{"id":"https://openalex.org/W2171780435","doi":"https://doi.org/10.3386/w10877","title":"Product Quality, Linder, and the Direction of Trade","display_name":"Product Quality, Linder, and the Direction of Trade","publication_year":2004,"publication_date":"2004-11-01","ids":{"openalex":"https://openalex.org/W2171780435","doi":"https://doi.org/10.3386/w10877","mag":"2171780435"},"language":"en","primary_location":{"id":"doi:10.3386/w10877","doi":"https://doi.org/10.3386/w10877","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.3386/w10877","pdf_url":"https://doi.org/10.3386/w10877","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S2809516038","display_name":"National Bureau of Economic Research","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"listed_in":[],"host_organization":null,"host_organization_name":null,"host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4322614461"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["National Bureau of Economic Research"],"type":"repository"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"National Bureau of Economic Research","raw_type":"report"},"volume":null,"type":"report","indexed_in":["crossref"],"open_access":{"is_oa":true,"oa_status":"green","oa_url":"https://doi.org/10.3386/w10877","any_repository_has_fulltext":true},"authorships":[{"author_position":"first","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5084935379","display_name":"Juan Carlos Hallak","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-7121-3324","observed_orcids":["https://orcid.org/0000-0002-7121-3324"]},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I27837315","display_name":"University of Michigan","ror":"https://ror.org/00jmfr291","country_code":"US","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I27837315"]}],"countries":["US"],"is_corresponding":true,"raw_author_name":"Juan Carlos Hallak","raw_affiliation_strings":["1050 Massachusetts Avenue Cambridge , MA 02138","Department of Economics University of Michigan 611 Tappan Street Ann Arbor, MI 48103 and"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"1050 Massachusetts Avenue Cambridge , MA 02138","institution_ids":[]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Economics University of Michigan 611 Tappan Street Ann Arbor, MI 48103 and","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I27837315"]}]}],"institutions":[],"countries_distinct_count":1,"institutions_distinct_count":1,"corresponding_author_ids":["https://openalex.org/A5084935379"],"corresponding_institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I27837315"],"apc_list":null,"apc_paid":null,"fwci":null,"has_fulltext":true,"cited_by_count":13,"citation_normalized_percentile":null,"cited_by_percentile_year":null,"biblio":{"volume":null,"issue":null,"first_page":null,"last_page":null},"is_retracted":false,"is_paratext":false,"is_xpac":false,"primary_topic":{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10128","display_name":"Global trade and economics","score":0.9990000128746033,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2000","display_name":"General Economics, Econometrics and Finance"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/20","display_name":"Economics, Econometrics and Finance"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/2","display_name":"Social Sciences"}},"topics":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10128","display_name":"Global trade and economics","score":0.9990000128746033,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2000","display_name":"General Economics, Econometrics and Finance"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/20","display_name":"Economics, Econometrics and Finance"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/2","display_name":"Social Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T12428","display_name":"Global Trade and Competitiveness","score":0.0005000000237487257,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1408","display_name":"Strategy and Management"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/14","display_name":"Business, Management and Accounting"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/2","display_name":"Social Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T14143","display_name":"Economic and Technological Innovation","score":0.0003000000142492354,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2002","display_name":"Economics and Econometrics"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/20","display_name":"Economics, Econometrics and Finance"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/2","display_name":"Social Sciences"}}],"keywords":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/product-quality","display_name":"product quality","score":0.9779999852180481},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/linder-hypothesis","display_name":"Linder hypothesis","score":0.9380000233650208},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/direction-of-trade","display_name":"direction of trade","score":0.9259999990463257},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/bilateral-trade","display_name":"bilateral trade","score":0.8080000281333923},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/per-capita-income","display_name":"per capita income","score":0.6690000295639038},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/aggregation-bias","display_name":"aggregation bias","score":0.9449999928474426},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/international-trade-theory","display_name":"international trade theory","score":0.5400000214576721}],"concepts":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/C90673727","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q901718","display_name":"Product (mathematics)","level":2,"score":0.5864543914794922},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2779530757","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1207505","display_name":"Quality (philosophy)","level":2,"score":0.5657435059547424},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C144133560","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q4830453","display_name":"Business","level":0,"score":0.4014820158481598},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C33923547","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q395","display_name":"Mathematics","level":0,"score":0.3281899690628052},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C121332964","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q413","display_name":"Physics","level":0,"score":0.254405677318573},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2524010","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q8087","display_name":"Geometry","level":1,"score":0.20596837997436523},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C62520636","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q944","display_name":"Quantum mechanics","level":1,"score":0.0}],"mesh":[],"locations_count":5,"locations":[{"id":"doi:10.3386/w10877","doi":"https://doi.org/10.3386/w10877","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.3386/w10877","pdf_url":"https://doi.org/10.3386/w10877","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S2809516038","display_name":"National