{"id":"https://openalex.org/W2170811751","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1558-5646.2008.00596.x","title":"THE EVOLUTION OF LOCAL ENDEMISM IN MADAGASCAR: WATERSHED VERSUS CLIMATIC GRADIENT HYPOTHESES EVALUATED BY NULL BIOGEOGRAPHIC MODELS","display_name":"THE EVOLUTION OF LOCAL ENDEMISM IN MADAGASCAR: WATERSHED VERSUS CLIMATIC GRADIENT HYPOTHESES EVALUATED BY NULL BIOGEOGRAPHIC MODELS","publication_year":2009,"publication_date":"2009-01-02","ids":{"openalex":"https://openalex.org/W2170811751","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1558-5646.2008.00596.x","mag":"2170811751","pmid":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/19210532"},"language":"en","primary_location":{"id":"doi:10.1111/j.1558-5646.2008.00596.x","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1558-5646.2008.00596.x","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1558-5646.2008.00596.x","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S87560609","display_name":"Evolution","issn_l":"0014-3820","issn":["0014-3820","1558-5646"],"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":true,"listed_in":["cwts-core","dongbi-d","jufo-3","ki-jl-1","medline","norway-2","poland-100","russia-white-list-1"],"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310311648","host_organization_name":"Oxford University Press","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310311648","https://openalex.org/P4310311647"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Oxford University Press","University of Oxford"],"type":"journal"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Evolution","raw_type":"journal-article"},"volume":null,"type":"article","is_traditional":true,"indexed_in":["crossref","pubmed"],"open_access":{"is_oa":false,"oa_status":"closed","oa_url":null,"any_repository_has_fulltext":false},"authorships":[{"author_position":"first","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5082061648","display_name":"Richard G. Pearson","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-3458-0539","observed_orcids":["https://orcid.org/0000-0002-3458-0539","https://orcid.org/0000-0002-7386-3566"]},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I1338124936","display_name":"American Museum of Natural History","ror":"https://ror.org/03thb3e06","country_code":"US","type":"archive","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I1338124936"]}],"countries":["US"],"is_corresponding":true,"raw_author_name":"Richard G. Pearson","raw_affiliation_strings":["Department of Herpetology, American Nuseum of Natural History, New York, New York 10024, USA. pearson@amnh.org","Center for Biodiversity and Conservation, American Museum of Natural History, New York, New York 10024","Department of Herpetology","E-mail:"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Herpetology, American Nuseum of Natural History, New York, New York 10024, USA. pearson@amnh.org","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I1338124936"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"Center for Biodiversity and Conservation, American Museum of Natural History, New York, New York 10024","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I1338124936"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Herpetology","institution_ids":[]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"E-mail:","institution_ids":[]}]},{"author_position":"last","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5031931817","display_name":"Christopher J. Raxworthy","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-4517-0447","observed_orcids":["https://orcid.org/0000-0002-4517-0447"]},"institutions":[],"countries":[],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Christopher J. Raxworthy","raw_affiliation_strings":["Department of Herpetology"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Herpetology","institution_ids":[]}]}],"institutions":[],"countries_distinct_count":1,"institutions_distinct_count":1,"corresponding_author_ids":["https://openalex.org/A5082061648"],"corresponding_institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I1338124936"],"apc_list":{"value":3214,"currency":"USD","value_usd":3214},"apc_paid":null,"fwci":7.5439,"has_fulltext":true,"cited_by_count":119,"citation_normalized_percentile":{"value":0.98041491,"is_in_top_1_percent":false,"is_in_top_10_percent":true},"cited_by_percentile_year":{"min":88,"max":100},"biblio":{"volume":"63","issue":"4","first_page":"959","last_page":"967"},"is_retracted":false,"is_paratext":false,"is_xpac":false,"primary_topic":{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11354","display_name":"Evolution and Paleontology Studies","score":0.3610999882221222,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1911","display_name":"Paleontology"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/19","display_name":"Earth and Planetary Sciences"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},"topics":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11354","display_name":"Evolution and Paleontology