{"id":"https://openalex.org/W2171111677","doi":"https://doi.org/10.2134/jeq2007.0177","title":"When Does Nitrate Become a Risk for Humans?","display_name":"When Does Nitrate Become a Risk for Humans?","publication_year":2008,"publication_date":"2008-02-11","ids":{"openalex":"https://openalex.org/W2171111677","doi":"https://doi.org/10.2134/jeq2007.0177","mag":"2171111677","pmid":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/18268290"},"language":"en","primary_location":{"id":"doi:10.2134/jeq2007.0177","doi":"https://doi.org/10.2134/jeq2007.0177","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.2134/jeq2007.0177","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S81083566","display_name":"Journal of Environmental Quality","issn_l":"0047-2425","issn":["0047-2425","1537-2537"],"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":true,"listed_in":["cwts-core","dongbi-c","jufo-1","medline","norway-1","poland-100","russia-white-list-2"],"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310320595","host_organization_name":"Wiley","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310320595"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Wiley"],"type":"journal"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Journal of Environmental Quality","raw_type":"journal-article"},"volume":null,"type":"review","indexed_in":["crossref","pubmed"],"open_access":{"is_oa":false,"oa_status":"closed","oa_url":null,"any_repository_has_fulltext":false},"authorships":[{"author_position":"first","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5002460562","display_name":"D. S. Powlson","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-8776-2339","observed_orcids":["https://orcid.org/0000-0001-8776-2339"]},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I2799553609","display_name":"Rothamsted Research","ror":"https://ror.org/0347fy350","country_code":"GB","type":"facility","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I2799553609","https://openalex.org/I2799693246","https://openalex.org/I4210087105"]}],"countries":["GB"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"David S. Powlson","raw_affiliation_strings":["Soil Science Dep., Rothamsted Research, Harpenden, Herts, AL5 2JQ United Kingdom"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Soil Science Dep., Rothamsted Research, Harpenden, Herts, AL5 2JQ United Kingdom","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I2799553609"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5110860298","display_name":"Tom M. Addiscott","orcid":null,"observed_orcids":[]},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I2799553609","display_name":"Rothamsted Research","ror":"https://ror.org/0347fy350","country_code":"GB","type":"facility","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I2799553609","https://openalex.org/I2799693246","https://openalex.org/I4210087105"]}],"countries":["GB"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Tom M. Addiscott","raw_affiliation_strings":["Soil Science Dep., Rothamsted Research, Harpenden, Herts, AL5 2JQ United Kingdom"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Soil Science Dep., Rothamsted Research, Harpenden, Herts, AL5 2JQ United Kingdom","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I2799553609"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5109141767","display_name":"Nigel Benjamin","orcid":null,"observed_orcids":[]},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I2802723752","display_name":"Derriford Hospital","ror":"https://ror.org/00v5h4y49","country_code":"GB","type":"healthcare","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I2802723752","https://openalex.org/I4210166818"]}],"countries":["GB"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Nigel Benjamin","raw_affiliation_strings":["Derriford Hospital, Brest Rd, Derriford, Plymouth, PL6 5AA United Kingdom"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Derriford Hospital, Brest Rd, Derriford, Plymouth, PL6 5AA United Kingdom","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I2802723752"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5028183569","display_name":"Ken G. Cassman","orcid":null,"observed_orcids":[]},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I114395901","display_name":"University of Nebraska\u2013Lincoln","ror":"https://ror.org/043mer456","country_code":"US","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I114395901"]}],"countries":["US"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Ken G. Cassman","raw_affiliation_strings":["Dep. of Agronomy and Horticulture, Univ. of Nebraska, Lincoln, NE, 68583 USA"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Dep. of Agronomy and Horticulture, Univ. of Nebraska, Lincoln, NE, 68583 USA","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I114395901"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5048229400","display_name":"Theo M. C. M. de Kok","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-2102-3626","observed_orcids":["https://orcid.org/0000-0003-2102-3626"]},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I34352273","display_name":"Maastricht