{"id":"https://openalex.org/W2173734243","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1175/1520-0450(2002)041<0689:rmbmua>2.0.co;2","title":"Rainfall Modification by Major Urban Areas: Observations from Spaceborne Rain Radar on the TRMM Satellite","display_name":"Rainfall Modification by Major Urban Areas: Observations from Spaceborne Rain Radar on the TRMM Satellite","publication_year":2002,"publication_date":"2002-07-01","ids":{"openalex":"https://openalex.org/W2173734243","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1175/1520-0450(2002)041<0689:rmbmua>2.0.co;2","mag":"2173734243"},"language":"en","primary_location":{"id":"doi:10.1175/1520-0450(2002)041<0689:rmbmua>2.0.co;2","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1175/1520-0450(2002)041<0689:rmbmua>2.0.co;2","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1175/1520-0450(2002)041<0689:rmbmua>2.0.co;2","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4210194984","display_name":"Journal of applied meteorology","issn_l":"0021-8952","issn":["0021-8952","0894-8763","1520-0450","2163-534X"],"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"listed_in":["norway-1"],"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310320260","host_organization_name":"American Meteorological Society","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310320260"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["American Meteorological Society"],"type":"journal"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Journal of Applied Meteorology","raw_type":"journal-article"},"volume":null,"type":"article","is_traditional":true,"indexed_in":["crossref"],"open_access":{"is_oa":false,"oa_status":"closed","oa_url":null,"any_repository_has_fulltext":false},"authorships":[{"author_position":"first","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5077122191","display_name":"J. Marshall Shepherd","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-7607-3332","observed_orcids":["https://orcid.org/0000-0002-7607-3332"]},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I1306266525","display_name":"Goddard Space Flight Center","ror":"https://ror.org/0171mag52","country_code":"US","type":"facility","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I1306266525","https://openalex.org/I4210124779"]}],"countries":["US"],"is_corresponding":true,"raw_author_name":"J. Marshall Shepherd","raw_affiliation_strings":["Laboratory for Atmospheres, NASA Goddard Space Flight Center, Greenbelt, Maryland"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Laboratory for Atmospheres, NASA Goddard Space Flight Center, Greenbelt, Maryland","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I1306266525"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5002163051","display_name":"Harold F. Pierce","orcid":null,"observed_orcids":[]},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I1306266525","display_name":"Goddard Space Flight Center","ror":"https://ror.org/0171mag52","country_code":"US","type":"facility","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I1306266525","https://openalex.org/I4210124779"]},{"id":"https://openalex.org/I4210144891","display_name":"Science Systems and Applications (United States)","ror":"https://ror.org/03xec1444","country_code":"US","type":"company","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I4210144891"]}],"countries":["US"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Harold Pierce","raw_affiliation_strings":["Science Systems and Applications, Inc., Lanham, and Laboratory for Atmospheres, NASA Goddard Space Flight Center, Greenbelt, Maryland"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Science Systems and Applications, Inc., Lanham, and Laboratory for Atmospheres, NASA Goddard Space Flight Center, Greenbelt, Maryland","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I1306266525","https://openalex.org/I4210144891"]}]},{"author_position":"last","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5048658151","display_name":"Andrew J. Negri","orcid":null,"observed_orcids":[]},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I1306266525","display_name":"Goddard Space Flight Center","ror":"https://ror.org/0171mag52","country_code":"US","type":"facility","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I1306266525","https://openalex.org/I4210124779"]}],"countries":["US"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Andrew J. Negri","raw_affiliation_strings":["Laboratory for Atmospheres, NASA Goddard Space Flight Center, Greenbelt, Maryland"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Laboratory for Atmospheres, NASA Goddard Space Flight Center, Greenbelt, Maryland","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I1306266525"]}]}],"institutions":[],"countries_distinct_count":1,"institutions_distinct_count":2,"corresponding_author_ids":["https://openalex.org/A5077122191"],"corresponding_institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I1306266525"],"apc_list":null,"apc_paid":null,"fwci":7.2236,"has_fulltext":false,"cited_by_count":507,"citation_normalized_percentile":{"value":0.97912053,"is_in_top_1_percent":false,"is_in_top_10_percent":true},"cited_by_percentile_year":{"min":99,"max":100},"biblio":{"volume":"41","issue":"7","first_page":"689","last_page":"701"},"is_retracted":false,"is_paratext":false,"is_xpac":false,"primary_topic":{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11234","display_name":"Precipitation Measurement and Analysis","score":0.8809000253677368,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1902","display_name":"Atmospheric Science"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/19","display_name":"Earth and Planetary Sciences"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},"topics":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11234","display_name":"Precipitation Measurement and Analysis","score":0.8809000253677368,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1902","display_name":"Atmospheric