5076,5110,5127,5129,5190,5202,5213,5257,5264,5299,5307,5379,5458,5548,5632,5638,5678,5692,5700],"genotype":[46,5416,5425,5436,5451],"isolated":[47,587],"Israel":[49],"1998":[51],"(Lanciotti":[52],"1999),":[55],"more":[57,160,533,2954,3410,3532,5170,5179,5200,5469,5556,5582,5658],"virulent":[58,5583],"for":[59,65,138,220,253,609,874,1162,1356,1502,1566,1685,1715,1884,1907,1936,1970,1976,2004,2079,2100,2120,2175,2219,2294,2325,2383,2422,2457,2479,2622,2724,2832,2844,2886,3153,3413,3434,3615,3650,3683,3887,4175,4255,4276,4314,4518,4956,5040,5278,5492,5721,5732],"some":[60,891,1032,1319,2576,3124,3264,3354,3505,3840,3856,4108,4277,4403,4540,4696,5167,5195,5216],"bird":[61,419,848,1903,4336,4357,4592,4942],"species":[62,1156,1191,1231,1274,1360,1444,1481,1623,1628,1717,1760,1778,1938,1972,2107,2221,2327,2481,2496,2568,2625,2927,3109,3436,3551,3857,4337,4372,4425,4496,4504,4541,4642,4650,4708,4751,4790,4828,4864,5057,5080,5108,5169,5199,5217,5246,5294,5310],"(but":[63,3096],"not":[64,1178,1531,1545,2355,3009,3097,3195,3602,3859,4971,5498],"others)":[66],"than":[67,161,544,691,1145,1507,2179,2257,2386,2453,2605,2925,2956,3536,3724,3745,3760,4939,5042,5206,5225],"genotypes":[68],"from":[69,280,525,588,614,661,783,951,1134,1830,2128,2442,2497,2941,3012,3069,3129,3353,3426,3714,3763,4699,4724,4852,5063,5114,5536],"Kenya":[70],"Australia":[72],"(Kunjin":[73],"virus)":[74,1079],"(Brault":[75],"2004,":[78,170,312,358,362,442,746,1420,1640,3176,3812,4563,5478],"2007;":[79,1754,4026],"Langevin":[80],"2005).":[83,1116,1216,1248,1272,1348,1424,2912,3940,5445],"The":[84,148,251,421,680,697,1217,1249,1573,1659,1933,2547,2565,2629,2753,3215,4317,4399,4479,4648,4896,5446],"is":[86,156,373,532,857,1589,1860,1867,2053,2599,2709,2914,3228,3234,3249,3386,3408,3478,3613,4303,4497,4970,5122,5394,5455,5468,5509,5669],"plus-":[88],"sense":[89],"single-stranded":[90],"RNA":[91],"family":[95,2614],"Flaviviridae,":[96],"which":[97,700,1588,2071,2305,3074,3403,5408,5561],"also":[98,177,1324,1428,1510,3422,3629,4129,4368,5305],"includes":[99],"Japanese":[100,1043,2768],"encephalitis,":[101,104,133],"St.":[102,381,1040],"Louis":[103,382,1041],"yellow":[105],"fever,":[106],"dengue":[108],"fever":[109],"viruses":[110,1045],"(Hayes":[111],"1989).":[112],"From":[113],"2006,":[116,316,1737,1771,3180,3514,3733,3737],"WNV":[117,257,330,351,449,701,764,1021,1038,1163,1176,1636,1657,1908,2749,3213,3226,3482,3538,3555,3617,3684,3708,3931,3955,4004,4062,4092,4151,4202,4320,4409,4420,4439,4536,4553,4590,4611,4636,4716,4725,4762,4888,4906,4981,5036,5064,5100,5115,5130,5303,5384,5418,5649],"26,274":[119],"reported":[120],"United":[125,456,577,1398,1437,1699,3294,3568,3575,3591,3948,4629,5033,5046,5643],"States":[126,1399,1438,1700,3295,3592,3949,4630,5644],"Canada,":[128,469,579,3570],"including":[129,271,458,1037,1061,1447,3296,3439,4379,5314],"9,942":[130],"1,008":[135],"deaths":[136,197],"(Centers":[137],"Disease":[139,5770],"Control":[140],"Prevention":[142],"[CDC]":[143],"2007,":[144,5482],"Health":[145],"Canada":[146,3951