{"id":"https://openalex.org/W2175126807","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1177/1098611115604449","title":"Departmental Professionalism and Its Impact on Indicators of Violence in Police\u2013Citizen Encounters","display_name":"Departmental Professionalism and Its Impact on Indicators of Violence in Police\u2013Citizen Encounters","publication_year":2015,"publication_date":"2015-09-07","ids":{"openalex":"https://openalex.org/W2175126807","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1177/1098611115604449","mag":"2175126807"},"language":"en","primary_location":{"id":"doi:10.1177/1098611115604449","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1177/1098611115604449","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1177/1098611115604449","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S167107504","display_name":"Police Quarterly","issn_l":"1098-6111","issn":["1098-6111","1552-745X"],"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":true,"listed_in":["cwts-core","jufo-1","norway-2","poland-100","russia-white-list-1","vabb-shw"],"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310320017","host_organization_name":"SAGE Publishing","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310320017"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["SAGE Publishing"],"type":"journal"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Police Quarterly","raw_type":"journal-article"},"volume":null,"type":"article","indexed_in":["crossref"],"open_access":{"is_oa":false,"oa_status":"closed","oa_url":null,"any_repository_has_fulltext":false},"authorships":[{"author_position":"first","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5013568224","display_name":"John A. Shjarback","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-7416-3388","observed_orcids":["https://orcid.org/0000-0001-7416-3388"]},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I55732556","display_name":"Arizona State University","ror":"https://ror.org/03efmqc40","country_code":"US","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I55732556"]}],"countries":["US"],"is_corresponding":true,"raw_author_name":"John A. Shjarback","raw_affiliation_strings":["School of Criminology and Criminal Justice, Arizona State University, Phoenix, AZ, USA"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"School of Criminology and Criminal Justice, Arizona State University, Phoenix, AZ, USA","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I55732556"]}]},{"author_position":"last","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5046559288","display_name":"Michael D. White","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-6151-6399","observed_orcids":["https://orcid.org/0000-0002-6151-6399"]},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I55732556","display_name":"Arizona State University","ror":"https://ror.org/03efmqc40","country_code":"US","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I55732556"]}],"countries":["US"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Michael D. White","raw_affiliation_strings":["School of Criminology and Criminal Justice, Arizona State University, Phoenix, AZ, USA"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"School of Criminology and Criminal Justice, Arizona State University, Phoenix, AZ, USA","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I55732556"]}]}],"institutions":[],"countries_distinct_count":1,"institutions_distinct_count":1,"corresponding_author_ids":["https://openalex.org/A5013568224"],"corresponding_institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I55732556"],"apc_list":{"value":3650,"currency":"USD","value_usd":3650},"apc_paid":null,"fwci":21.6796,"has_fulltext":false,"cited_by_count":56,"citation_normalized_percentile":{"value":0.98940083,"is_in_top_1_percent":false,"is_in_top_10_percent":true},"cited_by_percentile_year":{"min":94,"max":99},"biblio":{"volume":"19","issue":"1","first_page":"32","last_page":"62"},"is_retracted":false,"is_paratext":false,"is_xpac":false,"primary_topic":{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11076","display_name":"Policing Practices and Perceptions","score":1.0,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/3320","display_name":"Political Science and International Relations"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/33","display_name":"Social Sciences"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/2","display_name":"Social Sciences"}},"topics":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11076","display_name":"Policing Practices and Perceptions","score":1.0,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/3320","display_name":"Political Science and International Relations"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/33","display_name":"Social Sciences"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/2","display_name":"Social Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T12736","display_name":"Criminal Justice and Penology","score":0.0,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/3308","display_name":"Law"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/33","display_name":"Social Sciences"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/2","display_name":"Social Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10574","display_name":"Crime Patterns and Interventions","score":0.0,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/3312","display_name":"Sociology and Political Science"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/33","display_name":"Social Sciences"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/2","display_name":"Social Sciences"}}],"keywords":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/police-professionalism","display_name":"police professionalism","score":0.9639999866485596},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/excessive-force","display_name":"excessive force","score":0.9229999780654907},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/citizen-complaints","display_name":"citizen