{"id":"https://openalex.org/W2171746750","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1017/s1355770x15000091","title":"Did the Kyoto Protocol fail? An evaluation of the effect of the Kyoto Protocol on CO2emissions","display_name":"Did the Kyoto Protocol fail? An evaluation of the effect of the Kyoto Protocol on CO2emissions","publication_year":2015,"publication_date":"2015-03-16","ids":{"openalex":"https://openalex.org/W2171746750","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1017/s1355770x15000091","mag":"2171746750"},"language":"en","primary_location":{"id":"doi:10.1017/s1355770x15000091","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1017/s1355770x15000091","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1017/s1355770x15000091","pdf_url":"https://www.cambridge.org/core/services/aop-cambridge-core/content/view/E1A2492A8745CEB14735940BBE4E3B0E/S1355770X15000091a.pdf/div-class-title-did-the-kyoto-protocol-fail-an-evaluation-of-the-effect-of-the-kyoto-protocol-on-co-span-class-sub-2-span-emissions-div.pdf","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S164923136","display_name":"Environment and Development Economics","issn_l":"1355-770X","issn":["1355-770X","1469-4395"],"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":true,"listed_in":["abdc-b","anvur-class-a","anvur-scientific","cwts-core","erih-plus","jufo-1","norway-1","poland-70","russia-white-list-1","vabb-shw"],"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310311721","host_organization_name":"Cambridge University Press","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310311721","https://openalex.org/P4310311702"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Cambridge University Press","University of Cambridge"],"type":"journal"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Environment and Development Economics","raw_type":"journal-article"},"volume":null,"type":"article","indexed_in":["crossref"],"open_access":{"is_oa":true,"oa_status":"bronze","oa_url":"https://www.cambridge.org/core/services/aop-cambridge-core/content/view/E1A2492A8745CEB14735940BBE4E3B0E/S1355770X15000091a.pdf/div-class-title-did-the-kyoto-protocol-fail-an-evaluation-of-the-effect-of-the-kyoto-protocol-on-co-span-class-sub-2-span-emissions-div.pdf","any_repository_has_fulltext":true},"authorships":[{"author_position":"first","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5073388122","display_name":"Nicole Grunewald","orcid":null,"observed_orcids":[]},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I74656192","display_name":"University of G\u00f6ttingen","ror":"https://ror.org/01y9bpm73","country_code":"DE","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I74656192"]}],"countries":["DE"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Nicole Grunewald","raw_affiliation_strings":["University of G\u00f6ttingen, Platz der G\u00f6ttinger Sieben 3, 37071 G\u00f6ttingen, Germany. E-mail:"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"University of G\u00f6ttingen, Platz der G\u00f6ttinger Sieben 3, 37071 G\u00f6ttingen, Germany. E-mail:","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I74656192"]}]},{"author_position":"last","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5064360295","display_name":"Inmaculada Mart\u00ednez\u2010Zarzoso","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-3247-8557","observed_orcids":["https://orcid.org/0000-0002-3247-8557"]},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I10902133","display_name":"Universitat Jaume I","ror":"https://ror.org/02ws1xc11","country_code":"ES","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I10902133"]},{"id":"https://openalex.org/I74656192","display_name":"University of G\u00f6ttingen","ror":"https://ror.org/01y9bpm73","country_code":"DE","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I74656192"]}],"countries":["DE","ES"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Inmaculada Martinez-Zarzoso","raw_affiliation_strings":["University of G\u00f6ttingen, Germany and University Jaume I, Spain. E-mail:"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"University of G\u00f6ttingen, Germany and University Jaume I, Spain. E-mail:","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I10902133","https://openalex.org/I74656192"]}]}],"institutions":[],"countries_distinct_count":2,"institutions_distinct_count":2,"corresponding_author_ids":[],"corresponding_institution_ids":[],"apc_list":{"value":3550,"currency":"USD","value_usd":3550},"apc_paid":null,"fwci":12.879,"has_fulltext":true,"cited_by_count":110,"citation_normalized_percentile":{"value":0.98340454,"is_in_top_1_percent":false,"is_in_top_10_percent":true},"cited_by_percentile_year":{"min":96,"max":100},"biblio":{"volume":"21","issue":"1","first_page":"1","last_page":"22"},"is_retracted":false,"is_paratext":false,"is_xpac":false,"primary_topic":{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10471","display_name":"Climate Change Policy and Economics","score":0.5849999785423279,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2002","display_name":"Economics and Econometrics"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/20","display_name":"Economics, Econometrics and Finance"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/2","display_name":"Social