Studies","score":0.3610999882221222,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1911","display_name":"Paleontology"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/19","display_name":"Earth and Planetary Sciences"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10895","display_name":"Species Distribution and Climate Change","score":0.15279999375343323,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2302","display_name":"Ecological Modeling"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/23","display_name":"Environmental Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10012","display_name":"Genetic diversity and population structure","score":0.14970000088214874,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1311","display_name":"Genetics"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/13","display_name":"Biochemistry, Genetics and Molecular Biology"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/1","display_name":"Life Sciences"}}],"keywords":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/local-endemism","display_name":"local endemism","score":0.9919999837875366},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/allopatric-speciation","display_name":"allopatric speciation","score":0.9539999961853027},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/species-distribution","display_name":"species distribution","score":0.4449999928474426},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/null-models","display_name":"null models","score":0.4650000035762787},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/lemurs","display_name":"lemurs","score":0.8169999718666077},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/geckos","display_name":"geckos","score":0.9940000176429749},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/chameleons","display_name":"chameleons","score":1.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/conservation-prioritization","display_name":"conservation prioritization","score":0.800000011920929},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/madagascar","display_name":"Madagascar","score":0.7670000195503235}],"concepts":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/C137664086","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q123452","display_name":"Endemism","level":2,"score":0.9724316596984863},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C115225378","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q853848","display_name":"Allopatric speciation","level":3,"score":0.824872612953186},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C86803240","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q420","display_name":"Biology","level":0,"score":0.6573915481567383},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C18903297","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7150","display_name":"Ecology","level":1,"score":0.5952765941619873},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C123575903","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q52106","display_name":"Biogeography","level":2,"score":0.48034703731536865},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2776838516","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q187787","display_name":"Genetic algorithm","level":2,"score":0.47110679745674133},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C161894630","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q853848","display_name":"Vicariance","level":5,"score":0.4379136562347412},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C94043034","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q377756","display_name":"Phylogeography","level":4,"score":0.2711831033229828},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C90132467","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q171184","display_name":"Phylogenetics","level":3,"score":0.1567555069923401},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2908647359","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2625603","display_name":"Population","level":2,"score":0.10691052675247192},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C55493867","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7094","display_name":"Biochemistry","level":1,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C104317684","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7187","display_name":"Gene","level":2,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C144024400","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q21201","display_name":"Sociology","level":0,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C149923435","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q37732","display_name":"Demography","level":1,"score":0.0}],"mesh":[{"descriptor_ui":"D000818","descriptor_name":"Animals","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D002980","descriptor_name":"Climate","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":true},{"descriptor_ui":"D005075","descriptor_name":"Biological