Science"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/19","display_name":"Earth and Planetary Sciences"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10347","display_name":"Atmospheric aerosols and clouds","score":0.037300001829862595,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2306","display_name":"Global and Planetary Change"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/23","display_name":"Environmental Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10766","display_name":"Urban Heat Island Mitigation","score":0.030500000342726707,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2305","display_name":"Environmental Engineering"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/23","display_name":"Environmental Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}}],"keywords":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/urban-heat-island","display_name":"urban heat island","score":0.7269999980926514},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/trmm-precipitation-radar","display_name":"TRMM Precipitation Radar","score":0.7160000205039978},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/urban-climate-effects","display_name":"urban climate effects","score":0.3790000081062317},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/satellite-rainfall-estimates","display_name":"satellite rainfall estimates","score":0.4860000014305115},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/warm-season-rainfall","display_name":"warm season rainfall","score":0.7369999885559082},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/atlanta","display_name":"Atlanta","score":0.47699999809265137},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/nashville-tennessee","display_name":"Nashville, Tennessee","score":0.5249999761581421},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/san-antonio-texas","display_name":"San Antonio, Texas","score":0.652999997138977},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/dallas-texas","display_name":"Dallas","score":0.5860000252723694}],"concepts":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/C39432304","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q188847","display_name":"Environmental science","level":0,"score":0.7071950435638428},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2778037673","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q4034536","display_name":"Atlanta","level":3,"score":0.6856017112731934},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C158739034","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1907114","display_name":"Metropolitan area","level":2,"score":0.6104532480239868},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C107054158","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q25257","display_name":"Precipitation","level":2,"score":0.5952191352844238},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C19269812","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q26540","display_name":"Satellite","level":2,"score":0.572160005569458},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C554190296","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q47528","display_name":"Radar","level":2,"score":0.5408068895339966},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C153294291","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q25261","display_name":"Meteorology","level":1,"score":0.535932719707489},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C49204034","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q52139","display_name":"Climatology","level":1,"score":0.4504391849040985},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2778368647","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q702492","display_name":"Urban area","level":2,"score":0.4381113052368164},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C550656013","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1513578","display_name":"Weather modification","level":2,"score":0.437327116727829},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C29278236","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q3108963","display_name":"Global Precipitation Measurement","level":3,"score":0.41236791014671326},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C205649164","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1071","display_name":"Geography","level":0,"score":0.30418679118156433},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C127313418","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1069","display_name":"Geology","level":0,"score":0.10933840274810791},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C127413603","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11023","display_name":"Engineering","level":0,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C136264566","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q159810","display_name":"Economy","level":1,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C162324750","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q8134","display_name":"Economics","level":0,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C41008148","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q21198","display_name":"Computer science","level":0,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C146978453","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q3798668","display_name":"Aerospace engineering","level":1,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C76155785","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q418","display_name":"Telecommunications","level":1,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C166957645","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q23498","display_name":"Archaeology","level":1,"score":0.0}],"mesh":[],"locations_count":1,"locations":[{"id":"doi:10.1175/1520-0450(2002)041<0689:rmbmua>2.0.co;2","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1175/1520-0450(2002)041<0689:rmbmua>2.0.co;2","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1175/1520-0450(2002)041<0689:rmbmua>2.0.co;2","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4210194984","display_name":"Journal