{"id":"https://openalex.org/W2172096958","doi":null,"title":"Structural characterisation of diphtheria toxoid","display_name":"Structural characterisation of diphtheria toxoid","publication_year":2005,"publication_date":"2005-02-28","ids":{"openalex":"https://openalex.org/W2172096958","mag":"2172096958"},"language":"en","primary_location":{"id":"pmh:oai:dspace.library.uu.nl:1874/1709","doi":null,"is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://dspace.library.uu.nl/handle/1874/1709","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306401649","display_name":"Utrecht University Repository (Utrecht University)","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"listed_in":[],"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/I193662353","host_organization_name":"Utrecht University","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/I193662353"],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":"other-oa","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/other-oa","version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":null,"raw_type":"Dissertation"},"volume":null,"type":"dissertation","is_traditional":true,"indexed_in":[],"open_access":{"is_oa":true,"oa_status":"green","oa_url":"https://dspace.library.uu.nl/handle/1874/1709","any_repository_has_fulltext":true},"authorships":[{"author_position":"first","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5025318410","display_name":"Bernard Metz","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-6814-7656","observed_orcids":["https://orcid.org/0000-0001-6814-7656"]},"institutions":[],"countries":[],"is_corresponding":true,"raw_author_name":"Bernardus Metz","raw_affiliation_strings":[],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[]}],"institutions":[],"countries_distinct_count":0,"institutions_distinct_count":0,"corresponding_author_ids":["https://openalex.org/A5025318410"],"corresponding_institution_ids":[],"apc_list":null,"apc_paid":null,"fwci":null,"has_fulltext":false,"cited_by_count":5,"citation_normalized_percentile":null,"cited_by_percentile_year":null,"biblio":{"volume":null,"issue":null,"first_page":null,"last_page":null},"is_retracted":false,"is_paratext":false,"is_xpac":false,"primary_topic":{"id":"https://openalex.org/T12499","display_name":"Diphtheria, Corynebacterium, and Tetanus","score":0.9477999806404114,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2725","display_name":"Infectious Diseases"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/27","display_name":"Medicine"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/4","display_name":"Health Sciences"}},"topics":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/T12499","display_name":"Diphtheria, Corynebacterium, and Tetanus","score":0.9477999806404114,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2725","display_name":"Infectious Diseases"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/27","display_name":"Medicine"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/4","display_name":"Health Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11124","display_name":"Protein purification and stability","score":0.027499999850988388,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1312","display_name":"Molecular Biology"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/13","display_name":"Biochemistry, Genetics and Molecular Biology"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/1","display_name":"Life Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10873","display_name":"Bacterial Infections and Vaccines","score":0.00279999990016222,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2404","display_name":"Microbiology"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/24","display_name":"Immunology and Microbiology"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/1","display_name":"Life Sciences"}}],"keywords":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/formaldehyde-detoxification","display_name":"formaldehyde detoxification","score":0.8579999804496765},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/diphtheria-toxin","display_name":"diphtheria toxin","score":0.7670000195503235},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/protein-structure","display_name":"protein structure","score":0.41600000858306885},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/primary-amino-groups","display_name":"primary amino groups","score":0.7749999761581421},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/schiff-base","display_name":"Schiff base","score":0.6579999923706055},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/cross-linking","display_name":"crosslinking","score":0.6679999828338623},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/bovine-insulin","display_name":"bovine insulin","score":0.7110000252723694},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/circular-dichroism","display_name":"circular dichroism","score":0.6259999871253967},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/monoclonal-antibody-binding","display_name":"monoclonal antibody