{"id":"https://openalex.org/W2171996919","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1080/01440390903481670","title":"Middle Passages and Forced Migrations: Liberated Africans in Nineteenth-Century US Camps and Ships","display_name":"Middle Passages and Forced Migrations: Liberated Africans in Nineteenth-Century US Camps and Ships","publication_year":2010,"publication_date":"2010-02-12","ids":{"openalex":"https://openalex.org/W2171996919","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1080/01440390903481670","mag":"2171996919"},"language":"en","primary_location":{"id":"doi:10.1080/01440390903481670","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1080/01440390903481670","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1080/01440390903481670","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S137016846","display_name":"Slavery and Abolition","issn_l":"0144-039X","issn":["0144-039X","1743-9523"],"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"listed_in":["anvur-scientific","jufo-1","norway-1","poland-140","russia-white-list-1","vabb-shw"],"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310321078","host_organization_name":"Frank Cass & Co.","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310321078"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Frank Cass & Co."],"type":"journal"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Slavery & Abolition","raw_type":"journal-article"},"volume":null,"type":"article","indexed_in":["crossref"],"open_access":{"is_oa":false,"oa_status":"closed","oa_url":null,"any_repository_has_fulltext":false},"authorships":[{"author_position":"first","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5074021672","display_name":"Sharla M. Fett","orcid":null,"observed_orcids":[]},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I72903472","display_name":"Occidental College","ror":"https://ror.org/01mxmpy39","country_code":"US","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I72903472"]}],"countries":["US"],"is_corresponding":true,"raw_author_name":"Sharla M. Fett","raw_affiliation_strings":["Occidental College, Swan Hall, 1600 Campus Road M-13, Los Angeles, CA, 90041, USA"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Occidental College, Swan Hall, 1600 Campus Road M-13, Los Angeles, CA, 90041, USA","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I72903472"]}]}],"institutions":[],"countries_distinct_count":1,"institutions_distinct_count":1,"corresponding_author_ids":["https://openalex.org/A5074021672"],"corresponding_institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I72903472"],"apc_list":null,"apc_paid":null,"fwci":1.3657,"has_fulltext":false,"cited_by_count":20,"citation_normalized_percentile":{"value":0.90397131,"is_in_top_1_percent":false,"is_in_top_10_percent":true},"cited_by_percentile_year":{"min":88,"max":99},"biblio":{"volume":"31","issue":"1","first_page":"75","last_page":"98"},"is_retracted":false,"is_paratext":false,"is_xpac":false,"primary_topic":{"id":"https://openalex.org/T12144","display_name":"Colonialism, slavery, and trade","score":1.0,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/3314","display_name":"Anthropology"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/33","display_name":"Social Sciences"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/2","display_name":"Social Sciences"}},"topics":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/T12144","display_name":"Colonialism, slavery, and trade","score":1.0,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/3314","display_name":"Anthropology"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/33","display_name":"Social Sciences"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/2","display_name":"Social Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T12765","display_name":"Race, History, and American Society","score":0.0,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/3312","display_name":"Sociology and Political Science"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/33","display_name":"Social Sciences"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/2","display_name":"Social Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T13665","display_name":"Legal and cultural studies analysis","score":0.0,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/3314","display_name":"Anthropology"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/33","display_name":"Social Sciences"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/2","display_name":"Social Sciences"}}],"keywords":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/middle-passage","display_name":"Middle Passage","score":0.7490000128746033},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/forced-migration","display_name":"forced migration","score":0.996999979019165},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/freed-africans","display_name":"freed Africans","score":0.578000009059906},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/slave-ships","display_name":"slave ships","score":0.5590000152587891},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/united-states-navy","display_name":"United States Navy","score":0.5820000171661377},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/slave-trade-suppression","display_name":"slave trade suppression","score":0.7670000195503235},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/liberia","display_name":"Liberia","score":0.4480000138282776},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/resettlement","display_name":"resettlement","score":0.44600000977516174},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/detention","display_name":"detention","score":0.49799999594688416},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/nineteenth-century-america","display_name":"nineteenth-century United States","score":0.753000020980835},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/cuba","display_name":"Cuba","score":0.4699999988079071}],"concepts":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2781188991","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2500942","display_name":"Middle Passage","level":2,"score":0.8855094909667969},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C541189924","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q837556","display_name":"Forced