],"2007).":[147,172,231,1169,1442,2989,3420,3974,3994,4030,4478,4647,4746,5330],"actual":[149,2064],"infections,":[152],"based":[153,628,2125,2205,2730,4739,5229],"on":[154,326,375,418,425,630,885,897,916,1099,1294,1299,1340,1365,1583,1668,1805,1987,2062,2126,2206,2235,2309,2360,2398,2426,2482,2731,2952,3042,3054,3082,3131,3156,3252,3282,3330,3371,3502,3585,3625,4240,4356,4370,4421,4537,4554,4591,4637,4726,4740,4894,5101,5215,5230,5389,5517,5616,5645,5654,5664],"serosurveys,":[155],"estimated":[157],"be":[159,571,860,1031,1110,1128,1263,1325,1363,1429,1498,1844,1882,2019,2060,2617,2635,2898,3120,3241,3280,3500,3653,4083,4251,4262,4272,4713,4767,4809,4866,4870,4926,4953,4997,5255,5300,5308,5337,5459,5499,5580,5633],"1.4":[162],"million,":[163],"with":[164,563,770,1020,1175,1635,2085,2300,2348,2467,2639,2675,2757,3059,3137,3231,3366,3670,3934,4210,4455,4471,4514,4777,4813,5132,5694],"\u223c280,000":[165],"illnesses":[166,244],"(Petersen":[167],"Hayes":[169,363],"CDC":[171,1641],"has":[176,277,323,397,567,585,626,649,702,2366,3008,3363,3379,4148,4182,4348],"widespread":[179,3778],"disease":[180,4176,4353,5705],"horses":[182],"North":[184,238,1166,1259,1376,1415,5068,5440],"America":[185,486,531,1167,1260,1377,1383,1416,5441],"(with":[186],"\u223c40%":[187],"being":[190,211,5134],"fatal)":[191],"tens":[193],"thousands":[195],"before":[198,2272,5584],"advent":[200],"vaccination":[202,4486],"(Hall":[203],"Khromykh":[205],"2004).":[206,751,1572,1791,4365,4429,4580],"Several":[207,3255,4546],"vaccines":[209],"are":[210,261,706,830,1013,1275,1279,1354,1544,1650,1796,1818,1930,2381,2763,2826,2895,2950,2968,3531,3673,3848,3997,4178,4309,4544,4764,4792,4881,5055,5181,5194,5282,5304,5409,5546,5707],"developed,":[212],"but":[213,263,710,1296,1359,1466,1529,1555,2200,2597,3391,3847,3858,4511,4695,5086,5461,5601],"so":[214,1472,1662,3645],"far":[215,1473,4851],"none":[216,819],"have":[217,245,267,342,605,683,765,823,1058,1159,1453,1509,1631,1712,1916,2109,2877,2921,3194,3262,3703,3884,3952,3964,4128,4156,4355,4440,4488,5174,5296,5362,5464],"been":[218,246,268,278,324,343,398,568,586,606,627,650,684,1059,1454,1511,1632,1713,2110,2367,2879,3010,3196,3364,3885,3965,4130,4157,4349,4441,5038,5297],"approved":[219],"use":[221],"by":[222,699,722,798,1130,1140,1146,1798,1808,2112,2222,2229,2239,2344,2961,3067,3253,3284,3388,3791,3850,3942,3982,3986,4328,4715,4857,4991,5021,5302,5339,5422,5453,5501,5743,5782],"Federal":[224],"Drug":[225],"Administration":[226],"(FDA)":[227],"(Kramer":[228],"In":[232,575,1026,1318,1541,1792,2947,4065,4107,4621,4747,4861,4985,5012,5262,5572],"contrast":[233],"situation":[236],"America,":[239],"few":[240,1227,3141,4068,5603],"or":[242,592,639,687,724,732,888,1181,1241,1329,1459,1807,1811,1826,1850,2362,2419,2573,3765,3907,4377,4447,4505,4780,4816,4821,5078,5082,5112,5234,5239,5247],"horse":[243],"observed":[247,3784,4442,4990,5020,5072],"tropics.":[250],"reasons":[252],"absence":[255,524,547],"tropics":[260,304],"unknown,":[262],"several":[264,344,433,473,480,1035,1945,