complaints","score":0.7829999923706055},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/community-policing","display_name":"community policing","score":0.9869999885559082},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/police-legitimacy","display_name":"police legitimacy","score":0.9190000295639038}],"concepts":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2780262971","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q44554","display_name":"Law enforcement","level":2,"score":0.6984931230545044},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C108170787","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q3951828","display_name":"Agency (philosophy)","level":2,"score":0.594417929649353},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C46295352","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q207982","display_name":"Legitimacy","level":3,"score":0.5272746682167053},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C17744445","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q36442","display_name":"Political science","level":0,"score":0.5008969306945801},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2779298689","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q896527","display_name":"Deadly force","level":2,"score":0.4984145164489746},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C39549134","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q133080","display_name":"Public relations","level":1,"score":0.4757896661758423},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2780262311","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2256171","display_name":"Community policing","level":2,"score":0.47006019949913025},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C73484699","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q161733","display_name":"Criminology","level":1,"score":0.4558819532394409},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2776729102","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q971119","display_name":"Use of force","level":3,"score":0.44061875343322754},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C15744967","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q9418","display_name":"Psychology","level":0,"score":0.3722856640815735},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C144024400","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q21201","display_name":"Sociology","level":0,"score":0.25727128982543945},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C199539241","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7748","display_name":"Law","level":1,"score":0.24503156542778015},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C94625758","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7163","display_name":"Politics","level":2,"score":0.17361044883728027},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C55447825","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q4394526","display_name":"International law","level":2,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C36289849","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q34749","display_name":"Social science","level":1,"score":0.0}],"mesh":[],"locations_count":1,"locations":[{"id":"doi:10.1177/1098611115604449","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1177/1098611115604449","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1177/1098611115604449","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S167107504","display_name":"Police Quarterly","issn_l":"1098-6111","issn":["1098-6111","1552-745X"],"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":true,"listed_in":["cwts-core","jufo-1","norway-2","poland-100","russia-white-list-1","vabb-shw"],"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310320017","host_organization_name":"SAGE Publishing","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310320017"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["SAGE Publishing"],"type":"journal"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Police Quarterly","raw_type":"journal-article"}],"best_oa_location":null,"sustainable_development_goals":[{"id":"https://metadata.un.org/sdg/16","score":1.0,"display_name":"Peace, justice, and strong institutions"}],"study_designs":[],"awards":[],"funders":[],"has_content":{"pdf":false,"grobid_xml":false},"content_urls":null,"referenced_works_count":117,"referenced_works":["https://openalex.org/W23786311","https://openalex.org/W39288536","https://openalex.org/W74403099","https://openalex.org/W118617780","https://openalex.org/W153388477","https://openalex.org/W199370239","https://openalex.org/W289830461","https://openalex.org/W377120471","https://openalex.org/W380064321","https://openalex.org/W406049840","https://openalex.org/W598056520","https://openalex.org/W617263582","https://openalex.org/W1003737744","https://openalex.org/W1517329739","https://openalex.org/W1539252124","https://openalex.org/W1598825470","https://openalex.org/W1603852592","https://openalex.org/W1604726331","https://openalex.org/W1702480698","https://openalex.org/W1725976271","https://openalex.org/W1737201204","https://openalex.org/W1777119374","https://openalex.org/W1886723030","https://openalex.org/W1964174801","https://openalex.org/W1965278510","https://openalex.org/W1974484116","https://openalex.org/W1974579875","https://openalex.org/W1975046920","https://openalex.org/W1982768154","https://openalex.org/W1985392642","https://openalex.org/W1988858783","https://openalex.org/W1988950324","https://openalex.org/W1989774368","https://openalex.org/W1990502361","https://openalex.org/W1994093127","https://openalex.org/W1997544404","https://openalex.org/W2014327210","https://openalex.org/W2016473073","https://openalex.org/W2018107205","https://openalex.org/W2020834820","https://openalex.org/W2021771148","https://openalex.org/W2022371269","https://openalex.org/W2026537072","https://openalex.org/W2026873857","https://openalex.org/W2028944185","