{"id":"https://openalex.org/W2171364060","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1186/1745-6215-13-145","title":"Adaptive trial designs: a review of barriers and opportunities","display_name":"Adaptive trial designs: a review of barriers and opportunities","publication_year":2012,"publication_date":"2012-08-23","ids":{"openalex":"https://openalex.org/W2171364060","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1186/1745-6215-13-145","mag":"2171364060","pmid":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/22917111","pmcid":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/3519822"},"language":"en","primary_location":{"id":"doi:10.1186/1745-6215-13-145","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1186/1745-6215-13-145","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1186/1745-6215-13-145","pdf_url":"https://trialsjournal.biomedcentral.com/counter/pdf/10.1186/1745-6215-13-145","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S109512841","display_name":"Trials","issn_l":"1745-6215","issn":["1745-6215"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":true,"is_core":true,"listed_in":["anvur-class-a","anvur-scientific","cwts-core","doaj","dongbi-b","doyens","jufo-1","ki-jl-1","medline","norway-1","oarl","poland-100","russia-white-list-2","vabb-shw"],"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310319900","host_organization_name":"Springer Science+Business Media","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310319900","https://openalex.org/P4310319965"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Springer Science+Business Media","Springer Nature"],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Trials","raw_type":"journal-article"},"volume":null,"type":"review","is_traditional":true,"indexed_in":["crossref","doaj","pubmed"],"open_access":{"is_oa":true,"oa_status":"gold","oa_url":"https://trialsjournal.biomedcentral.com/counter/pdf/10.1186/1745-6215-13-145","any_repository_has_fulltext":true},"authorships":[{"author_position":"first","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5025004880","display_name":"John A. Kairalla","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0009-0005-2430-2921","observed_orcids":["https://orcid.org/0009-0005-2430-2921"]},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I33213144","display_name":"University of Florida","ror":"https://ror.org/02y3ad647","country_code":"US","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I33213144"]}],"countries":["US"],"is_corresponding":true,"raw_author_name":"John A Kairalla","raw_affiliation_strings":["Department of Biostatistics, University of Florida, PO Box 117450, Gainesville, FL 32611-7450, USA. johnkair@ufl.edu","Department of Biostatistics, University of Florida, PO Box 117450, Gainesville, FL, 32611-7450, USA"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Biostatistics, University of Florida, PO Box 117450, Gainesville, FL 32611-7450, USA. johnkair@ufl.edu","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I33213144"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Biostatistics, University of Florida, PO Box 117450, Gainesville, FL, 32611-7450, USA","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I33213144"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5101963138","display_name":"Christopher S. Coffey","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-8130-5484","observed_orcids":["https://orcid.org/0000-0002-8130-5484","https://orcid.org/0000-0003-1193-2041"]},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I126307644","display_name":"University of Iowa","ror":"https://ror.org/036jqmy94","country_code":"US","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I126307644"]}],"countries":["US"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Christopher S Coffey","raw_affiliation_strings":["Department of Biostatistics, University of Iowa, 2400 University Capitol Centre, Iowa City, IA, 52240-4034, USA"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Biostatistics, University of Iowa, 2400 University Capitol Centre, Iowa City, IA, 52240-4034, USA","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I126307644"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5083338301","display_name":"Mitchell A Thomann","orcid":null,"observed_orcids":[]},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I126307644","display_name":"University of Iowa","ror":"https://ror.org/036jqmy94","country_code":"US","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I126307644"]}],"countries":["US"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Mitchell A Thomann","raw_affiliation_strings":["Department of Biostatistics, University of Iowa, 2400 University Capitol Centre, Iowa City, IA, 52240-4034, USA"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Biostatistics, University of Iowa, 2400 University Capitol Centre, Iowa City, IA, 52240-4034, USA","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I126307644"]}]},{"author_position":"last","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5110163574","display_name":"Keith