3189,4334,4999,5270],"hypothetical":[265],"explanations":[266],"put":[269],"forth,":[270],"idea":[273],"protective":[275,4483],"immunity":[276],"conferred":[279],"other":[281,559,664,733,1302,1357,1479,1490,1506,2755,3134,3431,4335,4360,4445,4693,4700,4789,4890,5168],"circulating":[282,572],"flaviviruses,":[283,1036],"differences":[284,292,3903],"avian-host":[287],"mosquito-vector":[289],"communities,":[290],"virulence":[295,5494,5545,5591],"when":[299,692,4775],"circulates":[301],"(Tesh":[305,1046],"2002,":[308,1049,2907,2975,3319],"Weaver":[309,359],"Barrett":[311,361],"Fang":[313,1050,5524],"Reisen":[315,748,1024,1052,1732,1751,2035,3177,3526,3738,3809,5148,5526,5728],"Komar":[317,508,975,996,1786,1966,2196,5731],"Clark":[319,510,1739],"2006).":[320,1010,1025,1053,2405,3324,3775,3836,5152],"Substantial":[321,5629],"research":[322,436,3155,3624,5274,5615],"done":[325,399,2308,2368,3581,4913,5634],"many":[327,2926,4836],"aspects":[328],"virology,":[331],"ecology,":[332],"public":[334,4141],"health":[335,3944,4154,4307,5393],"since":[336,388,4345],"its":[337,416,447,2266,5387,5401,5404,5619,5622],"introduction":[338,4072,4318],"1999.":[340],"There":[341,4683],"recent":[345,391,611,2375,3256,4624,5681],"reviews":[346,392],"ecology":[349,409,5382,5647],"transmission":[352,411,625,1057,1064,1070,1091,1112,1148,1180,1184,1194,1244,1486,1515,1519,1554,1581,3618,3921,3956,4005,4039,4102,5003],"(Komar":[353,1065,1727,1909,2315,2370,3274,3522,3748,3768,3829,3937,4570,5144,5520],"2003,":[354,490,1403,1730,1787,3525,3658,4597,4599,4918,4920,5523],"Marra":[355,804],"2005),":[366,1387,1465,2373,3751,4567,4573],"large":[369,1292,4059,5271],"body":[370],"literature":[372],"available":[374,1369,2431,3597],"closely":[377],"related":[378],"virus,":[379,550,5618],"encephalitis":[383,1044],"(Monath":[385],"1980).":[386],"However,":[387,594,1170,2050,3975,4581,5153],"were":[393,1482,2396,2407,2450,2570,2846,2852,4207,4374,4697,4710,4717,4720,4752,4968,4978,5026],"published,":[394],"work":[396,2376,3378,3579,3716,4181,5630,5740],"greatly":[401],"increases":[402,2083,5543],"our":[403,3543,5377],"understanding":[404,3616],"distribution":[407],"this":[413,952,2051,2201,2488,3477,3611,3715,4223,4352,5015,5154,5434,5609],"effect":[417,4351,4418],"populations.":[420,5103],"present":[422,5039],"review":[423],"focuses":[424],"insights":[426],"gained":[427],"these":[429,553,821,1123,1649,1669,1793,2279,2584,2942,2957,3487,4279,4315,4823,5260,5695],"areas":[430,434,1433,3152,3506,4760,4850,5029,5272],"highlights":[432,5610],"require":[438,839,4831],"immediate":[439,4832],"attention.":[440,4834],"By":[441],"just":[443,3023,5670],"five":[444,1691,2498,2556],"years":[445,689,4069,5001,5682],"after":[446,1004,1838,1985,2136,4070,5570],"introduction,":[448],"had":[450,2253,5004,5037],"spread":[451,705,762,5438,5706],"throughout":[452,470,3946,5439,5625],"much":[453,1412,2953],"States,":[457,578,3569,5034],"47":[459],"48":[462],"lower":[463,2397,2923,5088,5332,5344],"states,":[464],"9":[466,3091],"provinces":[467],