{"id":"https://openalex.org/W21778","doi":null,"title":"Mendelian Randomization: Genetic Variants as Instruments for Strengthening Causal Inference in Observational Studies","display_name":"Mendelian Randomization: Genetic Variants as Instruments for Strengthening Causal Inference in Observational Studies","publication_year":2008,"publication_date":"2008-01-01","ids":{"openalex":"https://openalex.org/W21778","mag":"21778"},"language":"en","primary_location":{"id":"mag:21778","doi":null,"is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK62433/","pdf_url":null,"source":null,"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":null,"is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":null,"raw_type":null},"volume":null,"type":"article","is_traditional":true,"indexed_in":[],"open_access":{"is_oa":false,"oa_status":"closed","oa_url":null,"any_repository_has_fulltext":false},"authorships":[{"author_position":"first","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5013184354","display_name":"George Davey Smith","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-1407-8314","observed_orcids":["https://orcid.org/0000-0002-1407-8314"]},"institutions":[],"countries":[],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"George Davey Smith","raw_affiliation_strings":[],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-1407-8314","affiliations":[]},{"author_position":"last","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5060634423","display_name":"Shah B J Ebrahim","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-9438-1438","observed_orcids":["https://orcid.org/0000-0001-9438-1438","https://orcid.org/0000-0003-3901-7160"]},"institutions":[],"countries":[],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Shah Ebrahim","raw_affiliation_strings":[],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-9438-1438","affiliations":[]}],"institutions":[],"countries_distinct_count":0,"institutions_distinct_count":0,"corresponding_author_ids":[],"corresponding_institution_ids":[],"apc_list":null,"apc_paid":null,"fwci":2.4285,"has_fulltext":false,"cited_by_count":50,"citation_normalized_percentile":{"value":0.89139878,"is_in_top_1_percent":false,"is_in_top_10_percent":false},"cited_by_percentile_year":{"min":89,"max":99},"biblio":{"volume":null,"issue":null,"first_page":null,"last_page":null},"is_retracted":false,"is_paratext":false,"is_xpac":false,"primary_topic":{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10845","display_name":"Advanced Causal Inference Techniques","score":0.6190999746322632,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2613","display_name":"Statistics and Probability"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/26","display_name":"Mathematics"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},"topics":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10845","display_name":"Advanced Causal Inference Techniques","score":0.6190999746322632,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2613","display_name":"Statistics and Probability"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/26","display_name":"Mathematics"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10261","display_name":"Genetic Associations and Epidemiology","score":0.36500000953674316,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1311","display_name":"Genetics"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/13","display_name":"Biochemistry, Genetics and Molecular Biology"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/1","display_name":"Life Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10206","display_name":"Meta-analysis and systematic reviews","score":0.0007999999797903001,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1804","display_name":"Statistics, Probability and Uncertainty"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/18","display_name":"Decision Sciences"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/2","display_name":"Social Sciences"}}],"keywords":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/mendelian-randomization","display_name":"Mendelian randomization","score":0.996999979019165},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/causal-inference","display_name":"causal inference","score":0.9819999933242798},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/observational-studies","display_name":"observational studies","score":0.9869999885559082},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/confounding","display_name":"confounding","score":0.5680000185966492},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/causal-effect-estimation","display_name":"causal effect estimation","score":0.6299999952316284}],"concepts":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2779901538","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q6816584","display_name":"Mendelian randomization","level":5,"score":0.9314755201339722},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C23131810","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q818574","display_name":"Observational study","level":2,"score":0.7657896280288696},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C158600405","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q5054566","display_name":"Causal inference","level":2,"score":0.7026215195655823},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2776214188","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q408386","display_name":"Inference","level":2,"score":0.5485294461250305},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C41008148","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q21198","display_name":"Computer science","level":0,"score":0.3711368441581726},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C149782125","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q160039","display_name":"Econometrics","level":1,"score":0.36532002687454224},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C54355233","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7162","display_name":"Genetics","level":1,"score":0.31688207387924194},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C86803240","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q420","display_name":"Biology","level":0,"score":0.2927021086215973},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C105795698","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q12483","display_name":"Statistics","level":1,"score":0.2899656891822815},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C154945302","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11660","display_name":"Artificial intelligence","level":1,"score":0.2549806237220764},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2993967602","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q5532932","display_name":"Genetic variants","level":4,"score":0.23834306001663208},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C33923547","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q395","display_name":"Mathematics","level":0,"score":0.2374621331691742},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C104317684","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7187","display_name":"Gene","level":2,"score":0.16282686591148376},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C135763542","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q106016","display_name":"Genotype","level":3,"score":0.0}],"mesh":[],"locations_count":1,"locations":[{"id":"mag:21778","doi":null,"is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK62433/","pdf_url":null,"source":null,"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":null,"is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":null,"raw_type":null}],"best_oa_location":null,"sustainable_development_goals":[{"display_name":"Good health and well-being","id":"https://metadata.un.org/sdg/3","score":0.766700029373169}],"study_designs":[],"awards":[],"funders":[],"has_content":{"pdf":false,"grobid_xml":false},"content_urls":null,"referenced_works_count":0,"referenced_works":[],"related_works":["https://openalex.org/W2265323208","https://openalex.org/W2884028796","https://openalex.org/W6908669037","https://openalex.org/W7098524697","https://openalex.org/W2444438815","https://openalex.org/W1972268032","https://openalex.org/W4415673776","https://openalex.org/W6960022301","https://openalex.org/W7096794542","https://openalex.org/W7097862464"],"abstract_inverted_index":null,"counts_by_year":[{"year":2026,"cited_by_count":1},{"year":2025,"cited_by_count":1},{"year":2024,"cited_by_count":4},{"year":2022,"cited_by_count":3},{"year":2021,"cited_by_count":10},{"year":2020,"cited_by_count":4},{"year":2019,"cited_by_count":4},{"year":2018,"cited_by_count":6},{"year":2017,"cited_by_count":3},{"year":2016,"cited_by_count":1},{"year":2015,"cited_by_count":1},{"year":2014,"cited_by_count":2}],"updated_date":"2026-11-04T10:54:05.112534","created_date":"2016-06-24T00:00:00"}