Bureau of Economic Research","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"listed_in":[],"host_organization":null,"host_organization_name":null,"host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4322614461"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["National Bureau of Economic Research"],"type":"repository"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"National Bureau of Economic Research","raw_type":"report"},{"id":"pmh:oai:RePEc:nbr:nberwo:10877","doi":null,"is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"http://www.nber.org/papers/w10877.pdf","pdf_url":"http://www.nber.org/papers/w10877.pdf","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306401271","display_name":"RePEc: Research Papers in Economics","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"listed_in":[],"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/I77793887","host_organization_name":"Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/I77793887"],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":null,"raw_type":"preprint"},{"id":"pmh:oai:aleph.bib-bvb.de:BVB01-016906476","doi":null,"is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"http://papers.nber.org/papers/w10877.pdf","pdf_url":"http://papers.nber.org/papers/w10877.pdf","source":null,"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":null,"raw_type":"text"},{"id":"mag:3121343966","doi":null,"is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://econpapers.repec.org/paper/nbrnberwo/10877.htm","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306401271","display_name":"RePEc: Research Papers in Economics","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"listed_in":[],"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/I77793887","host_organization_name":"Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/I77793887"],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":"RePEc: Research Papers in Economics","raw_type":null},{"id":"mag:3146464672","doi":null,"is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://ideas.repec.org/p/nbr/nberwo/10877.html","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S2809516038","display_name":"National Bureau of Economic Research","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"listed_in":[],"host_organization":null,"host_organization_name":null,"host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4322614461"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["National Bureau of Economic Research"],"type":"repository"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":"National Bureau of Economic Research","raw_type":null}],"best_oa_location":{"id":"doi:10.3386/w10877","doi":"https://doi.org/10.3386/w10877","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.3386/w10877","pdf_url":"https://doi.org/10.3386/w10877","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S2809516038","display_name":"National Bureau of Economic Research","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"listed_in":[],"host_organization":null,"host_organization_name":null,"host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4322614461"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["National Bureau of Economic Research"],"type":"repository"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"National Bureau of Economic Research","raw_type":"report"},"sustainable_development_goals":[],"study_designs":[],"awards":[],"funders":[],"has_content":{"pdf":true,"grobid_xml":true},"content_urls":{"pdf":"https://content.openalex.org/works/W2171780435.pdf","grobid_xml":"https://content.openalex.org/works/W2171780435.grobid-xml"},"referenced_works_count":36,"referenced_works":["https://openalex.org/W180606369","https://openalex.org/W1531390412","https://openalex.org/W1567440201","https://openalex.org/W1575362361","https://openalex.org/W1582859258","https://openalex.org/W1698169592","https://openalex.org/W1969652086","https://openalex.org/W1976868072","https://openalex.org/W1977672641","https://openalex.org/W1981132076","https://openalex.org/W1981310049","https://openalex.org/W1990320303","https://openalex.org/W2044872838","https://openalex.org/W2047875540","https://openalex.org/W2049191963","https://openalex.org/W2065516402","https://openalex.org/W2105360587","https://openalex.org/W2108400523","https://openalex.org/W2109720792","https://openalex.org/W2114020756","https://openalex.org/W2115488037","https://openalex.org/W2167660405","https://openalex.org/W2891485059","https://openalex.org/W3007426402","https://openalex.org/W3022221599","https://openalex.org/W3122793238","https://openalex.org/W3122815155","https://openalex.org/W3122887852","https://openalex.org/W3122972706","https://openalex.org/W3123963462","https://openalex.org/W4298861189","https://openalex.org/W6629191316","https://openalex.org/W6631600749","https://openalex.org/W6652752850","https://openalex.org/W6676106749","https://openalex.org/W6808448199"],"related_works":["https://openalex.org/W7097664045","https://openalex.org/W2162036811","https://openalex.org/W1582859258","https://openalex.org/W7097974362","https://openalex.org/W2891060604","https://openalex.org/W7099336770","https://openalex.org/W1503776135","https://openalex.org/W2154854941","https://openalex.org/W7100281911","https://openalex.org/W2205776828"],"abstract_inverted_index":{"A":[0],"substantial":[1],"amount":[2],"of":[3,16,20,33,41,115,142],"theoretical":[4,88],"work":[5],"predicts":[6],"that":[7,99,107],"quality":[8,42,102,138],"plays":[9],"an":[10,25],"important":[11],"role":[12],"as":[13],"a":[14,108],"determinant":[15],"the":[17,30,39,45,49,67,87,113,116,126,129,133,140],"global":[18],"patterns":[19],"bilateral":[21,64,77],"trade.This":[22],"paper":[23,104],"develops":[24],"empirical":[26,31,84,123],"framework":[27],"to":[28,93,120,132],"estimate":[29],"relevance":[32],"this":[34],"prediction.In":[35],"particular,":[36],"it":[37],"identifies":[38],"effect":[40],"operating":[43],"on":[44],"demand":[46,57],"side":[47],"through":[48],"relationship":[50],"between":[51],"per":[52],"capita":[53],"income":[54],"and":[55,70,139],"aggregate":[56],"for":[58,63,76,125],"quality.The":[59],"model":[60],"yields":[61],"predictions":[62],"flows":[65],"at":[66],"sectoral":[68],"level,":[69],"is":[71],"estimated":[72],"using":[73],"cross-sectional":[74],"data":[75],"trade":[78],"among":[79],"60":[80],"countries":[81,91,98],"in":[82],"1995.The":[83],"results":[85],"confirm":[86],"prediction:":[89],"rich":[90],"tend":[92],"import":[94],"relatively":[95],"more":[96],"from":[97],"produce":[100],"high":[101],"goods.The":[103],"also":[105],"shows":[106],"severe":[109],"aggregation":[110],"bias":[111],"explains":[112],"failure":[114],"literature":[117],"so":[118],"far":[119],"find":[121],"consistent":[122],"support":[124],"\"Linder":[127],"hypothesis\",":[128],"conjectured":[130],"corollary":[131],"first":[134],"theory":[135],"relating":[136],"product":[137],"direction":[141],"trade.":[143]},"counts_by_year":[{"year":2022,"cited_by_count":1},{"year":2018,"cited_by_count":1},{"year":2013,"cited_by_count":1},{"year":2012,"cited_by_count":2}],"updated_date":"2026-10-30T12:39:25.321706","created_date":"2016-06-24T00:00:00"}