binding","score":0.8799999952316284}],"concepts":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/C33057221","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q421580","display_name":"Diphtheria toxin","level":3,"score":0.6172882318496704},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2780572238","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q134649","display_name":"Diphtheria","level":3,"score":0.6014717221260071},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2777351567","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q908822","display_name":"Toxoid","level":4,"score":0.5271817445755005},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C71924100","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11190","display_name":"Medicine","level":0,"score":0.36025404930114746},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C159047783","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7215","display_name":"Virology","level":1,"score":0.351692795753479},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C41008148","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q21198","display_name":"Computer science","level":0,"score":0.3243217468261719},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C86803240","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q420","display_name":"Biology","level":0,"score":0.1888347566127777},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2779841045","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q47790","display_name":"Tetanus","level":3,"score":0.15853264927864075},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C89423630","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7193","display_name":"Microbiology","level":1,"score":0.15314549207687378},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C22070199","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q192995","display_name":"Vaccination","level":2,"score":0.10937026143074036},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2777367657","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q184651","display_name":"Toxin","level":2,"score":0.042758047580718994}],"mesh":[],"locations_count":3,"locations":[{"id":"pmh:oai:dspace.library.uu.nl:1874/1709","doi":null,"is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://dspace.library.uu.nl/handle/1874/1709","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306401649","display_name":"Utrecht University Repository (Utrecht University)","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"listed_in":[],"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/I193662353","host_organization_name":"Utrecht University","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/I193662353"],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":"other-oa","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/other-oa","version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":null,"raw_type":"Dissertation"},{"id":"pmh:uu:oai:dspace.library.uu.nl:1874/1709","doi":null,"is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://dspace.library.uu.nl/handle/1874/1709","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306401649","display_name":"Utrecht University Repository (Utrecht University)","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"listed_in":[],"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/I193662353","host_organization_name":"Utrecht University","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/I193662353"],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":"other-oa","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/other-oa","version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":"","raw_type":"info:eu-repo/semantics/doctoralthesis"},{"id":"mag:2172096958","doi":null,"is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"http://dspace.library.uu.nl/bitstream/1874/1709/8/full.pdf","pdf_url":null,"source":null,"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":null,"is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":null,"raw_type":null}],"best_oa_location":{"id":"pmh:oai:dspace.library.uu.nl:1874/1709","doi":null,"is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://dspace.library.uu.nl/handle/1874/1709","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306401649","display_name":"Utrecht University Repository (Utrecht University)","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"listed_in":[],"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/I193662353","host_organization_name":"Utrecht University","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/I193662353"],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":"other-oa","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/other-oa","version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":null,"raw_type":"Dissertation"},"sustainable_development_goals":[{"score":0.8371999859809875,"id":"https://metadata.un.org/sdg/3","display_name":"Good health and