E. Muller","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-8201-5449","observed_orcids":["https://orcid.org/0000-0001-8201-5449"]},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I2800717037","display_name":"University of Florida Health","ror":"https://ror.org/04tk2gy88","country_code":"US","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I2800717037","https://openalex.org/I33213144"]},{"id":"https://openalex.org/I33213144","display_name":"University of Florida","ror":"https://ror.org/02y3ad647","country_code":"US","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I33213144"]}],"countries":["US"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Keith E Muller","raw_affiliation_strings":["Department of Health Outcomes and Policy, University of Florida, PO Box 100177, Gainesville, FL, 32610-0177, USA"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Health Outcomes and Policy, University of Florida, PO Box 100177, Gainesville, FL, 32610-0177, USA","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I2800717037","https://openalex.org/I33213144"]}]}],"institutions":[],"countries_distinct_count":1,"institutions_distinct_count":3,"corresponding_author_ids":["https://openalex.org/A5025004880"],"corresponding_institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I33213144"],"apc_list":{"value":2790,"currency":"USD","value_usd":2790},"apc_paid":{"value":2790,"currency":"USD","value_usd":2790},"fwci":2.5019,"has_fulltext":true,"cited_by_count":254,"citation_normalized_percentile":{"value":0.93220339,"is_in_top_1_percent":false,"is_in_top_10_percent":true},"cited_by_percentile_year":{"min":97,"max":100},"biblio":{"volume":"13","issue":"1","first_page":"145","last_page":"145"},"is_retracted":false,"is_paratext":false,"is_xpac":false,"primary_topic":{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11235","display_name":"Statistical Methods in Clinical Trials","score":1.0,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2613","display_name":"Statistics and Probability"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/26","display_name":"Mathematics"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},"topics":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11235","display_name":"Statistical Methods in Clinical Trials","score":1.0,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2613","display_name":"Statistics and Probability"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/26","display_name":"Mathematics"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10243","display_name":"Statistical Methods and Bayesian Inference","score":0.0,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2613","display_name":"Statistics and Probability"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/26","display_name":"Mathematics"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11798","display_name":"Optimal Experimental Design Methods","score":0.0,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1803","display_name":"Management Science and Operations Research"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/18","display_name":"Decision Sciences"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/2","display_name":"Social Sciences"}}],"keywords":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/adaptive-trial-design","display_name":"adaptive trial design","score":0.9440000057220459},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/clinical-trials","display_name":"clinical trials","score":0.5170000195503235},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/sample-size-reduction","display_name":"sample size reduction","score":0.6650000214576721},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/statistical-validity","display_name":"statistical validity","score":0.8009999990463257},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/regulatory-concerns","display_name":"regulatory concerns","score":0.6759999990463257},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/comparative-effectiveness-research","display_name":"comparative effectiveness research","score":0.9700000286102295},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/barriers-to-adoption","display_name":"barriers to adoption","score":0.718999981880188}],"concepts":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2780598303","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q65921492","display_name":"Flexibility (engineering)","level":2,"score":0.6851211190223694},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2982777018","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q99268086","display_name":"Adaptive design","level":3,"score":0.6599705815315247},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C41008148","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q21198","display_name":"Computer science","level":0,"score":0.6506010293960571},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2779343474","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q3109175","display_name":"Context (archaeology)","level":2,"score":0.611149251461029},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C112930515","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q4389547","display_name":"Risk analysis (engineering)","level":1,"score":0.5309106111526489},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C539667460","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2414942","display_name":"Management science","level":1,"score":0.5040115714073181},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2522767166","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2374463","display_name":"Data science","level":1,"score":0.45939064025878906},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C535046627","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q30612","display_name":"Clinical trial","level":2,"score":0.18167400360107422},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C71924100","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11190","display_name":"Medicine","level":0,"score":0.14137420058250427},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C33923547","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q395","display_name":"Mathematics","level":0,"score":0.12626788020133972},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C162324750","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q8134","display_name":"Economics","level":0,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C86803240","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q420","display_name":"Biology","level":0,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C142724271","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7208","display_name":"Pathology","level":1,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C105795698","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q12483","display_name":"Statistics","level":1,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C151730666","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7205","display_name":"Paleontology","level":1,"score":0.0}],"mesh":[{"descriptor_ui":"D002986","descriptor_name":"Clinical Trials as Topic","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":true},{"descriptor_ui":"D006801","descriptor_name":"Humans","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D011897","descriptor_name":"Random Allocation","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D012107","descriptor_name":"Research Design","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":true},{"descriptor_ui":"D018401","descriptor_name":"Sample Size","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":false}],"locations_count":5,"locations":[{"id":"doi:10.1186/1745-6215-13-145","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1186/1745-6215-13-145","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1186/1745-6215-13-145","pdf_url":"https://trialsjournal.biomedcentral.com/counter/pdf/10.1186/1745-6215-13-145","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S109512841","display_name":"Trials","issn_l":"1745-6215","issn":["1745-6215"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":true,"is_core":true,"listed_in":["anvur-class-a","anvur-scientific","cwts-core","doaj","dongbi-b","doyens","jufo-1","ki-jl-1","medline","norway-1","oarl","poland-100","russia-white-list-2","vabb-shw"],"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310319900","host_organization_name":"Springer Science+Business Media","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310319900","https://openalex.org/P4310319965"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Springer Science+Business Media","Springer Nature"],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Trials","raw_type":"journal-article"},{"id":"pmh:oai:europepmc.org:2519767","doi":null,"is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/3519822","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306400806","display_name":"Europe PMC (PubMed Central)","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"listed_in":[],"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/I1303153112","host_organization_name":"European Bioinformatics Institute","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/I1303153112"],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":null,"raw_type":"Text"},{"id":"pmh:oai:pubmedcentral.nih.gov:3519822","doi":null,"is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/3519822","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S2764455111","display_name":"PubMed Central","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"listed_in":[],"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/I1299303238","host_organization_name":"National Institutes of Health","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/I1299303238"],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Trials","raw_type":"Text"},{"id":"pmid:22917111","doi":null,"is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/22917111","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306525036","display_name":"PubMed","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"listed_in":[],"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/I1299303238","host_organization_name":"National Institutes of Health","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/I1299303238"],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Trials","raw_type":"Journal