Sciences"}},"topics":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10471","display_name":"Climate Change Policy and Economics","score":0.5849999785423279,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2002","display_name":"Economics and Econometrics"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/20","display_name":"Economics, Econometrics and Finance"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/2","display_name":"Social Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10438","display_name":"Energy, Environment, Economic Growth","score":0.4138000011444092,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2002","display_name":"Economics and Econometrics"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/20","display_name":"Economics, Econometrics and Finance"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/2","display_name":"Social Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T13756","display_name":"International Environmental Law and Policies","score":0.0003000000142492354,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2308","display_name":"Management, Monitoring, Policy and Law"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/23","display_name":"Environmental Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}}],"keywords":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/kyoto-protocol","display_name":"Kyoto Protocol","score":1.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/co2-emissions","display_name":"CO2 emissions","score":0.9430000185966492},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/climate-policy-effectiveness","display_name":"climate policy effectiveness","score":0.6830000281333923},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/international-climate-agreements","display_name":"international climate agreements","score":0.6359999775886536},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/greenhouse-gas-emissions-reduction","display_name":"greenhouse gas emissions reduction","score":0.6320000290870667},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/policy-evaluation","display_name":"policy evaluation","score":0.6359999775886536},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/counterfactual-analysis","display_name":"counterfactual analysis","score":0.5590000152587891}],"concepts":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/C99743013","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q47359","display_name":"Kyoto Protocol","level":3,"score":0.9387237429618835},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C610760","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1340706","display_name":"Endogeneity","level":2,"score":0.8481284379959106},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C108650721","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1783253","display_name":"Counterfactual thinking","level":2,"score":0.8403249979019165},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C162144332","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1665305","display_name":"Instrumental variable","level":2,"score":0.6259549260139465},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C198531522","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q485146","display_name":"Sample (material)","level":2,"score":0.610045850276947},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C149782125","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q160039","display_name":"Econometrics","level":1,"score":0.584852933883667},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C185429906","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1130160","display_name":"Estimator","level":2,"score":0.5790770649909973},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C162324750","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q8134","display_name":"Economics","level":0,"score":0.566365659236908},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2780385302","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q367158","display_name":"Protocol (science)","level":3,"score":0.5483388304710388},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C6422946","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q857354","display_name":"Panel data","level":2,"score":0.5457772612571716},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C165064840","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1321061","display_name":"Matching (statistics)","level":2,"score":0.46109142899513245},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2779010840","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q131569","display_name":"Treaty","level":2,"score":0.44207024574279785},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C47737302","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q167336","display_name":"Greenhouse