{"id":"https://openalex.org/W2176157247","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1117/12.266269","title":"System tuning for x-ray scatter measurements in explosive detection","display_name":"System tuning for x-ray scatter measurements in explosive detection","publication_year":1997,"publication_date":"1997-02-06","ids":{"openalex":"https://openalex.org/W2176157247","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1117/12.266269","mag":"2176157247"},"language":"en","primary_location":{"id":"doi:10.1117/12.266269","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1117/12.266269","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1117/12.266269","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S183492911","display_name":"Proceedings of SPIE, the International Society for Optical Engineering/Proceedings of SPIE","issn_l":"0277-786X","issn":["0277-786X","1996-756X"],"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":true,"listed_in":["cwts-core","norway-1"],"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310315543","host_organization_name":"SPIE","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310315543"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["SPIE"],"type":"journal"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"SPIE Proceedings","raw_type":"proceedings-article"},"volume":null,"type":"conference-paper","is_traditional":true,"indexed_in":["crossref"],"open_access":{"is_oa":false,"oa_status":"closed","oa_url":null,"any_repository_has_fulltext":false},"authorships":[{"author_position":"first","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5012888354","display_name":"Robert D. Speller","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-7080-6622","observed_orcids":["https://orcid.org/0000-0001-7080-6622"]},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I45129253","display_name":"University College London","ror":"https://ror.org/02jx3x895","country_code":"GB","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I124357947","https://openalex.org/I45129253"]}],"countries":["GB"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Robert D. Speller","raw_affiliation_strings":["Univ. College London (United Kingdom)"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Univ. College London (United Kingdom)","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I45129253"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5108538857","display_name":"Catharine Helen Malden","orcid":null,"observed_orcids":[]},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I45129253","display_name":"University College London","ror":"https://ror.org/02jx3x895","country_code":"GB","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I124357947","https://openalex.org/I45129253"]}],"countries":["GB"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Catharine Malden","raw_affiliation_strings":["Univ. College London (United Kingdom)"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Univ. College London (United Kingdom)","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I45129253"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5037216035","display_name":"Evelyn Ng","orcid":null,"observed_orcids":[]},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I45129253","display_name":"University College London","ror":"https://ror.org/02jx3x895","country_code":"GB","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I124357947","https://openalex.org/I45129253"]}],"countries":["GB"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Evelyn Ng","raw_affiliation_strings":["Univ. College London (United Kingdom)"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Univ. College London (United Kingdom)","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I45129253"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5109938075","display_name":"Julie A. Horrocks","orcid":null,"observed_orcids":[]},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I1307195382","display_name":"St Bartholomew's Hospital","ror":"https://ror.org/00nh9x179","country_code":"GB","type":"healthcare","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I1307195382","https://openalex.org/I225661044"]}],"countries":["GB"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Julie A. Horrocks","raw_affiliation_strings":["St. Bartholomew's Hospital (United Kingdom)"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"St. Bartholomew's Hospital (United Kingdom)","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I1307195382"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5081023030","display_name":"Russell D. Luggar","orcid":null,"observed_orcids":[]},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I1307195382","display_name":"St Bartholomew's Hospital","ror":"https://ror.org/00nh9x179","country_code":"GB","type":"healthcare","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I1307195382","https://openalex.org/I225661044"]}],"countries":["GB"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Russell D. Luggar","raw_affiliation_strings":["St. Bartholomew's Hospital (United Kingdom)"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"St. Bartholomew's Hospital (United Kingdom)","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I1307195382"]}]},{"author_position":"last","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5044137245","display_name":"Richard J. Lacey","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-4466-6133","observed_orcids":["https://orcid.org/0000-0002-4466-6133"]},"institutions":[],"countries":[],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Richard J. Lacey","raw_affiliation_strings":["Police Science Development Branch (United Kingdom)"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Police Science Development Branch (United Kingdom)","institution_ids":[]}]}],"institutions":[],"countries_distinct_count":1,"institutions_distinct_count":2,"corresponding_author_ids":[],"corresponding_institution_ids":[],"apc_list":null,"apc_paid":null,"fwci":2.7065,"has_fulltext":false,"cited_by_count":3,"citation_normalized_percentile":{"value":0.85513078,"is_in_top_1_percent":false,"is_in_top_10_percent":false},"cited_by_percentile_year":null,"biblio":{"volume":"2936","issue":null,"first_page":"191","last_page":"200"},"is_retracted":false,"is_paratext":false,"is_xpac":false,"primary_topic":{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11216","display_name":"Radiation Detection and Scintillator Technologies","score":0.3246999979019165,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/3108","display_name":"Radiation"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/31","display_name":"Physics and Astronomy"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},"topics":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11216","display_name":"Radiation Detection and Scintillator