Article"},{"id":"pmh:oai:doaj.org/article:40b00c3d46d34661b6768af97a14a69b","doi":null,"is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doaj.org/article/40b00c3d46d34661b6768af97a14a69b","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306401280","display_name":"DOAJ (DOAJ: Directory of Open Access Journals)","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"listed_in":[],"host_organization":null,"host_organization_name":null,"host_organization_lineage":[],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":"cc-by-sa","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by-sa","version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":"Trials, Vol 13, Iss 1, p 145 (2012)","raw_type":"article"}],"best_oa_location":{"id":"doi:10.1186/1745-6215-13-145","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1186/1745-6215-13-145","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1186/1745-6215-13-145","pdf_url":"https://trialsjournal.biomedcentral.com/counter/pdf/10.1186/1745-6215-13-145","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S109512841","display_name":"Trials","issn_l":"1745-6215","issn":["1745-6215"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":true,"is_core":true,"listed_in":["anvur-class-a","anvur-scientific","cwts-core","doaj","dongbi-b","doyens","jufo-1","ki-jl-1","medline","norway-1","oarl","poland-100","russia-white-list-2","vabb-shw"],"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310319900","host_organization_name":"Springer Science+Business Media","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310319900","https://openalex.org/P4310319965"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Springer Science+Business Media","Springer Nature"],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Trials","raw_type":"journal-article"},"sustainable_development_goals":[{"display_name":"Good health and well-being","score":0.428600013256073,"id":"https://metadata.un.org/sdg/3"}],"study_designs":[],"awards":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/G1478134185","display_name":"Ancillary Functional Studies for the CCTRN","funder_award_id":"R01HL091005","funder_id":"https://openalex.org/F4320337338","funder_display_name":"National Heart, Lung, and Blood Institute"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/G151892965","display_name":"UF Clinical and Translational Science Award","funder_award_id":"UL1RR029890","funder_id":"https://openalex.org/F4320337375","funder_display_name":"National Center for Research Resources"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/G2848036350","display_name":null,"funder_award_id":"/ NIDDK R01","funder_id":"https://openalex.org/F4320332161","funder_display_name":"National Institutes of Health"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/G3233374885","display_name":null,"funder_award_id":"R01DE020832-01A1","funder_id":"https://openalex.org/F4320337365","funder_display_name":"National Institute of Dental and Craniofacial Research"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/G3340572111","display_name":"Substance Use and Immunity in HIV+ Adolescents by Systems Biology","funder_award_id":"R01DA031017","funder_id":"https://openalex.org/F4320337347","funder_display_name":"National Institute on Drug Abuse"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/G4103983484","display_name":"UF Clinical and Translational Science Award","funder_award_id":"UL1TR000064","funder_id":"https://openalex.org/F4320332161","funder_display_name":"National Institutes of Health"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/G4443830299","display_name":"A collaborative model to improve BP control and minimize racial disparities--DCC","funder_award_id":"R01HL091843","funder_id":"https://openalex.org/F4320337338","funder_display_name":"National Heart, Lung, and Blood Institute"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/G4444900499","display_name":"Southeast Center for Research to Reduce Disparities in Oral Health","funder_award_id":"U54DE019261","funder_id":"https://openalex.org/F4320337365","funder_display_name":"National Institute of Dental and Craniofacial Research"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/G5321427439","display_name":null,"funder_award_id":"R01-DE020832","funder_id":"https://openalex.org/F4320337365","funder_display_name":"National Institute of Dental and Craniofacial Research"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/G640430542","display_name":null,"funder_award_id":"NHLBI R01","funder_id":"https://openalex.org/F4320332161","funder_display_name":"National Institutes of Health"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/G7263436441","display_name":"Amitriptyline and Topiramate in the Prevention of Childhood Migraine: DCC","funder_award_id":"U01NS077108","funder_id":"https://openalex.org/F4320337359","funder_display_name":"National Institute of Neurological Disorders and Stroke"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/G7460399498","display_name":"Vitamin B6 Effects on One-Carbon Metabolism","funder_award_id":"R01DK072398","funder_id":"https://openalex.org/F4320337357","funder_display_name":"National Institute of Diabetes and Digestive