gas","level":2,"score":0.32307323813438416},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C105795698","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q12483","display_name":"Statistics","level":1,"score":0.3226289451122284},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C33923547","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q395","display_name":"Mathematics","level":0,"score":0.15647035837173462},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C185592680","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2329","display_name":"Chemistry","level":0,"score":0.12590596079826355},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C18903297","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7150","display_name":"Ecology","level":1,"score":0.07459202408790588},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C17744445","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q36442","display_name":"Political science","level":0,"score":0.06674814224243164},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C86803240","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q420","display_name":"Biology","level":0,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C142724271","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7208","display_name":"Pathology","level":1,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C199539241","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7748","display_name":"Law","level":1,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C204787440","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q188504","display_name":"Alternative medicine","level":2,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C111472728","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q9471","display_name":"Epistemology","level":1,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C138885662","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q5891","display_name":"Philosophy","level":0,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C71924100","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11190","display_name":"Medicine","level":0,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C43617362","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q170050","display_name":"Chromatography","level":1,"score":0.0}],"mesh":[],"locations_count":5,"locations":[{"id":"doi:10.1017/s1355770x15000091","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1017/s1355770x15000091","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1017/s1355770x15000091","pdf_url":"https://www.cambridge.org/core/services/aop-cambridge-core/content/view/E1A2492A8745CEB14735940BBE4E3B0E/S1355770X15000091a.pdf/div-class-title-did-the-kyoto-protocol-fail-an-evaluation-of-the-effect-of-the-kyoto-protocol-on-co-span-class-sub-2-span-emissions-div.pdf","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S164923136","display_name":"Environment and Development Economics","issn_l":"1355-770X","issn":["1355-770X","1469-4395"],"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":true,"listed_in":["abdc-b","anvur-class-a","anvur-scientific","cwts-core","erih-plus","jufo-1","norway-1","poland-70","russia-white-list-1","vabb-shw"],"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310311721","host_organization_name":"Cambridge University Press","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310311721","https://openalex.org/P4310311702"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Cambridge University Press","University of Cambridge"],"type":"journal"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Environment and Development Economics","raw_type":"journal-article"},{"id":"pmh:oai:dnet:repositoriun::30672a0f828520a4aee66c11d1c46c33","doi":null,"is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"http://hdl.handle.net/10234/162739","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306402641","display_name":"LA Referencia (Red Federada de Repositorios Institucionales de Publicaciones Cient\u00edficas)","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"listed_in":[],"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/I4383465926","host_organization_name":"LA Referencia","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/I4383465926"],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":"other-oa","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/other-oa","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"","raw_type":"info:eu-repo/semantics/article"},{"id":"pmh:oai:RePEc:cup:endeec:v:21:y:2016:i:01:p:1-22_00","doi":null,"is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://www.cambridge.org/core/product/identifier/S1355770X15000091/type/journal_article","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306401271","display_name":"RePEc: Research Papers in Economics","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"listed_in":[],"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/I77793887","host_organization_name":"Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/I77793887"],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":null,"raw_type":"article"},{"id":"pmh:oai:publications.goettingen-research-online.de:2/41588","doi":null,"is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://resolver.sub.uni-goettingen.de/purl?gro-2/41588","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S7407055187","display_name":"GRO","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"listed_in":[],"host_organization":null,"host_organization_name":null,"host_organization_lineage":[],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":null,"raw_type":"info:eu-repo/semantics/article"},{"id":"pmh:oai:repositori.uji.es:10234/162739","doi":null,"is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"http://hdl.handle.net/10234/162739","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306400303","display_name":"Repositori