University","ror":"https://ror.org/02jz4aj89","country_code":"NL","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I34352273"]}],"countries":["NL"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Theo M. de Kok","raw_affiliation_strings":["Dep. of Health Risk Analysis and Toxicology, University Maastricht, P.O. Box 616, Maastricht, 6200 MD the Netherlands"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Dep. of Health Risk Analysis and Toxicology, University Maastricht, P.O. Box 616, Maastricht, 6200 MD the Netherlands","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I34352273"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5112332968","display_name":"Hans J.M. van Grinsven","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-7304-0706","observed_orcids":["https://orcid.org/0000-0001-7304-0706"]},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I1326018075","display_name":"Netherlands Environmental Assessment Agency","ror":"https://ror.org/052x1hs80","country_code":"NL","type":"facility","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I1326018075","https://openalex.org/I331567899","https://openalex.org/I4210140876"]}],"countries":["NL"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Hans van Grinsven","raw_affiliation_strings":["Netherlands Environmental Assessment Agency, P.O. Box 303, 3720 AH Bilthoven, the Netherlands"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Netherlands Environmental Assessment Agency, P.O. Box 303, 3720 AH Bilthoven, the Netherlands","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I1326018075"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5015437098","display_name":"Jean-Louis L'hirondel","orcid":null,"observed_orcids":[]},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I4210114068","display_name":"Centre Hospitalier Universitaire de Caen Normandie","ror":"https://ror.org/027arzy69","country_code":"FR","type":"healthcare","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I4210114068"]}],"countries":["FR"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Jean\u2010Louis L'hirondel","raw_affiliation_strings":["Service de rhumatologie, Centre Hospitalier Universitaire de Caen, 14033 Caen Cedex, France"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Service de rhumatologie, Centre Hospitalier Universitaire de Caen, 14033 Caen Cedex, France","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I4210114068"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5040544882","display_name":"Alex A. Avery","orcid":null,"observed_orcids":[]},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I1330254920","display_name":"Hudson Institute","ror":"https://ror.org/014n3ck53","country_code":"US","type":"nonprofit","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I1330254920"]}],"countries":["US"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Alex A. Avery","raw_affiliation_strings":["Center for Global Food Issues, Hudson Inst., PO Box 202, Churchville, VA, 24421 USA"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Center for Global Food Issues, Hudson Inst., PO Box 202, Churchville, VA, 24421 USA","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I1330254920"]}]},{"author_position":"last","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5041507295","display_name":"Chris van Kessel","orcid":null,"observed_orcids":[]},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I84218800","display_name":"University of California, Davis","ror":"https://ror.org/05rrcem69","country_code":"US","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I84218800"]}],"countries":["US"],"is_corresponding":true,"raw_author_name":"Chris van Kessel","raw_affiliation_strings":["Dep. of Plant Sciences, Univ. of California, Davis, CA, 95616 USA"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Dep. of Plant Sciences, Univ. of California, Davis, CA, 95616 USA","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I84218800"]}]}],"institutions":[],"countries_distinct_count":4,"institutions_distinct_count":8,"corresponding_author_ids":["https://openalex.org/A5041507295"],"corresponding_institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I84218800"],"apc_list":{"value":1910,"currency":"USD","value_usd":1910},"apc_paid":null,"fwci":1.9654,"has_fulltext":false,"cited_by_count":307,"citation_normalized_percentile":{"value":0.87972509,"is_in_top_1_percent":false,"is_in_top_10_percent":false},"cited_by_percentile_year":{"min":97,"max":100},"biblio":{"volume":"37","issue":"2","first_page":"291","last_page":"295"},"is_retracted":false,"is_paratext":false,"is_xpac":false,"primary_topic":{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11493","display_name":"Water Treatment and Disinfection","score":0.9810000061988831,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2307","display_name":"Health, Toxicology and Mutagenesis"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/23","display_name":"Environmental Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},"topics":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11493","display_name":"Water Treatment and Disinfection","score":0.9810000061988831,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2307","display_name":"Health, Toxicology