of applied meteorology","issn_l":"0021-8952","issn":["0021-8952","0894-8763","1520-0450","2163-534X"],"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"listed_in":["norway-1"],"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310320260","host_organization_name":"American Meteorological Society","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310320260"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["American Meteorological Society"],"type":"journal"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Journal of Applied Meteorology","raw_type":"journal-article"}],"best_oa_location":null,"sustainable_development_goals":[{"display_name":"Sustainable cities and communities","score":0.8787999749183655,"id":"https://metadata.un.org/sdg/11"},{"display_name":"Climate action","score":0.685699999332428,"id":"https://metadata.un.org/sdg/13"}],"study_designs":[],"awards":[],"funders":[],"has_content":{"pdf":false,"grobid_xml":false},"content_urls":null,"referenced_works_count":39,"referenced_works":["https://openalex.org/W832430986","https://openalex.org/W1838310486","https://openalex.org/W1965249105","https://openalex.org/W1966599834","https://openalex.org/W1967755986","https://openalex.org/W1970630256","https://openalex.org/W1980673062","https://openalex.org/W1987358338","https://openalex.org/W1987863768","https://openalex.org/W1991671330","https://openalex.org/W1997127781","https://openalex.org/W1998590494","https://openalex.org/W1999764847","https://openalex.org/W2009624567","https://openalex.org/W2017669193","https://openalex.org/W2018041161","https://openalex.org/W2022737798","https://openalex.org/W2031092502","https://openalex.org/W2033508397","https://openalex.org/W2035459886","https://openalex.org/W2040381978","https://openalex.org/W2043691699","https://openalex.org/W2064100962","https://openalex.org/W2072711078","https://openalex.org/W2096913522","https://openalex.org/W2101897063","https://openalex.org/W2103831606","https://openalex.org/W2118268630","https://openalex.org/W2140994193","https://openalex.org/W2169042266","https://openalex.org/W2173251738","https://openalex.org/W2174888315","https://openalex.org/W2300436159","https://openalex.org/W2494185646","https://openalex.org/W2523795732","https://openalex.org/W2553081763","https://openalex.org/W2800901600","https://openalex.org/W2969902151","https://openalex.org/W4235816299"],"related_works":["https://openalex.org/W759714262","https://openalex.org/W2936510351","https://openalex.org/W2103263098","https://openalex.org/W7019888179","https://openalex.org/W1543156463","https://openalex.org/W2053003897","https://openalex.org/W346789642","https://openalex.org/W7220791487","https://openalex.org/W6982316927","https://openalex.org/W2809151803"],"abstract_inverted_index":{"Data":[0],"from":[1,120,130],"the":[2,51,60,64,92,97,101,121,124,131,134,140,164,203],"Tropical":[3],"Rainfall":[4],"Measuring":[5],"Mission":[6],"(TRMM)":[7],"satellite's":[8],"precipitation":[9],"radar":[10],"(PR)":[11],"were":[12],"employed":[13],"to":[14,78],"identify":[15],"warm-season":[16],"rainfall":[17,44,89,169,173],"(1998\u20132000)":[18],"patterns":[19],"around":[20],"Atlanta,":[21],"Georgia;":[22],"Montgomery,":[23],"Alabama;":[24],"Nashville,":[25],"Tennessee;":[26],"and":[27,31,154,181,198,205],"San":[28],"Antonio,":[29],"Waco,":[30],"Dallas,":[32],"Texas.":[33],"Results":[34,136],"reveal":[35],"an":[36,79,114],"average":[37,115],"increase":[38,56],"of":[39,50,57,63,117,123,133,146,166],"about":[40],"28%":[41],"in":[42,91,100],"monthly":[43],"rates":[45,90],"within":[46],"30\u201360":[47],"km":[48,119,129],"downwind":[49,65,93],"metropolis,":[52],"with":[53,139,155],"a":[54],"modest":[55],"5.6%":[58],"over":[59,182],"metropolis.":[61],"Portions":[62],"area":[66,95,104],"exhibit":[67],"increases":[68],"as":[69,71],"high":[70],"51%.":[72],"The":[73,107,161],"percentage":[74],"changes":[75],"are":[76,137],"relative":[77],"upwind":[80,102],"control":[81,103],"area.":[82],"It":[83],"was":[84,110],"also":[85],"found":[86,112],"that":[87],"maximum":[88,108],"impact":[94,201],"exceeded":[96],"mean":[98],"value":[99,109],"by":[105,175],"48%\u2013116%.":[106],"generally":[111],"at":[113],"distance":[116],"39":[118],"edge":[122],"urban":[125,176,193],"center":[126,132],"or":[127],"64":[128],"city.":[135],"consistent":[138],"Metropolitan":[141],"Meteorological":[142],"Experiment":[143],"(METROMEX)":[144],"studies":[145,158],"St.":[147],"Louis,":[148],"Missouri,":[149],"almost":[150],"two":[151],"decades":[152],"ago":[153],"more":[156],"recent":[157],"near":[159],"Atlanta.":[160],"study":[162],"establishes":[163],"possibility":[165],"utilizing":[167],"satellite-based":[168],"estimates":[170],"for":[171,190],"examining":[172],"modification":[174],"areas":[177],"on":[178,202],"global":[179],"scales":[180],"longer":[183],"time":[184],"periods.":[185],"Such":[186],"research":[187],"has":[188],"implications":[189],"weather":[191],"forecasting,":[192],"planning,":[194],"water":[195],"resource":[196],"management,":[197],"understanding":[199],"human":[200],"environment":[204],"climate.":[206]},"counts_by_year":[{"year":2026,"cited_by_count":12},{"year":2025,"cited_by_count":19},{"year":2024,"cited_by_count":28},{"year":2023,"cited_by_count":25},{"year":2022,"cited_by_count":20},{"year":2021,"cited_by_count":22},{"year":2020,"cited_by_count":27},{"year":2019,"cited_by_count":30},{"year":2018,"cited_by_count":29},{"year":2017,"cited_by_count":26},{"year":2016,"cited_by_count":26},{"year":2015,"cited_by_count":30},{"year":2014,"cited_by_count":27},{"year":2013,"cited_by_count":30},{"year":2012,"cited_by_count":14}],"updated_date":"2026-11-07T11:25:07.637180","created_date":"2016-06-24T00:00:00"}