migration","level":3,"score":0.7582098245620728},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2776746162","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q4508","display_name":"Navy","level":2,"score":0.7122421264648438},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2778137410","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2732820","display_name":"Government (linguistics)","level":2,"score":0.5505964756011963},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C199539241","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7748","display_name":"Law","level":1,"score":0.4181438982486725},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C95457728","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q309","display_name":"History","level":0,"score":0.41250842809677124},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C17744445","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q36442","display_name":"Political science","level":0,"score":0.4072868824005127},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C73484699","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q161733","display_name":"Criminology","level":1,"score":0.36140066385269165},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C144024400","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q21201","display_name":"Sociology","level":0,"score":0.2974109649658203},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C173145845","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q131572","display_name":"Refugee","level":2,"score":0.23749509453773499},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C138885662","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q5891","display_name":"Philosophy","level":0,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C41895202","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q8162","display_name":"Linguistics","level":1,"score":0.0}],"mesh":[],"locations_count":1,"locations":[{"id":"doi:10.1080/01440390903481670","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1080/01440390903481670","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1080/01440390903481670","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S137016846","display_name":"Slavery and Abolition","issn_l":"0144-039X","issn":["0144-039X","1743-9523"],"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"listed_in":["anvur-scientific","jufo-1","norway-1","poland-140","russia-white-list-1","vabb-shw"],"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310321078","host_organization_name":"Frank Cass & Co.","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310321078"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Frank Cass & Co."],"type":"journal"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Slavery & Abolition","raw_type":"journal-article"}],"best_oa_location":null,"sustainable_development_goals":[{"score":0.666700005531311,"id":"https://metadata.un.org/sdg/16","display_name":"Peace, justice, and strong institutions"}],"study_designs":[],"awards":[],"funders":[],"has_content":{"grobid_xml":false,"pdf":false},"content_urls":null,"referenced_works_count":47,"referenced_works":["https://openalex.org/W400238946","https://openalex.org/W420795941","https://openalex.org/W566616446","https://openalex.org/W586986325","https://openalex.org/W618205374","https://openalex.org/W644542592","https://openalex.org/W658984089","https://openalex.org/W963652459","https://openalex.org/W1495134655","https://openalex.org/W1499712981","https://openalex.org/W1569314402","https://openalex.org/W1581329064","https://openalex.org/W1595925909","https://openalex.org/W1981254142","https://openalex.org/W1981973050","https://openalex.org/W1992179227","https://openalex.org/W1997521195","https://openalex.org/W2006369756","https://openalex.org/W2008552784","https://openalex.org/W2009188676","https://openalex.org/W2014741733","https://openalex.org/W2017711164","https://openalex.org/W2019387963","https://openalex.org/W2036009385","https://openalex.org/W2062001153","https://openalex.org/W2075824174","https://openalex.org/W2076486878","https://openalex.org/W2130304410","https://openalex.org/W2150923056","https://openalex.org/W2317169452","https://openalex.org/W2331699344","https://openalex.org/W2484309950","https://openalex.org/W2787816983","https://openalex.org/W2890435295","https://openalex.org/W3136649747","https://openalex.org/W3137288630","https://openalex.org/W4206002932","https://openalex.org/W4206961360","https://openalex.org/W4231139587","https://openalex.org/W4239987562","https://openalex.org/W4240096233","https://openalex.org/W4241639536","https://openalex.org/W4256408684","https://openalex.org/W4289256624","https://openalex.org/W4289259698","https://openalex.org/W4388334316","https://openalex.org/W4391804891"],"related_works":["https://openalex.org/W2801712426","https://openalex.org/W2770325573","https://openalex.org/W4210973942","https://openalex.org/W1974302329","https://openalex.org/W4249547639","https://openalex.org/W4235443346","https://openalex.org/W2062738509","https://openalex.org/W1564565218","https://openalex.org/W4236665015","https://openalex.org/W4363642947"],"abstract_inverted_index":{"Between":[0],"1858":[1],"and":[2,39,53],"1860,":[3],"Africans":[4,55],"liberated":[5,92],"by":[6],"the":[7,15,34,44,48,66,78,82,89],"US":[8,49],"Navy":[9],"from":[10,57],"four":[11],"slave":[12,62],"ships":[13],"near":[14],"Cuban":[16],"coast":[17],"were":[18],"detained":[19],"in":[20,28],"Federal":[21],"custody":[22],"before":[23],"being":[24],"transported":[25,54],"for":[26],"resettlement":[27],"Liberia.":[29],"This":[30],"article":[31],"draws":[32],"on":[33],"concept":[35],"of":[36,68,81,91,99],"\u2018middle":[37],"passage\u2019":[38],"\u2018forced":[40],"migration\u2019":[41],"to":[42,95],"explore":[43],"conditions":[45],"under":[46],"which":[47],"government":[50],"seized,":[51],"detained,":[52],"rescued":[56],"illegal":[58],"trafficking.":[59],"Looking":[60],"at":[61],"trade":[63],"suppression":[64],"through":[65],"lens":[67],"forced":[69],"migration":[70],"rather":[71],"than":[72],"legal":[73],"process":[74],"not":[75],"only":[76],"illuminates":[77],"traumatic":[79],"aftermath":[80],"original":[83],"Middle":[84],"Passage":[85],"but":[86],"also":[87],"connects":[88],"voyages":[90],"African":[93],"shipmates":[94],"a":[96],"broader":[97],"history":[98],"coerced":[100],"global":[101],"movement.":[102]},"counts_by_year":[{"year":2023,"cited_by_count":1},{"year":2022,"cited_by_count":1},{"year":2021,"cited_by_count":10},{"year":2020,"cited_by_count":1},{"year":2019,"cited_by_count":3},{"year":2016,"cited_by_count":2},{"year":2015,"cited_by_count":1}],"updated_date":"2026-10-30T12:39:25.321706","created_date":"2016-06-24T00:00:00"}