and Mutagenesis"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/23","display_name":"Environmental Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11331","display_name":"Fecal contamination and water quality","score":0.002899999963119626,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2312","display_name":"Water Science and Technology"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/23","display_name":"Environmental Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10433","display_name":"Carcinogens and Genotoxicity Assessment","score":0.0024999999441206455,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1306","display_name":"Cancer Research"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/13","display_name":"Biochemistry, Genetics and Molecular Biology"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/1","display_name":"Life Sciences"}}],"keywords":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/nitrate","display_name":"nitrate","score":0.9470000267028809},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/drinking-water-quality","display_name":"drinking water quality","score":0.8769999742507935},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/blue-baby-syndrome","display_name":"blue baby syndrome","score":0.9869999885559082},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/digestive-tract-cancer","display_name":"digestive tract cancer","score":0.7680000066757202},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/n-nitroso-compounds","display_name":"N-nitroso compounds","score":0.9330000281333923},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/cardiovascular-health","display_name":"cardiovascular health","score":0.7110000252723694},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/gastroenteritis","display_name":"gastroenteritis","score":0.859000027179718},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/health-risk-assessment","display_name":"health risk assessment","score":0.7049999833106995},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/scientific-consensus","display_name":"scientific consensus","score":0.32100000977516174},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/nitrate-intake","display_name":"nitrate consumption","score":0.3199999928474426}],"concepts":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2776384668","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q182168","display_name":"Nitrate","level":2,"score":0.8304680585861206},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C99454951","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q932068","display_name":"Environmental health","level":1,"score":0.5312409400939941},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C138816342","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q189603","display_name":"Public health","level":2,"score":0.5199293494224548},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2908647359","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2625603","display_name":"Population","level":2,"score":0.47892746329307556},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C71924100","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11190","display_name":"Medicine","level":0,"score":0.4410463571548462},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C86803240","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q420","display_name":"Biology","level":0,"score":0.22708964347839355},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C18903297","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7150","display_name":"Ecology","level":1,"score":0.19140779972076416},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C142724271","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7208","display_name":"Pathology","level":1,"score":0.11661490797996521}],"mesh":[{"descriptor_ui":"D006801","descriptor_name":"Humans","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D008708","descriptor_name":"Methemoglobinemia","qualifier_ui":"Q000453","qualifier_name":"epidemiology","is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D009566","descriptor_name":"Nitrates","qualifier_ui":"Q000592","qualifier_name":"standards","is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D009566","descriptor_name":"Nitrates","qualifier_ui":"Q000633","qualifier_name":"toxicity","is_major_topic":true},{"descriptor_ui":"D013274","descriptor_name":"Stomach Neoplasms","qualifier_ui":"Q000453","qualifier_name":"epidemiology","is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D014874","descriptor_name":"Water Pollutants, Chemical","qualifier_ui":"Q000592","qualifier_name":"standards","is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D014874","descriptor_name":"Water Pollutants, Chemical","qualifier_ui":"Q000633","qualifier_name":"toxicity","is_major_topic":true},{"descriptor_ui":"D014881","descriptor_name":"Water Supply","qualifier_ui":"Q000592","qualifier_name":"standards","is_major_topic":true},{"descriptor_ui":"D018570","descriptor_name":"Risk Assessment","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D033161","descriptor_name":"Government