Evolution","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":true},{"descriptor_ui":"D005843","descriptor_name":"Geography","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D007900","descriptor_name":"Lemur","qualifier_ui":"Q000502","qualifier_name":"physiology","is_major_topic":true},{"descriptor_ui":"D008270","descriptor_name":"Madagascar","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D012104","descriptor_name":"Reptiles","qualifier_ui":"Q000502","qualifier_name":"physiology","is_major_topic":true},{"descriptor_ui":"D044822","descriptor_name":"Biodiversity","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":true},{"descriptor_ui":"D049810","descriptor_name":"Genetic Speciation","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":false}],"locations_count":4,"locations":[{"id":"doi:10.1111/j.1558-5646.2008.00596.x","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1558-5646.2008.00596.x","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1558-5646.2008.00596.x","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S87560609","display_name":"Evolution","issn_l":"0014-3820","issn":["0014-3820","1558-5646"],"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":true,"listed_in":["cwts-core","dongbi-d","jufo-3","ki-jl-1","medline","norway-2","poland-100","russia-white-list-1"],"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310311648","host_organization_name":"Oxford University Press","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310311648","https://openalex.org/P4310311647"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Oxford University Press","University of Oxford"],"type":"journal"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Evolution","raw_type":"journal-article"},{"id":"pmid:19210532","doi":null,"is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/19210532","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306525036","display_name":"PubMed","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"listed_in":[],"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/I1299303238","host_organization_name":"National Institutes of Health","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/I1299303238"],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Evolution; international journal of organic evolution","raw_type":"Journal Article"},{"id":"pmh:10.1111/j.1558-5646.2008.00596.x","doi":null,"is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"http://www.bioone.org/doi/10.1111/j.1558-5646.2008.00596.x","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306402358","display_name":"BioOne Complete (BioOne)","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"listed_in":[],"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/I4210111627","host_organization_name":"BioOne","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/I4210111627"],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":"","raw_type":"text"},{"id":"pmh:oai:eprints.ucl.ac.uk.OAI2:1395159","doi":null,"is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"http://discovery.ucl.ac.uk/1395159/","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306400024","display_name":"UCL Discovery (University College London)","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"listed_in":[],"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/I45129253","host_organization_name":"University College London","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/I45129253"],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":"Evolution , 63 (4) pp. 959-967. (2009)","raw_type":"Article"}],"best_oa_location":null,"sustainable_development_goals":[{"id":"https://metadata.un.org/sdg/15","display_name":"Life on land","score":0.7605999708175659}],"study_designs":[],"awards":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/G4352614048","display_name":"CAREER:  Amphibians, Reptiles and Small Mammals in the Tsaratanana Massif Complex of Northern Madagascar","funder_award_id":"9984496","funder_id":"https://openalex.org/F4320306076","funder_display_name":"National Science Foundation"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/G6970383169","display_name":"Chameleon (Reptilia : Chamaeleonidae) Phylogeny, Biogeography and Continental Speciation  in Madagascar","funder_award_id":"0641023","funder_id":"https://openalex.org/F4320306076","funder_display_name":"National Science Foundation"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/G8605489762","display_name":"SGER BS&I: Accelerating Discovery of New Species in Madagascar Using Remotely Sensed Data and Ecological Niche Modeling","funder_award_id":"0423286","funder_id":"https://openalex.org/F4320306076","funder_display_name":"National Science Foundation"}],"funders":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/F4320306076","display_name":"National Science Foundation","ror":"https://ror.org/021nxhr62"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/F4320306320","display_name":"Earthwatch Institute","ror":"https://ror.org/0585vsm16"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/F4320309024","display_name":"National Geographic