Technologies","score":0.3246999979019165,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/3108","display_name":"Radiation"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/31","display_name":"Physics and Astronomy"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T12386","display_name":"Advanced X-ray and CT Imaging","score":0.24500000476837158,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2204","display_name":"Biomedical Engineering"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/22","display_name":"Engineering"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11637","display_name":"Advanced Semiconductor Detectors and Materials","score":0.13750000298023224,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2208","display_name":"Electrical and Electronic Engineering"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/22","display_name":"Engineering"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}}],"keywords":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/explosives-detection","display_name":"explosives detection","score":0.8600000143051147},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/x-ray-scattering","display_name":"X-ray scattering","score":0.7710000276565552},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/multivariate-spectral-analysis","display_name":"multivariate spectral analysis","score":0.7279999852180481},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/information-density","display_name":"information density","score":0.36399999260902405}],"concepts":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/C154238967","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q12870","display_name":"Explosive material","level":2,"score":0.9396475553512573},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2779461545","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q5421441","display_name":"Explosive detection","level":3,"score":0.7123361825942993},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C94915269","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1834857","display_name":"Detector","level":2,"score":0.5961493849754333},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C41008148","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q21198","display_name":"Computer science","level":0,"score":0.5125072002410889},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C126042441","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1324888","display_name":"Frame (networking)","level":2,"score":0.44315794110298157},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C153385146","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q18335","display_name":"Radiation","level":2,"score":0.43445754051208496},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C186370098","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q442787","display_name":"Energy (signal processing)","level":2,"score":0.4314541220664978},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C121332964","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q413","display_name":"Physics","level":0,"score":0.3734854459762573},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C120665830","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q14620","display_name":"Optics","level":1,"score":0.32833361625671387},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C205649164","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1071","display_name":"Geography","level":0,"score":0.11825507879257202},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C76155785","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q418","display_name":"Telecommunications","level":1,"score":0.08714461326599121},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C166957645","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q23498","display_name":"Archaeology","level":1,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C62520636","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q944","display_name":"Quantum mechanics","level":1,"score":0.0}],"mesh":[],"locations_count":1,"locations":[{"id":"doi:10.1117/12.266269","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1117/12.266269","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1117/12.266269","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S183492911","display_name":"Proceedings of SPIE, the International Society for Optical Engineering/Proceedings of SPIE","issn_l":"0277-786X","issn":["0277-786X","1996-756X"],"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":true,"listed_in":["cwts-core","norway-1"],"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310315543","host_organization_name":"SPIE","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310315543"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["SPIE"],"type":"journal"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"SPIE Proceedings","raw_type":"proceedings-article"}],"best_oa_location":null,"sustainable_development_goals":[],"study_designs":[],"awards":[],"funders":[],"has_content":{"pdf":false,"grobid_xml":false},"content_urls":null,"referenced_works_count":0,"referenced_works":[],"related_works":["https://openalex.org/W2071372110","https://openalex.org/W2576329595","https://openalex.org/W2133954480","https://openalex.org/W7037102970","https://openalex.org/W2047393793","https://openalex.org/W2077715364","https://openalex.org/W7051679696","https://openalex.org/W7020924827","https://openalex.org/W2103183931","https://openalex.org/W2038802911"],"abstract_inverted_index":{"The":[0,39,69,106],"use":[1,45],"of":[2,8,24,42,87],"scattered":[3],"radiation":[4],"in":[5,48,84],"the":[6,21,49,77,80,85],"production":[7],"signatures":[9],"for":[10],"explosive":[11,89],"detection":[12],"has":[13,29,99,108],"been":[14,18,74,91,100,109],"studied.":[15],"Signatures":[16],"have":[17,63,73,90],"measured":[19],"and":[20,76],"spectral":[22],"analysis":[23],"these":[25,60,104],"using":[26],"multivariate":[27],"statistics":[28],"demonstrated":[30],"that":[31],"explosives":[32,113],"within":[33,115],"realistic":[34,116],"environments":[35],"can":[36],"be":[37],"recognized.":[38],"problem":[40],"remains":[41],"how":[43],"to":[44,102,111],"this":[46],"information":[47,82],"time":[50],"frame":[51],"allowed":[52],"by":[53],"airport":[54],"baggage":[55],"security":[56],"checks.":[57],"To":[58],"address":[59],"problems":[61],"we":[62],"developed":[64],"a":[65],"'tuned'":[66],"system":[67],"approach.":[68],"energy-angle":[70],"space":[71],"diagrams":[72],"created":[75],"areas":[78],"containing":[79],"greatest":[81],"density":[83],"presence":[86],"an":[88],"identified.":[92],"A":[93],"specially":[94],"designed":[95],"detector":[96],"(CdZnTe)":[97],"array":[98,107],"built":[101],"match":[103],"regions.":[105],"used":[110],"identify":[112],"hidden":[114],"case":[117],"situations.":[118]},"counts_by_year":[],"updated_date":"2026-11-10T11:39:43.021295","created_date":"2016-06-24T00:00:00"}