well-being"}],"study_designs":[],"awards":[],"funders":[],"has_content":{"pdf":false,"grobid_xml":false},"content_urls":null,"referenced_works_count":148,"referenced_works":["https://openalex.org/W27864671","https://openalex.org/W78473678","https://openalex.org/W85636335","https://openalex.org/W116994415","https://openalex.org/W163734181","https://openalex.org/W180325139","https://openalex.org/W580952738","https://openalex.org/W1479838483","https://openalex.org/W1487014480","https://openalex.org/W1505376259","https://openalex.org/W1513126139","https://openalex.org/W1516695624","https://openalex.org/W1550048613","https://openalex.org/W1553542225","https://openalex.org/W1556364322","https://openalex.org/W1573969935","https://openalex.org/W1573986638","https://openalex.org/W1586402770","https://openalex.org/W1590698053","https://openalex.org/W1706252352","https://openalex.org/W1821178661","https://openalex.org/W1910364365","https://openalex.org/W1952620523","https://openalex.org/W1963587733","https://openalex.org/W1963990800","https://openalex.org/W1964633563","https://openalex.org/W1965390534","https://openalex.org/W1968993801","https://openalex.org/W1970591739","https://openalex.org/W1971363745","https://openalex.org/W1971563068","https://openalex.org/W1972922050","https://openalex.org/W1976255897","https://openalex.org/W1976443651","https://openalex.org/W1977523785","https://openalex.org/W1977993125","https://openalex.org/W1980021022","https://openalex.org/W1981061882","https://openalex.org/W1981902013","https://openalex.org/W1984730127","https://openalex.org/W1986172890","https://openalex.org/W1991536902","https://openalex.org/W1992950210","https://openalex.org/W1994799586","https://openalex.org/W1995343521","https://openalex.org/W1996413486","https://openalex.org/W1996442676","https://openalex.org/W1998169551","https://openalex.org/W2000560295","https://openalex.org/W2001442659","https://openalex.org/W2001837642","https://openalex.org/W2003560670","https://openalex.org/W2003601780","https://openalex.org/W2003836833","https://openalex.org/W2005713090","https://openalex.org/W2007334213","https://openalex.org/W2008156305","https://openalex.org/W2008630616","https://openalex.org/W2009119064","https://openalex.org/W2009186331","https://openalex.org/W2011882542","https://openalex.org/W2016432668","https://openalex.org/W2017973240","https://openalex.org/W2018104716","https://openalex.org/W2020070277","https://openalex.org/W2020732741","https://openalex.org/W2023349598","https://openalex.org/W2024226059","https://openalex.org/W2024330925","https://openalex.org/W2026433346","https://openalex.org/W2027443345","https://openalex.org/W2029489464","https://openalex.org/W2033863293","https://openalex.org/W2034637992","https://openalex.org/W2036332335","https://openalex.org/W2036550525","https://openalex.org/W2036823751","https://openalex.org/W2037366996","https://openalex.org/W2037465968","https://openalex.org/W2038813959","https://openalex.org/W2039312211","https://openalex.org/W2040017304","https://openalex.org/W2042383380","https://openalex.org/W2045162877","https://openalex.org/W2047951584","https://openalex.org/W2047976861","https://openalex.org/W2054526986","https://openalex.org/W2054939434","https://openalex.org/W2056509744","https://openalex.org/W2056665884","https://openalex.org/W2056812552","https://openalex.org/W2057371235","https://openalex.org/W2060413379","https://openalex.org/W2060694962","https://openalex.org/W2061680163","https://openalex.org/W2062087966","https://openalex.org/W2063394100","https://openalex.org/W2063968553","https://openalex.org/W2064726464","https://openalex.org/W2072345969","https://openalex.org/W2075499011","https://openalex.org/W2075628699","https://openalex.org/W2077391468","https://openalex.org/W2082006283","https://openalex.org/W2091747182","https://openalex.org/W2092747403","https://openalex.org/W2098140932","https://openalex.org/W2098669559","https://openalex.org/W2105109658","https://openalex.org/W2108095172","https://openalex.org/W2110912736","https://openalex.org/W2114253972","https://openalex.org/W2117512623","https://openalex.org/W2121902120","https://openalex.org/W2124758383","https://openalex.org/W2125905957","https://openalex.org/W2128936691","https://openalex.org/W2129995310","https://openalex.org/W2138263013","https://openalex.org/W2143172175","https://openalex.org/W2150127618","https://openalex.org/W2166956247","https://openalex.org/W2232662792","https://openalex.org/W2317544603","https://openalex.org/W2337981958","https://openalex.org/W2397009808","https://openalex.org/W2397950896","https://openalex.org/W2401359838","https://openalex.org/W2403304031","https://openalex.org/W2406706251","https://openalex.org/W2409632268","https://openalex.org/W2409680533","https://openalex.org/W2410054917","https://openalex.org/W2410356102","https://openalex.org/W2410580672","https://openalex.org/W2413775550","https://openalex.org/W2415582251","https://openalex.org/W2424100464","https://openalex.org/W2442438676","https://openalex.org/W2461872748","https://openalex.org/W2464217306","https://openalex.org/W2466133492","https://openalex.org/W2470370265","https://openalex.org/W2471031044","https://openalex.org/W2471767447","https://openalex.org/W2508155322","https://openalex.org/W2550249331","https://openalex.org/W2736399293"],"related_works":["https://openalex.org/W1964710649","https://openalex.org/W2038132383","https://openalex.org/W7070925970","https://openalex.org/W2061805724","https://openalex.org/W4385671085","https://openalex.org/W4408849208","https://openalex.org/W1976095368","https://openalex.org/W2566930187","https://openalex.org/W2486025724","https://openalex.org/W3093091675"],"abstract_inverted_index":{"The":[0,66,309,331,381],"primary":[1,244,365],"concern":[2],"of":[3,25,45,53,80,117,131,156,180,219,233,240,243,274,288,296,304,350,474],"the":[4,41,51,71,81,98,110,115,129,159,178,208,215,234,241,258,271,289,294,297,302,348,392,397,469],"vaccine":[5,32,122,300],"industry":[6],"is":[7,107,143,301,420],"to":[8,39,56,88,136,153,176,190,227,250,265,279,390,446],"produce":[9],"vaccines":[10,182],"with":[11,61,134,342,384],"consistent":[12],"high":[13],"quality.":[14],"To":[15],"that":[16,68,150,223,334,438,444],"end,":[17],"control":[18,124],"tests":[19,36,133,172,194,206],"are":[20,37,148,151],"performed":[21,415],"in":[22,91,100,114,128,137,192,236,257,275,293,396,405,416,431,458,470],"all":[23],"stages":[24],"manufacturing":[26],"from":[27,70],"starting":[28],"materials":[29],"through":[30],"final":[31],"lots.":[33],"Many":[34,145],"animal-based":[35],"included":[38],"determine":[40],"potency":[42,102,139,210,472],"and":[43,63,112,140,163,166,170,183,197,207,211,261,284,340,347,355,368,379,404,454],"safety":[44,141,212],"human":[46,121],"vaccines.":[47,476],"This":[48,84],"thesis":[49],"presents":[50],"results":[52],"a":[54,77,217,238,262,412,418,427,465],"study":[55,216,332,391,413],"structurally":[57],"characterise":[58],"diphtheria":[59,181,224,298,305,406,475],"toxoid":[60,225,299,407],"physicochemical":[62,169],"immunochemical":[64,171,459],"techniques.":[65],"modifications":[67,312],"result":[69],"formaldehyde":[72,315,335,359],"treatment":[73,316,360],"were":[74,221,322,442,452],"investigated":[75],"for":[76,97,120,422,430,456,468],"better":[78],"understanding":[79],"detoxification":[82,303],"process.":[83],"knowledge":[85],"may":[86],"help":[87],"develop":[89],"new":[90],"vitro":[92,276],"tests,":[93],"as":[94,187,426,464],"an":[95,188,230,247,252,423],"alternative":[96,189],"current":[99],"vivo":[101,138,193,432,471],"test.":[103],"A":[104,199],"general":[105],"overview":[106],"given":[108],"about":[109],"opportunities":[111],"problems":[113],"reduction":[116,130,239],"animal":[118,132],"use":[119],"quality":[123,179],"(chapter":[125,195,329,402,409,435],"2).":[126],"Progress":[127],"regard":[135],"testing":[142],"discussed.":[144],"analytical":[146],"techniques":[147],"described":[149],"suitable":[152],"investigate":[154],"properties":[155],"antigens,":[157],"i.e.":[158,229],"identity,":[160],"size,":[161],"secondary":[162],"tertiary":[164],"structure,":[165],"purity.":[167],"Five":[168,449],"has":[173,226,278],"been":[174],"developed":[175],"monitor":[177],"could":[184],"possibly":[185],"serve":[186,463],"established":[191],"3":[196],"4).":[198],"clear":[200],"correlation":[201],"was":[202,388,414],"found":[203],"between":[204,364],"these":[205,385],"standard":[209],"tests.":[213],"In":[214],"number":[218,242],"criteria":[220],"proposed":[222],"meet,":[228],"apparent":[231],"shift":[232],"B-fragment":[235],"SDS-PAGE,":[237],"amine":[245],"groups,":[246],"increased":[248,253],"resistance":[249],"denaturation,":[251],"circular":[254],"dichroism":[255],"signal":[256],"near-UV":[259],"region,":[260],"reduced":[263],"binding":[264],"selected":[266,272,443,453],"monoclonal":[267,440,450],"antibodies.":[268],"Before":[269],"implementation,":[270],"set":[273],"analyses":[277],"undergo":[280],"extensive":[281],"validation":[282],"studies":[283],"regulatory":[285],"acceptance.":[286],"One":[287],"most":[290],"important":[291],"steps":[292],"production":[295],"toxin":[306],"by":[307,324],"formaldehyde.":[308],"unknown":[310],"chemical":[311],"occurring":[313],"during":[314],"on":[317],"reactive":[318],"amino":[319,344,366,370],"acid":[320,345,371],"residues":[321,346,372],"identified":[323],"using":[325],"synthetic":[326],"model":[327,386,398],"peptides":[328,387],"5).":[330],"revealed":[333],"forms":[336],"labile":[337],"methylol":[338],"adducts":[339],"Schiff-bases":[341],"N-terminal":[343],"side-chains":[349],"arginine,":[351,374],"cysteine,":[352],"histidine,":[353,377],"lysine":[354],"trypthophan":[356],"residues.":[357],"Importantly,":[358],"causes":[361],"stable":[362],"cross-links":[363],"groups":[367],"several":[369],"including":[373],"asparagine,":[375],"glutamine,":[376],"tyrosine":[378],"tryptophan.":[380],"information":[382],"obtained":[383],"utilised":[389],"complex":[393],"formaldehyde-protein":[394],"chemistry":[395],"component":[399],"bovine":[400],"insulin":[401],"6)":[403],"itself":[408],"7).":[410],"Finally,":[411],"which":[417,461],"basis":[419],"provided":[421],"antigenicity":[424],"assay":[425],"possible":[428,466],"substitute":[429,467],"immunogenicity":[433],"measurements":[434],"8).":[436],"For":[437],"purpose,":[439],"antibodies":[441,451],"bind":[445],"immunodominant":[447],"epitopes.":[448],"recommended":[455],"usage":[457],"assays,":[460],"might":[462],"test":[473]},"counts_by_year":[{"year":2018,"cited_by_count":1},{"year":2017,"cited_by_count":1},{"year":2014,"cited_by_count":1}],"updated_date":"2026-09-25T08:18:29.962427","created_date":"2016-06-24T00:00:00"}