"Mexico,":[471,580,601],"onto":[472],"islands":[474],"Caribbean,":[477],"countries":[481,526,554,564,5637],"Central":[483,528,1380],"South":[485,530,1382],"(Dupuis":[487],"2005;":[491,499,503,1731,2908],"Estrada-Franco":[492],"2003;":[495,742,5147],"Cruz":[496],"Mattar":[500],"Farfan-Ale":[504],"2006;":[507,511,515,1742,1746,1750,2985],"Morales":[512],"Bosch":[516],"2007)":[519,3515,4206,4910,5223],"(Fig.":[520,573,2545,2945,3037,3116],"1).":[521,574],"Its":[522],"apparent":[523],"likely":[534,711,1651,1861,3411,3479,3533,3998,4793,5410,5547],"attributable":[535],"lack":[538],"effort":[540],"detect":[542,3968],"because":[551,1336,1561,2374,2915,3235,4963,4998,5510],"all":[552,956,2594,2696,2701,2829,3915,3960,4229,4753,5259,5406,5600,5608],"share":[555],"migratory":[556,773,786,828],"birds":[557,638,759,771,784,796,829,866,957,984,1295,1342,1625,1720,2504,2604,2949,3172,3192,3427,3755,3762,3880,3916,4080,4147,4470,4543,4839,4967,5059,5496],"pathways":[560,698],"(see":[561,872,2643],"below)":[562],"shown":[569,2827,3380,3953,4183,5298,5465],"Argentina,":[582],"mosquitoes,":[589,730,1446,3644],"birds,":[590,714,718,731,2725,2929,3111,3875],"humans,":[591,4241],"horses.":[593,640],"within":[595,2606,2626],"tropical":[597],"latitudes":[598],"south":[599,3572,5640],"no":[602,3392,4434,4685,5360],"viral":[603,1580],"isolates":[604],"obtained":[607],"except":[608],"(2007)":[612,4933,4995,5025],"isolate":[613,781],"Puerto":[615],"Rico":[616],"(L.":[617],"D.":[618,919,5484],"Kramer":[619,920,5485],"pers.":[620],"comm.).":[621],"Evidence":[622],"local":[624,1193,4555,4814,4959],"primarily":[629,862],"presence":[632,4090],"WNV-specific":[634],"antibodies":[635,659,1000,1012,3709,3932],"resident":[637],"Comparison":[641],"antibody":[643],"titres":[644,2314,2456,2469],"using":[645,2857],"plaque-reduction":[646],"neutralization":[647],"assays":[648],"used":[651,1845,2116,2181,2618,4131,4273,4810,4934],"exclude":[653],"possibility":[655],"WNV-":[657,4214,5287],"neutralizing":[658],"resulted":[660],"exposure":[662,3846,3908,4200],"cross-reacting":[665],"flaviviruses.":[666],"Year":[667],"first":[669,695,2223,2391,4067],"detection":[670],"Western":[678,2511,4323,5627,5689],"Hemisphere.":[679,5628],"may":[682,893,927,1074,1323,1427,1556,2712,4487,4785,4830,4865,4925,4952,4996,5336,5352,5497],"months":[686],"even":[688,1499,4295],"earlier":[690,4914],"detected":[696,3398,4871,5429],"will":[704,1904,1982,3240,5074,5079,5254],"difficult":[707,3895],"determine":[709,754,2646,3676,3897,4585,4884],"include":[712,1371,3159,3545,3630,3717,3869,4006],"migrating":[713,758],"dispersal":[715,5355],"nonmigratory":[717],"movement":[719],"mosquitoes":[721,864,883,1072,1096,1125,1158,1508,1689,1802,1980,2016,2067,2132,2890,2938,2962,3052,3125,4230,5211,5474],"flight":[723],"wind,":[725],"transport":[728],"animals":[734,1795,1824,2960,4361,4481],"(Rappole":[735],"2000;":[738],"Peterson":[739],"Kilpatrick":[743,1213,1312,2909,2977,3659,4020,4246],"2006b;":[747],"Efforts":[752],"role":[756,879,1551,3208,3221,4051],