Regulation","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":false}],"locations_count":6,"locations":[{"id":"doi:10.2134/jeq2007.0177","doi":"https://doi.org/10.2134/jeq2007.0177","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.2134/jeq2007.0177","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S81083566","display_name":"Journal of Environmental Quality","issn_l":"0047-2425","issn":["0047-2425","1537-2537"],"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":true,"listed_in":["cwts-core","dongbi-c","jufo-1","medline","norway-1","poland-100","russia-white-list-2"],"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310320595","host_organization_name":"Wiley","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310320595"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Wiley"],"type":"journal"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Journal of Environmental Quality","raw_type":"journal-article"},{"id":"pmid:18268290","doi":null,"is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/18268290","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306525036","display_name":"PubMed","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"listed_in":[],"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/I1299303238","host_organization_name":"National Institutes of Health","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/I1299303238"],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Journal of environmental quality","raw_type":"Journal Article"},{"id":"pmh:oai:cris.maastrichtuniversity.nl:openaire_cris_publications/05b180f7-8f43-4cb9-bae2-b4516338a988","doi":null,"is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://cris.maastrichtuniversity.nl/en/publications/05b180f7-8f43-4cb9-bae2-b4516338a988","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306402616","display_name":"Research Publications (Maastricht University)","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"listed_in":[],"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/I34352273","host_organization_name":"Maastricht University","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/I34352273"],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Powlson, D S, Addiscott, T M, Benjamin, N, Cassman, K G, de Kok, T M, van Grinsven, H, L'Hirondel, J L, Avery, A A & van Kessel, C 2008, 'When does nitrate become a risk for humans?', Journal of Environmental Quality, vol. 37, no. 2, pp. 291-5. https://doi.org/10.2134/jeq2007.0177","raw_type":"info:eu-repo/semantics/article"},{"id":"pmh:oai:repository.rothamsted.ac.uk:15656","doi":null,"is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://repository.rothamsted.ac.uk/id/eprint/15656/1/jeq2007.0177.pdf","pdf_url":"https://repository.rothamsted.ac.uk/id/eprint/15656/1/jeq2007.0177.pdf","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306402645","display_name":"Rothamsted Repository (Rothamsted Repository)","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"listed_in":[],"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/I2799553609","host_organization_name":"Rothamsted Research","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/I2799553609"],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":null,"raw_type":"Article"},{"id":"pmh:oai:digitalcommons.unl.edu:agronomyfacpub-1102","doi":null,"is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://digitalcommons.unl.edu/agronomyfacpub/102","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306400577","display_name":"Lincoln (University of Nebraska)","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"listed_in":[],"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/I114395901","host_organization_name":"University of Nebraska\u2013Lincoln","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/I114395901"],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":"Department of Agronomy and Horticulture: Faculty Publications","raw_type":"text"},{"id":"pmh:um:oai:cris.maastrichtuniversity.nl:publications/05b180f7-8f43-4cb9-bae2-b4516338a988","doi":null,"is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://cris.maastrichtuniversity.nl/en/publications/05b180f7-8f43-4cb9-bae2-b4516338a988","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306402616","display_name":"Research Publications (Maastricht University)","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"listed_in":[],"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/I34352273","host_organization_name":"Maastricht University","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/I34352273"],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":"Journal of Environmental Quality, 37(2), 291 - 5. ASA/CSSA/SSSA","raw_type":"info:eu-repo/semantics/article"}],"best_oa_location":null,"sustainable_development_goals":[{"display_name":"Good health and well-being","id":"https://metadata.un.org/sdg/3","score":0.98580002784729},{"display_name":"Clean water and sanitation","id":"https://metadata.un.org/sdg/6","score":0.6618000268936157}],"study_designs":[],"awards":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/G2885716591","display_name":null,"funder_award_id":"BBS/E/C/00004169","funder_id":"https://openalex.org/F4320334629","funder_display_name":"Biotechnology and Biological Sciences