Society","ror":"https://ror.org/04bqh5m06"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/F4320334631","display_name":"Natural Environment Research Council","ror":"https://ror.org/02b5d8509"}],"has_content":{"grobid_xml":false,"pdf":false},"content_urls":null,"referenced_works_count":38,"referenced_works":["https://openalex.org/W40369460","https://openalex.org/W138389123","https://openalex.org/W579218776","https://openalex.org/W1845222285","https://openalex.org/W1887166581","https://openalex.org/W1964581499","https://openalex.org/W1969646037","https://openalex.org/W2000365653","https://openalex.org/W2002652493","https://openalex.org/W2007993714","https://openalex.org/W2008735110","https://openalex.org/W2046027506","https://openalex.org/W2047721534","https://openalex.org/W2053805369","https://openalex.org/W2059354732","https://openalex.org/W2059949709","https://openalex.org/W2063580659","https://openalex.org/W2086597588","https://openalex.org/W2101006486","https://openalex.org/W2111670491","https://openalex.org/W2112776483","https://openalex.org/W2114892242","https://openalex.org/W2119227342","https://openalex.org/W2129927978","https://openalex.org/W2131269244","https://openalex.org/W2133532665","https://openalex.org/W2136612620","https://openalex.org/W2140716293","https://openalex.org/W2145074072","https://openalex.org/W2147350028","https://openalex.org/W2149566646","https://openalex.org/W2155040701","https://openalex.org/W2160792124","https://openalex.org/W2161753327","https://openalex.org/W2162348455","https://openalex.org/W2169742067","https://openalex.org/W2318312325","https://openalex.org/W4235375776"],"related_works":["https://openalex.org/W2086597588","https://openalex.org/W7017895215","https://openalex.org/W3215879935","https://openalex.org/W2060182487","https://openalex.org/W2500362997","https://openalex.org/W6948158702","https://openalex.org/W6892326159","https://openalex.org/W2136894305","https://openalex.org/W2163633488","https://openalex.org/W2117491697"],"abstract_inverted_index":{"Substantial":[0],"insular":[1],"speciation":[2,34,60],"has":[3],"resulted":[4],"in":[5,11,64,81],"exceptionally":[6],"high":[7],"levels":[8],"of":[9,24,31,76,92,119,135],"endemism":[10,78,93,159,192],"Madagascar,":[12],"creating":[13],"locally":[14],"restricted":[15],"species'":[16,88],"ranges":[17],"that":[18,27,58,132,143,173,185],"remain":[19],"poorly":[20],"understood.":[21],"The":[22],"contributions":[23],"alternative":[25,107],"processes":[26,184],"could":[28],"influence":[29],"patterns":[30,75,142],"local":[32,77,158,187],"endemism-including":[33],"by":[35,62,95,110,123],"geographic":[36],"isolation":[37,63],"or":[38],"adaptation":[39],"to":[40],"environmental":[41],"gradients-are":[42],"widely":[43],"debated,":[44],"both":[45,181],"for":[46,74,182,190],"Madagascar":[47],"and":[48,90,104,138,150,189],"elsewhere.":[49],"A":[50],"recently":[51],"proposed":[52],"hypothesis":[53,108],"(the":[54,113],"\"watershed":[55],"hypothesis\")":[56],"suggests":[57],"allopatric":[59],"driven":[61,109],"watersheds":[65],"during":[66],"Quaternary":[67],"climate":[68,115,152],"shifts":[69],"provides":[70],"a":[71,126],"general":[72],"explanation":[73],"across":[79],"taxa":[80],"Madagascar.":[82],"Here":[83],"we":[84,130],"tested":[85],"coincidence":[86,120],"between":[87],"distributions":[89,134],"areas":[91],"predicted":[94],"two":[96],"contrasting":[97],"biogeographic":[98],"hypotheses:":[99],"(1)":[100],"the":[101,148,178],"watershed":[102,149],"hypothesis,":[103],"(2)":[105],"an":[106],"climatic":[111],"gradients":[112],"\"current":[114],"hypothesis\").":[116],"Statistical":[117],"significance":[118],"was":[121],"assessed":[122],"comparing":[124],"against":[125],"null":[127],"model.":[128],"Surprisingly,":[129],"found":[131],"extant":[133],"lemurs,":[136],"geckos,":[137],"chameleons":[139],"reveal":[140],"species":[141],"are":[144],"significantly":[145],"coincident":[146],"with":[147],"current":[151],"hypotheses.":[153],"These":[154],"results":[155],"strongly":[156],"support":[157],"developing":[160],"from":[161],"multiple":[162],"processes,":[163],"even":[164],"among":[165],"closely":[166],"related":[167],"species.":[168],"Our":[169],"findings":[170],"thus":[171],"indicate":[172],"pluralistic":[174],"approaches":[175],"will":[176],"offer":[177],"best":[179],"option":[180],"understanding":[183],"generate":[186],"endemism,":[188],"incorporating":[191],"within":[193],"conservation":[194],"priority":[195],"setting.":[196]},"counts_by_year":[{"year":2026,"cited_by_count":2},{"year":2025,"cited_by_count":5},{"year":2024,"cited_by_count":2},{"year":2023,"cited_by_count":4},{"year":2022,"cited_by_count":5},{"year":2021,"cited_by_count":9},{"year":2020,"cited_by_count":3},{"year":2019,"cited_by_count":2},{"year":2018,"cited_by_count":1},{"year":2017,"cited_by_count":3},{"year":2016,"cited_by_count":14},{"year":2015,"cited_by_count":13},{"year":2014,"cited_by_count":12},{"year":2013,"cited_by_count":11},{"year":2012,"cited_by_count":10}],"updated_date":"2026-11-07T11:25:07.637180","created_date":"2016-06-24T00:00:00"}