"included":[766,2465,2495,2555,2575,4651],"laboratory":[767,4741,4782,5250],"infection":[768,1121,1164,1706,2672,2733,2839,4783,5141],"studies":[769,822,1707,2130,3022,3257,3665,3702,3838,3868,3913,4548,4818,5361,5463],"condition":[774],"(Owen":[775],"2006),":[778,3741],"efforts":[779,812,3963],"during":[785,2389,3147,4982],"periods":[787,1568,1919],"(R.":[788],"McLean":[789],"unpubl.":[792,808,923,2874,5488],"data),":[793,809,924],"sampling":[794],"killed":[797],"communication":[799],"towers":[800],"skyscrapers":[802],"(P.":[803],"A.":[806],"DuPuis":[807],"modeling":[811],"(Peterson":[813],"2003).":[816,1912,2318,4106],"So":[817],"far,":[818,1663],"provided":[824,4411],"conclusive":[825],"evidence":[826,837,1118,4687],"transporting":[831],"long":[834,1567,1917],"distances.":[835],"Definitive":[836],"would":[838,1497,3056,4354,5562,5586],"tracking":[840],"known":[842,4765,5306],"viremic":[843,889,966,1892,1918,2287,3047,3084],"(virus":[844],"blood)":[847],"process":[851],"migration.":[853],"believed":[858,1108,1361,1546,2896],"transmitted":[861],"between":[863,990,1092,1608,2414,2601,3166,4898,5006,5590],"bird-to-mosquito-":[869],"to-bird":[870],"cycle":[871],"below":[873,2473],"discussion":[876],"mammals).":[881],"When":[882],"feed":[884,1290,1804,5214],"an":[886,941,1221,1326,1809,1856,1875,1885,1974,2225,2251,2323,2623,2758,3367,3919,4094,4097,4412,4422,5783],"infected":[887,1093,1142,1174,1565,1634,1797,1857,1876,2971,3095,3128,4215],"bird,":[890],"fraction":[892,1852,1978,2065,2935],"become":[894,960,1863,1905,1983,2069,3057,3127,3142],"infected,":[895,961],"depending":[896,2359],"magnitude":[899,3992],"viremia":[901,1133,1598,2010,2090,2178,2255,2313,2341,2455,2463,2468,5724],"susceptibility":[904,4493,4738,5128,5189],"mosquito":[907,933,943,1173,1198,1613,1900,2006,2363,2384,3259,3401,3586,3668,4007,4063,4235,4298],"(Turell":[908,944,1384,1462,2138,2211,2904],"2002).":[911,947],"After":[912,4528],"1\u201314":[913],"days":[914,972,991,1837,2399,5518],"(depending":[915],"temperature;":[917],"L.":[918,5483],"escape":[928],"midgut":[930],"infect":[935],"salivary":[937],"glands,":[938],"resulting":[939,2930],"infectious":[942,953,1801,1906,1984,2151,2184,2940,3058,3087,3143,4892,5506,5597],"Following":[948],"bite":[950],"mosquito,":[954,1143,3438],"nearly":[955,1089,3959],"mammals":[959,1303,1344,1491,1630,1763,3100,3132,3429],"exhibit":[964],"period":[967,2288],"one":[969,1782,1834,2435,5671],"seven":[971,1836],"(occasionally":[973],"longer;":[974],"2003)":[978,1969,4127],"completes":[980],"cycle.":[982],"For":[983,1878,2990,5412],"survive":[986],"(death":[987],"usually":[988,5515],"occurs":[989,3957,5516],"4":[992,1006],"8":[994],"postinfection;":[995],"2003),":[999,1068,2199,3277,3475],"begin":[1001],"appear":[1003,1261,2001,3278,3498],"day":[1005,2237,2484],"(Styer":[1007,2402],"These":[1011,1273,1840,2689],"long-lasting":[1014],"confer":[1016],"protection":[1017],"against":[1018,1034],"re-infection":[1019],"(Fang":[1022],"addition,":[1027,2948,4748,4862,4986],"there":[1