Research Council"}],"funders":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/F4320334629","display_name":"Biotechnology and Biological Sciences Research Council","ror":"https://ror.org/00cwqg982"}],"has_content":{"grobid_xml":false,"pdf":false},"content_urls":null,"referenced_works_count":43,"referenced_works":["https://openalex.org/W60306122","https://openalex.org/W1545262862","https://openalex.org/W1561968249","https://openalex.org/W1574625282","https://openalex.org/W1986267960","https://openalex.org/W1995330034","https://openalex.org/W1999415747","https://openalex.org/W2015001323","https://openalex.org/W2024123189","https://openalex.org/W2026175701","https://openalex.org/W2041836944","https://openalex.org/W2044597829","https://openalex.org/W2051071984","https://openalex.org/W2052871899","https://openalex.org/W2053041957","https://openalex.org/W2064116161","https://openalex.org/W2077395072","https://openalex.org/W2078123434","https://openalex.org/W2081646807","https://openalex.org/W2081699512","https://openalex.org/W2081914085","https://openalex.org/W2085050015","https://openalex.org/W2094026376","https://openalex.org/W2095079866","https://openalex.org/W2097004990","https://openalex.org/W2106946668","https://openalex.org/W2110091100","https://openalex.org/W2128569634","https://openalex.org/W2129825297","https://openalex.org/W2131085070","https://openalex.org/W2139110158","https://openalex.org/W2143852342","https://openalex.org/W2149030380","https://openalex.org/W2149352713","https://openalex.org/W2155000024","https://openalex.org/W2164524275","https://openalex.org/W2166613658","https://openalex.org/W2169516520","https://openalex.org/W2176590475","https://openalex.org/W2243806523","https://openalex.org/W2344672950","https://openalex.org/W4231847699","https://openalex.org/W4232707989"],"related_works":["https://openalex.org/W2052871899","https://openalex.org/W2884859931","https://openalex.org/W4244747209","https://openalex.org/W178577252","https://openalex.org/W7096624919","https://openalex.org/W3102111057","https://openalex.org/W2006021439","https://openalex.org/W4403308789","https://openalex.org/W145700950","https://openalex.org/W4247841419"],"abstract_inverted_index":{"Is":[0],"nitrate":[1,10,41,62,86,113,122,145,219],"harmful":[2],"to":[3,152,166,187,190,214],"humans?":[4],"Are":[5],"the":[6,25,30,38,56,91,141,167,191,196,200,217],"current":[7,218],"limits":[8],"for":[9,61,139,209,221],"concentration":[11,143],"in":[12,87,114,146,195],"drinking":[13,88,147,222],"water":[14,89,148,223],"justified":[15,226],"by":[16],"science?":[17],"There":[18,32,117],"is":[19,76,81,104,118,136,205,224],"substantial":[20],"disagreement":[21],"among":[22],"scientists":[23,132],"over":[24],"interpretation":[26],"of":[27,55,66,108,112,121,144,171,178,181,193,202],"evidence":[28,60,77,106,120,138],"on":[29],"issue.":[31],"are":[33,185],"two":[34,92],"main":[35,93],"health":[36,94,169],"issues:":[37],"linkage":[39],"between":[40,85],"and":[42,52,90,102],"(i)":[43],"infant":[44],"methaemoglobinaemia,":[45],"also":[46,119],"known":[47],"as":[48,63,129],"blue":[49],"baby":[50],"syndrome,":[51],"(ii)":[53],"cancers":[54,194],"digestive":[57,197],"tract.":[58],"The":[59],"a":[64,109,158,210],"cause":[65],"these":[67],"serious":[68],"diseases":[69],"remains":[70],"controversial.":[71],"On":[72],"one":[73],"hand":[74],"there":[75,80,103,135,204],"that":[78,134],"shows":[79],"no":[82],"clear":[83],"association":[84],"issues":[95],"with":[96,175],"which":[97],"it":[98,229],"has":[99],"been":[100],"linked,":[101],"even":[105],"emerging":[107],"possible":[110],"benefit":[111],"cardiovascular":[115],"health.":[116,154],"intake":[123],"giving":[124],"protection":[125],"against":[126],"infections":[127],"such":[128],"gastroenteritis.":[130],"Some":[131],"suggest":[133],"sufficient":[137],"increasing":[140,150],"permitted":[142],"without":[149],"risks":[151],"human":[153],"However,":[155],"subgroups":[156],"within":[157],"population":[159],"may":[160],"be":[161,188,232],"more":[162],"susceptible":[163,189],"than":[164],"others":[165],"adverse":[168],"effects":[170],"nitrate.":[172],"Moreover,":[173],"individuals":[174],"increased":[176],"rates":[177],"endogenous":[179],"formation":[180],"carcinogenic":[182],"N-nitroso":[183],"compounds":[184],"likely":[186],"development":[192],"system.":[198],"Given":[199],"lack":[201],"consensus,":[203],"an":[206],"urgent":[207],"need":[208],"comprehensive,":[211],"independent":[212],"study":[213],"determine":[215],"whether":[216,228],"limit":[220],"scientifically":[225],"or":[227],"could":[230],"safely":[231],"raised.":[233]},"counts_by_year":[{"year":2026,"cited_by_count":3},{"year":2025,"cited_by_count":11},{"year":2024,"cited_by_count":18},{"year":2023,"cited_by_count":19},{"year":2022,"cited_by_count":17},{"year":2021,"cited_by_count":19},{"year":2020,"cited_by_count":17},{"year":2019,"cited_by_count":19},{"year":2018,"cited_by_count":16},{"year":2017,"cited_by_count":20},{"year":2016,"cited_by_count":14},{"year":2015,"cited_by_count":21},{"year":2014,"cited_by_count":18},{"year":2013,"cited_by_count":23},{"year":2012,"cited_by_count":14}],"updated_date":"2026-11-04T10:54:05.112534","created_date":"2016-06-24T00:00:00"}