and Kidney Diseases"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/G7730226967","display_name":"SECONDARY PREVENTION OF SMALL SUBCORTICAL STROKES (SPS3)","funder_award_id":"U01NS038529","funder_id":"https://openalex.org/F4320337359","funder_display_name":"National Institute of Neurological Disorders and Stroke"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/G8129861312","display_name":"Etiology of Alcohol Use and Consequences Among Multi-Ethnic Urban Youth","funder_award_id":"R01AA016549","funder_id":"https://openalex.org/F4320337330","funder_display_name":"National Institute on Alcohol Abuse and Alcoholism"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/G8548887045","display_name":"Improving Dementia Caregiver Sleep and The Effect on Heart Disease Biomarkers","funder_award_id":"R01AG039495","funder_id":"https://openalex.org/F4320337337","funder_display_name":"National Institute on Aging"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/G8817917344","display_name":"Multilevel and Longitudinal Study Sample Size Tools for Behavioral Scientists","funder_award_id":"5r01de020832-04","funder_id":"https://openalex.org/F4320332161","funder_display_name":"National Institutes of Health"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/G9000894351","display_name":"Network of Excellence in Neuroscience Clinical Trials (NeuroNEXT)  DCC","funder_award_id":"U01NS077352","funder_id":"https://openalex.org/F4320337359","funder_display_name":"National Institute of Neurological Disorders and Stroke"}],"funders":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/F4320310009","display_name":"University of Florida","ror":"https://ror.org/02y3ad647"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/F4320322725","display_name":"China Scholarship Council","ror":"https://ror.org/04atp4p48"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/F4320332161","display_name":"National Institutes of Health","ror":"https://ror.org/01cwqze88"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/F4320337330","display_name":"National Institute on Alcohol Abuse and Alcoholism","ror":"https://ror.org/02jzrsm59"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/F4320337337","display_name":"National Institute on Aging","ror":"https://ror.org/049v75w11"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/F4320337338","display_name":"National Heart, Lung, and Blood Institute","ror":"https://ror.org/012pb6c26"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/F4320337347","display_name":"National Institute on Drug Abuse","ror":"https://ror.org/00fq5cm18"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/F4320337353","display_name":"National Institute of Nursing Research","ror":"https://ror.org/01y3zfr79"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/F4320337357","display_name":"National Institute of Diabetes and Digestive and Kidney Diseases","ror":"https://ror.org/00adh9b73"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/F4320337359","display_name":"National Institute of Neurological Disorders and Stroke","ror":"https://ror.org/01s5ya894"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/F4320337365","display_name":"National Institute of Dental and Craniofacial Research","ror":"https://ror.org/004a2wv92"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/F4320337375","display_name":"National Center for Research Resources","ror":"https://ror.org/04pw6fb54"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/F4320337472","display_name":"National Center for Advancing Translational Sciences","ror":"https://ror.org/04pw6fb54"}],"has_content":{"pdf":true,"grobid_xml":true},"content_urls":{"pdf":"https://content.openalex.org/works/W2171364060.pdf","grobid_xml":"https://content.openalex.org/works/W2171364060.grobid-xml"},"referenced_works_count":74,"referenced_works":["https://openalex.org/W50234591","https://openalex.org/W68380001","https://openalex.org/W565290093","https://openalex.org/W595861982","https://openalex.org/W1538993066","https://openalex.org/W1677387685","https://openalex.org/W1926357153","https://openalex.org/W1966732616","https://openalex.org/W1967612620","https://openalex.org/W1968538911","https://openalex.org/W1972173961","https://openalex.org/W1973002971","https://openalex.org/W1979620502","https://openalex.org/W1985483877","https://openalex.org/W1993827876","https://openalex.org/W1994719744","https://openalex.org/W1997013447","https://openalex.org/W2000072919","https://openalex.org/W2002174290","https://openalex.org/W2004275808","https://openalex.org/W2006990152","https://openalex.org/W2011983555","https://openalex.org/W2012547755","https://openalex.org/W2020526475","https://openalex.org/W2021877802","https://openalex.org/W2023742333","https://openalex.org/W2030526274","https://openalex.org/W2042355708","https://openalex.org/W2044674895","https://openalex.org/W2046945363","https://openalex.org/W2047612764","https://openalex.org/W2048014796","https://openalex.org/W2048367107","https://openalex.org/W2049268737","https://openalex.org/W2051413546","https://openalex.org/W2054383376","https://openalex.org/W2067106492","https://openalex.org/W2071150013","https://openalex.org/W2075615199","https