028,5054,5121,5182],"appears":[1029,1126,2017,3423,5575],"cross-protection":[1033],"Other":[1054,1443,3862],"modes":[1055],"demonstrated,":[1060],"direct":[1062],"bird-to-bird":[1063,1503],"vertical":[1069],"(that":[1073],"facilitate":[1075],"overwintering":[1076],"(Nasci":[1080],"2001,":[1083,2034,3832],"Dohm":[1084,2142],"2002b),":[1087],"instantaneous":[1090],"uninfected":[1095],"simultaneously":[1097],"feeding":[1098,1205,1986,2137,2641,3053,3130,3260,3326,3362,3370,3382,3415,3547,3587,3627,3646,3669,4238,5228],"same":[1101,3071,3347,4974,5529],"host.":[1102,1877],"This":[1103,2169,2297,2664,2913,3039,3061,3233,3359,3892,4220,4499,4769,5048,5508,5739],"last":[1104],"mode":[1105],"originally":[1107],"nonviremic":[1111,1147],"(Higgs":[1113],"Recent":[1117,3377],"suggests":[1119,2377,3404,4221,4770],"cofeeding":[1124],"transient":[1132],"injected":[1136],"host":[1139,1578,1610,1710,1848,1858,1960,1989,1994,2089,2440,2683,2720,2747,3157,3210,3224,3239,3273,3406,3608,4009,5552,5604],"rather":[1144,2452,4938,5224],"(Reisen":[1149,1417,1537],"2007b).":[1152],"At":[1153,5358],"least":[1154,3988],"62":[1155],"tested":[1160],"positive":[1161],"(CDC":[1168,3993],"finding":[1171],"does":[1177,4049],"imply":[1179],"importance":[1182,1188,1353,1574,5612],"dynamics.":[1185],"Determining":[1186],"each":[1190,1233,1576,1952,2101,2220,2241,2333,2458,5198],"requires":[1195,1973,4524],"quantitatively":[1196,1665],"integrating":[1197],"abundance,":[1199,4008,4236],"prevalence":[1200,1286,2670,4301],"infection,":[1202,1288,2477],"vector":[1203,1331,1352,3626,4011,4244,4283],"competence,":[1204,1587,4012],"behavior":[1206,3261,4015],"and,":[1207,4522],"possible,":[1209],"longevity":[1210],"(Reeves":[1211],"1965,":[1212],"results":[1218],"such":[1220,2659,3698,4801],"suggest":[1223,2586],"only":[1225,1468,1643,1660,2207,2446,3049,3246,5456],"(one":[1228],"three)":[1230],"at":[1232,2073,2075,2134,2593,2652,3345,3549,3598,3637,3987,5087,5471],"site":[1234,2654],"play":[1235,1548,1653],"important":[1236,1327,1364,1430,1501,1654,2883,2901,3242,5309],"roles":[1237,1655],"enzootic":[1239,1251,1553,2902],"(bird-to-bird)":[1240],"epidemic":[1242],"(bird-to-human)":[1243],"(Kilpatrick":[1245,1269,1345,1492,1701,2608,3304,3337,3373,3417,3489,3507,3619,3685,4190,4520,5683],"primary":[1250],"epizootic":[1253,1328,1458],"vectors":[1254,1461,1614,1854,2674,2903,3556,4763],"northeast":[1256,3315],"north-central":[1258],"Culex":[1264,1425,2751,2894,2966,3017],"pipiens":[1265,1426,2081,2122,3093,3286,3329,3385,3452],"Cx.":[1267,1321,1372,1388,1391,2080,2121,3092,3285,3328,3384,3440,3448,3451,3459,3468,3559,3561],"restuans":[1268],"often":[1276],"relatively":[1277,1483,1676,3519],"abundant,":[1278],"moderately":[1280,2552,3271],"competent,":[1281],"frequently":[1282,1339,2955,2970,3250,3283,3503],"show":[1283,5119],"highest":[1285,3781],"part":[1293,5763],"also,":[1297],"sometimes,":[1298],"humans":[1300,1488,3372,3485],"(Bernard":[1304],"2001;":[1307],"Andreadis":[1308],"2004;":[1311,2976,3320,4019],"2005,":[1315,