https://openalex.org/W2030121826","https://openalex.org/W2031555487","https://openalex.org/W2032359731","https://openalex.org/W2033239712","https://openalex.org/W2037879939","https://openalex.org/W2040759190","https://openalex.org/W2040990929","https://openalex.org/W2043342276","https://openalex.org/W2044032579","https://openalex.org/W2045035110","https://openalex.org/W2045587966","https://openalex.org/W2046524129","https://openalex.org/W2053047134","https://openalex.org/W2057065029","https://openalex.org/W2060319909","https://openalex.org/W2060353037","https://openalex.org/W2060895508","https://openalex.org/W2062091583","https://openalex.org/W2062966269","https://openalex.org/W2065203183","https://openalex.org/W2067090797","https://openalex.org/W2067582123","https://openalex.org/W2069457221","https://openalex.org/W2073818970","https://openalex.org/W2081658393","https://openalex.org/W2081786995","https://openalex.org/W2082194693","https://openalex.org/W2082350734","https://openalex.org/W2082462461","https://openalex.org/W2084104296","https://openalex.org/W2086553807","https://openalex.org/W2088009047","https://openalex.org/W2091457561","https://openalex.org/W2095440261","https://openalex.org/W2105005371","https://openalex.org/W2107390357","https://openalex.org/W2109477409","https://openalex.org/W2121500158","https://openalex.org/W2131523276","https://openalex.org/W2133648397","https://openalex.org/W2134980021","https://openalex.org/W2136784637","https://openalex.org/W2145880240","https://openalex.org/W2147705813","https://openalex.org/W2155071797","https://openalex.org/W2160778207","https://openalex.org/W2162851306","https://openalex.org/W2162857444","https://openalex.org/W2170413988","https://openalex.org/W2170726881","https://openalex.org/W2268518653","https://openalex.org/W2317216772","https://openalex.org/W2323786981","https://openalex.org/W2330575573","https://openalex.org/W2335261777","https://openalex.org/W2590014518","https://openalex.org/W2742972340","https://openalex.org/W2785994082","https://openalex.org/W2795844506","https://openalex.org/W2941533838","https://openalex.org/W2981784421","https://openalex.org/W3150013568","https://openalex.org/W4205627773","https://openalex.org/W4213449113","https://openalex.org/W4231071733","https://openalex.org/W4234307200","https://openalex.org/W4235359514","https://openalex.org/W4236773307","https://openalex.org/W4239053922","https://openalex.org/W4383956307","https://openalex.org/W4403058266","https://openalex.org/W4408949012"],"related_works":["https://openalex.org/W7099003952","https://openalex.org/W1975423613","https://openalex.org/W3102069075","https://openalex.org/W6986660665","https://openalex.org/W3169000653","https://openalex.org/W7070471618","https://openalex.org/W7221403373","https://openalex.org/W2298633972","https://openalex.org/W7049100005","https://openalex.org/W2103830464"],"abstract_inverted_index":{"Citizens\u2019":[0],"beliefs":[1],"that":[2,167,182],"officers":[3],"are":[4],"employing":[5],"unnecessary":[6],"or":[7,110],"excessive":[8,143],"levels":[9],"of":[10,25,43,49,63,92,95,108,117,137,145,191,193,207,210,224,228],"force":[11,146,194],"can":[12,18],"quickly":[13],"erode":[14],"police":[15,64,214],"legitimacy":[16],"and":[17,31,66,71,84,123,128,147,195,216],"lead":[19],"to":[20,45,88,100,132,171,175],"severe":[21],"consequences":[22],"including":[23],"loss":[24],"life,":[26],"civil":[27,33],"disorder,":[28],"criminal":[29],"prosecution,":[30],"large":[32,154],"judgments.":[34],"Although":[35],"scholars":[36],"have":[37],"devoted":[38],"more":[39],"than":[40],"four":[41],"decades":[42],"research":[44],"identifying":[46],"the":[47,58,79,90,106,114,176,208,211,225],"correlates":[48,227],"police\u2013citizen":[50,138,177,229],"violence,":[51],"relatively":[52],"little":[53],"study":[54,75],"has":[55],"focused":[56],"on":[57,151,198],"relationship":[59],"between":[60,69],"departmental":[61,96,169],"measures":[62,94],"professionalism":[65],"violent":[67],"outcomes":[68],"citizens":[70],"officers.":[72,200],"The":[73,201],"current":[74],"uses":[76],"data":[77],"from":[78,160],"2003":[80],"Law":[81],"Enforcement":[82],"Management":[83],"Administrative":[85],"Statistics":[86],"survey":[87],"examine":[89],"impact":[91],"five":[93],"professionalism\u2014(a)":[97],"agency":[98,130],"commitment":[99,131,170],"education":[101,172],"(associate\u2019s":[102],"degree":[103,186],"requirement);":[104],"(b)":[105,148],"number":[107,116],"hiring":[109],"screening":[111],"standards;":[112],"(c)":[113],"total":[115],"training":[118],"hours":[119],"(academy,":[120],"field":[121],"training,":[122],"in-service);":[124],"(d)":[125],"female":[126],"representation;":[127],"(e)":[129],"community":[133],"policing\u2014on":[134],"two":[135],"indicators":[136],"violence\u2014(a)":[139],"citizen":[140,189],"complaints":[141,190],"alleging":[142],"use":[144,192],"reported":[149],"assaults":[150,197],"officers\u2014across":[152],"526":[153],"municipal":[155],"law":[156],"enforcement":[157],"agencies.":[158],"Results":[159],"ordinary":[161],"least":[162],"squares":[163],"regression":[164],"analyses":[165],"show":[166],"only":[168],"was":[173],"related":[174],"violence":[178],"indicators,":[179],"as":[180,218,220],"agencies":[181],"require":[183],"an":[184],"associate\u2019s":[185],"experienced":[187],"fewer":[188,196],"their":[199],"article":[202],"concludes":[203],"with":[204],"a":[205],"discussion":[206],"implications":[209],"findings":[212],"for":[213,221],"policy":[215],"practice,":[217],"well":[219],"our":[222],"understanding":[223],"organizational-level":[226],"violence.":[230]},"counts_by_year":[{"year":2025,"cited_by_count":3},{"year":2024,"cited_by_count":9},{"year":2023,"cited_by_count":5},{"year":2022,"cited_by_count":7},{"year":2021,"cited_by_count":7},{"year":2020,"cited_by_count":8},{"year":2019,"cited_by_count":6},{"year":2018,"cited_by_count":5},{"year":2017,"cited_by_count":3},{"year":2016,"cited_by_count":2}],"updated_date":"2026-11-03T10:50:19.383937","created_date":"2016-06-24T00:00:00"}