://openalex.org/W2076108528","https://openalex.org/W2078021680","https://openalex.org/W2080883500","https://openalex.org/W2084726038","https://openalex.org/W2088238660","https://openalex.org/W2088411558","https://openalex.org/W2094992383","https://openalex.org/W2095967516","https://openalex.org/W2096940309","https://openalex.org/W2103146027","https://openalex.org/W2106573601","https://openalex.org/W2113379516","https://openalex.org/W2115499099","https://openalex.org/W2119190259","https://openalex.org/W2127456422","https://openalex.org/W2127869701","https://openalex.org/W2132770882","https://openalex.org/W2143565945","https://openalex.org/W2145537131","https://openalex.org/W2146671770","https://openalex.org/W2148276060","https://openalex.org/W2151100804","https://openalex.org/W2151253787","https://openalex.org/W2159053049","https://openalex.org/W2168784784","https://openalex.org/W2171991128","https://openalex.org/W2189182632","https://openalex.org/W2475919823","https://openalex.org/W2486444208","https://openalex.org/W2512907691","https://openalex.org/W2963287295","https://openalex.org/W4233833928","https://openalex.org/W4240830746","https://openalex.org/W4285719527","https://openalex.org/W4302080963"],"related_works":["https://openalex.org/W3036354474","https://openalex.org/W3174678685","https://openalex.org/W7118089875","https://openalex.org/W2325891792","https://openalex.org/W2189182632","https://openalex.org/W2791498037","https://openalex.org/W2883153183","https://openalex.org/W2121659678","https://openalex.org/W3009200904","https://openalex.org/W2132835293"],"abstract_inverted_index":{"Adaptive":[0],"designs":[1,24,33,75,116,136,151],"allow":[2],"planned":[3],"modifications":[4],"based":[5],"on":[6,125],"data":[7],"accumulating":[8],"within":[9],"a":[10,40,44,97,171,177,199],"study.":[11],"The":[12],"promise":[13],"of":[14,54,60,73,91,96,104,179,193,201,217,224,238,262,266],"greater":[15],"flexibility":[16],"and":[17,28,50,88,108,129,148,204,229,254,271],"efficiency":[18],"stimulates":[19],"increasing":[20],"interest":[21],"in":[22,141,152,159,170,211,269],"adaptive":[23,32,74,99,115,164,194,219],"from":[25,190],"clinical,":[26],"academic,":[27],"regulatory":[29,160],"parties.":[30],"When":[31],"are":[34,233],"used":[35],"properly,":[36],"efficiencies":[37],"can":[38,65],"include":[39,163],"smaller":[41],"sample":[42],"size,":[43],"more":[45],"efficient":[46],"treatment":[47],"development":[48],"process,":[49],"an":[51],"increased":[52],"chance":[53],"correctly":[55],"answering":[56],"the":[57,85,105,119,126,157,191,222,225,236,241,263,267],"clinical":[58],"question":[59],"interest.":[61,122],"However,":[62,240],"improper":[63],"adaptations":[64],"lead":[66,133,259],"to":[67,84,134,154,213,251,260],"biased":[68],"studies.":[69],"A":[70],"broad":[71],"definition":[72],"allows":[76],"for":[77,156,208,235],"countless":[78],"variations,":[79],"which":[80,167,258],"creates":[81],"confusion":[82],"as":[83,183],"statistical":[86,109],"validity":[87],"practical":[89],"feasibility":[90],"many":[92],"designs.":[93,195,220],"Determining":[94],"properties":[95],"particular":[98,135,142],"design":[100,127],"requires":[101],"careful":[102],"consideration":[103],"scientific":[106],"context":[107],"assumptions.":[110],"We":[111,123,144,162,174],"first":[112],"review":[113],"several":[114],"that":[117,132,187,246],"garner":[118],"most":[120,230],"current":[121,202,249,264],"focus":[124],"principles":[128],"research":[130],"issues":[131],"being":[137],"appealing":[138],"or":[139],"unappealing":[140],"applications.":[143],"separately":[145],"discuss":[146],"exploratory":[147],"confirmatory":[149],"stage":[150],"order":[153,212],"account":[155],"differences":[158],"concerns.":[161],"seamless":[165],"designs,":[166],"combine":[168],"stages":[169],"unified":[172],"approach.":[173],"also":[175],"highlight":[176],"number":[178,200],"applied":[180],"areas,":[181],"such":[182],"comparative":[184],"effectiveness":[185],"research,":[186],"would":[188],"benefit":[189],"use":[192,216],"Finally,":[196],"we":[197,247],"describe":[198],"barriers":[203],"provide":[205,248],"initial":[206],"suggestions":[207],"overcoming":[209],"them":[210],"promote":[214],"wider":[215],"appropriate":[218],"Given":[221],"breadth":[223],"coverage":[226],"all":[227],"mathematical":[228],"implementation":[231],"details":[232,261],"omitted":[234],"sake":[237],"brevity.":[239],"interested":[242],"reader":[243],"will":[244],"find":[245],"references":[250],"focused":[252],"reviews":[253],"original":[255],"theoretical":[256],"sources":[257],"state":[265],"art":[268],"theory":[270],"practice.":[272]},"counts_by_year":[{"year":2026,"cited_by_count":11},{"year":2025,"cited_by_count":10},{"year":2024,"cited_by_count":5},{"year":2023,"cited_by_count":10},{"year":2022,"cited_by_count":8},{"year":2021,"cited_by_count":13},{"year":2020,"cited_by_count":78},{"year":2019,"cited_by_count":12},{"year":2018,"cited_by_count":16},{"year":2017,"cited_by_count":21},{"year":2016,"cited_by_count":15},{"year":2015,"cited_by_count":23},{"year":2014,"cited_by_count":19},{"year":2013,"cited_by_count":13}],"updated_date":"2026-11-07T11:25:07.637180","created_date":"2016-06-24T00:00:00"}