3771,4023],"2006c,":[1316,2980,3307,4024],"d).":[1317],"locations,":[1320],"salinarius":[1322],"bridge":[1330,1460],"(Andreadis":[1332],"2004),":[1335,3816],"feeds":[1338],"both":[1341,2470,4495],"Quantitative":[1349],"analyses":[1350,5008],"lacking":[1355],"regions,":[1358],"basis":[1367,2428,4728],"data":[1370,1667,1841,2127,2209,2444,2585,2630,2642,2691,3068,3672,4302,4951,5118],"quinquefasciatus":[1373],"across":[1374,1411,1690,2274,2285,3287,4228,4274,4627],"southern":[1375],"nigripalpus":[1389,3441],"erraticus":[1392,3469],"southeastern":[1394],"parts":[1395],"(Blackmore":[1400],"Cupp":[1404],"2007),":[1407,1642,1775,3007,3301,3312],"C.":[1409],"tarsalis":[1410,3449,3460],"Turell":[1421,2043],"urban":[1432,1694,3355,3757,4757,4848],"(Bolling":[1439],"Aedes":[1448],"albopictus":[1449],"Ae.":[1451,1476,3078],"vexans,":[1452],"proposed":[1455],"as":[1456,1558,1887,1990,2365,2619,2660,2698,2703,3699,3980,4048,4431,4802,4975,5651,5653,5762],"potential":[1457,3692,3695,5365],"quantitative":[1469],"performed":[1471],"suggested":[1474],"vexans":[1477],"non-Culex":[1480],"unimportant":[1484],"2005)":[1495,1528,4249],"less":[1500,2256,4954],"transmission.":[1504,1658,4137],"Vectors":[1505],"considered":[1512,2880],"WNV.":[1517,3060],"Laboratory":[1518,1705],"demonstrated":[1521],"soft":[1523],"ticks":[1524,1536,1543],"(Hutcheson":[1525],"did":[1530,2354,3601],"occur":[1532,3854,5077],"hard":[1534],"ixodid":[1535],"2007a).":[1540],"general,":[1542],"major":[1550,4042],"act":[1557],"reservoir,":[1560],"they":[1562,2395,3530,5173],"can":[1563,1842,1881,2634,3126,3145,3652,4271,4808],"remain":[1564,4854,5095,5275],"(Lawrie":[1569],"vertebrate":[1577,2106,2682,3135,5623],"depends":[1582],"(1)":[1584,3161,3721],"host-":[1585],"reservoir":[1586,2650],"function":[1591,1992,5177],"intensity":[1594,3977],"duration":[1596],"survival":[1600],"WNV-infected":[1602],"birds;":[1603],"(2)":[1605,3185,3742],"contact":[1606,3229],"rates":[1607],"competent":[1612,2493,2553,2572,2699,2998,3238,3272],"(Hammon":[1615],"1943,":[1618],"Scott":[1619],"1988).":[1620],"Although":[1621,1996,3577],"\u2265317":[1622],"\u226530":[1627],"found":[1633,4614,4631,4711,4902],"(Marra":[1637,4362],"very":[1645,2933,3140],"subset":[1647],"analysis,":[1661],"integrate":[1666,3667],"two":[1670,2208,2416,2501,3989],"factors":[1671,4054],"single":[1675,2346,2412,4266],"uncommon":[1677],"species,":[1678,2007,3609,3779,4694,5513]},"counts_by_year":[{"year":2026,"cited_by_count":19},{"year":2025,"cited_by_count":15},{"year":2024,"cited_by_count":13},{"year":2023,"cited_by_count":15},{"year":2022,"cited_by_count":9},{"year":2021,"cited_by_count":9},{"year":2020,"cited_by_count":12},{"year":2019,"cited_by_count":10},{"year":2018,"cited_by_count":7},{"year":2017,"cited_by_count":12},{"year":2016,"cited_by_count":14},{"year":2015,"cited_by_count":10},{"year":2014,"cited_by_count":13},{"year":2013,"cited_by_count":22},{"year":2012,"cited_by_count":13}],"updated_date":"2026-11-10T11:39:43.021295","created_date":"2016-06-24T00:00:00"}