UJI (Universitat Jaume I)","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"listed_in":[],"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/I10902133","host_organization_name":"Universitat Jaume I","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/I10902133"],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":"public-domain","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/public-domain","version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":"","raw_type":"info:eu-repo/semantics/article"}],"best_oa_location":{"id":"doi:10.1017/s1355770x15000091","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1017/s1355770x15000091","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1017/s1355770x15000091","pdf_url":"https://www.cambridge.org/core/services/aop-cambridge-core/content/view/E1A2492A8745CEB14735940BBE4E3B0E/S1355770X15000091a.pdf/div-class-title-did-the-kyoto-protocol-fail-an-evaluation-of-the-effect-of-the-kyoto-protocol-on-co-span-class-sub-2-span-emissions-div.pdf","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S164923136","display_name":"Environment and Development Economics","issn_l":"1355-770X","issn":["1355-770X","1469-4395"],"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":true,"listed_in":["abdc-b","anvur-class-a","anvur-scientific","cwts-core","erih-plus","jufo-1","norway-1","poland-70","russia-white-list-1","vabb-shw"],"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310311721","host_organization_name":"Cambridge University Press","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310311721","https://openalex.org/P4310311702"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Cambridge University Press","University of Cambridge"],"type":"journal"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Environment and Development Economics","raw_type":"journal-article"},"sustainable_development_goals":[{"id":"https://metadata.un.org/sdg/13","display_name":"Climate action","score":1.0},{"id":"https://metadata.un.org/sdg/16","display_name":"Peace, justice, and strong institutions","score":0.6601999998092651}],"study_designs":[],"awards":[],"funders":[],"has_content":{"grobid_xml":true,"pdf":true},"content_urls":{"pdf":"https://content.openalex.org/works/W2171746750.pdf","grobid_xml":"https://content.openalex.org/works/W2171746750.grobid-xml"},"referenced_works_count":15,"referenced_works":["https://openalex.org/W1527990863","https://openalex.org/W1558430412","https://openalex.org/W1597136470","https://openalex.org/W1855244729","https://openalex.org/W1859686506","https://openalex.org/W1969406214","https://openalex.org/W1977920262","https://openalex.org/W2014243313","https://openalex.org/W2044055559","https://openalex.org/W2107922979","https://openalex.org/W2164451921","https://openalex.org/W2890990836","https://openalex.org/W3108226336","https://openalex.org/W3121155775","https://openalex.org/W3122193054"],"related_works":["https://openalex.org/W1597984114","https://openalex.org/W1705784256","https://openalex.org/W654382613","https://openalex.org/W7135015170","https://openalex.org/W3159551515","https://openalex.org/W7066874919","https://openalex.org/W2940392288","https://openalex.org/W2066011297","https://openalex.org/W3124559990","https://openalex.org/W4396994189"],"abstract_inverted_index":{"Abstract":[0],"In":[1],"this":[2],"paper,":[3],"we":[4],"empirically":[5],"investigate":[6],"the":[7,10,22,27,37,40,66,70,75],"impact":[8],"of":[9,18,29,39],"Kyoto":[11,44,90],"Protocol":[12,91],"on":[13,98],"CO2emissions":[14],"using":[15,80],"a":[16,30,55,61,94,102,106],"sample":[17,68,72],"170":[19],"countries":[20],"over":[21],"period":[23],"1992\u20132009.":[24],"We":[25,58],"propose":[26],"use":[28],"difference-in-differences":[31],"estimator":[32],"with":[33],"matching":[34],"to":[35,50,53,77],"address":[36],"endogeneity":[38],"policy":[41],"variable,":[42],"namely":[43],"commitments.":[45],"Countries":[46],"are":[47],"matched":[48,71],"according":[49],"observable":[51],"characteristics":[52],"create":[54],"suitable":[56],"counterfactual.":[57],"correspondingly":[59],"estimate":[60],"panel":[62],"data":[63],"model":[64],"for":[65,116],"whole":[67],"and":[69,73],"compare":[74],"results":[76,87],"those":[78,117],"obtained":[79],"an":[81],"instrumental":[82],"variable":[83],"approach.":[84],"The":[85],"main":[86],"indicate":[88],"that":[89,101],"commitments":[92],"have":[93],"measurable":[95],"reducing":[96],"effect":[97],"CO2emissions,":[99],"indicating":[100],"treaty":[103],"often":[104],"deemed":[105],"\u2018failure\u2019":[107],"may":[108],"in":[109],"fact":[110],"be":[111],"producing":[112],"some":[113],"non-negligible":[114],"effects":[115],"who":[118],"signed":[119],"it.":[120]},"counts_by_year":[{"year":2026,"cited_by_count":5},{"year":2025,"cited_by_count":11},{"year":2024,"cited_by_count":18},{"year":2023,"cited_by_count":19},{"year":2022,"cited_by_count":16},{"year":2021,"cited_by_count":11},{"year":2020,"cited_by_count":4},{"year":2019,"cited_by_count":10},{"year":2018,"cited_by_count":6},{"year":2017,"cited_by_count":7},{"year":2016,"cited_by_count":3}],"updated_date":"2026-10-16T09:59:22.235173","created_date":"2016-06-24T00:00:00"}
