{"id":"https://openalex.org/W2170740331","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1016/j.rie.2015.04.003","title":"Middle-Income Growth Traps","display_name":"Middle-Income Growth Traps","publication_year":2012,"publication_date":"2012-09-01","ids":{"openalex":"https://openalex.org/W2170740331","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1016/j.rie.2015.04.003","mag":"2170740331"},"language":"en","primary_location":{"id":"doi:10.1016/j.rie.2015.04.003","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1016/j.rie.2015.04.003","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1016/j.rie.2015.04.003","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S156260212","display_name":"Research in Economics","issn_l":"0035-5054","issn":["0035-5054","1090-9443","1090-9451","1096-1143"],"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":true,"listed_in":["abdc-b","anvur-scientific","cwts-core","jufo-1","norway-1","poland-70","russia-white-list-2","vabb-shw"],"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310320990","host_organization_name":"Elsevier BV","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310320990"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Elsevier BV"],"type":"journal"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Research in Economics","raw_type":"journal-article"},"volume":null,"type":"article","indexed_in":["crossref"],"open_access":{"is_oa":true,"oa_status":"green","oa_url":"https://papers.ssrn.com/sol3/Delivery.cfm/6210.pdf?abstractid=2152800&mirid=1","any_repository_has_fulltext":true},"authorships":[{"author_position":"first","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5069072679","display_name":"Pierre\u2010Richard Ag\u00e9nor","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-5720-3544","observed_orcids":["https://orcid.org/0000-0001-5720-3544"]},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I28407311","display_name":"University of Manchester","ror":"https://ror.org/027m9bs27","country_code":"GB","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I28407311"]}],"countries":["GB"],"is_corresponding":true,"raw_author_name":"Pierre-Richard Ag\u00e9nor","raw_affiliation_strings":["Centre for Growth and Business Cycle Research, United Kingdom","School of Social Sciences, University of Manchester, United Kingdom","University of Manchester School of Social Sciences"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Centre for Growth and Business Cycle Research, United Kingdom","institution_ids":[]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"School of Social Sciences, University of Manchester, United Kingdom","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I28407311"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"University of Manchester School of Social Sciences","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I28407311"]}]},{"author_position":"last","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5034927096","display_name":"Otaviano Canuto","orcid":null,"observed_orcids":[]},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I1334329717","display_name":"World Bank","ror":"https://ror.org/00ae7jd04","country_code":"US","type":"other","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I1334329717","https://openalex.org/I55633929"]}],"countries":["US"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Otaviano Canuto","raw_affiliation_strings":["World Bank, United States","World Bank,"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"World Bank, United States","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I1334329717"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"World Bank,","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I1334329717"]}]}],"institutions":[],"countries_distinct_count":2,"institutions_distinct_count":2,"corresponding_author_ids":["https://openalex.org/A5069072679"],"corresponding_institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I28407311"],"apc_list":{"value":2950,"currency":"USD","value_usd":2950},"apc_paid":null,"fwci":26.7923,"has_fulltext":false,"cited_by_count":256,"citation_normalized_percentile":{"value":0.9950664,"is_in_top_1_percent":true,"is_in_top_10_percent":true},"cited_by_percentile_year":{"min":98,"max":100},"biblio":{"volume":"69","issue":"4","first_page":"641","last_page":"660"},"is_retracted":false,"is_paratext":false,"is_xpac":false,"primary_topic":{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10393","display_name":"Economic Growth and Productivity","score":0.9937000274658203,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2002","display_name":"Economics and Econometrics"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/20","display_name":"Economics, Econometrics and Finance"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/2","display_name":"Social Sciences"}},"topics":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10393","display_name":"Economic Growth and Productivity","score":0.9937000274658203,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2002","display_name":"Economics and Econometrics"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/20","display_name":"Economics, Econometrics and Finance"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/2","display_name":"Social Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T14143","display_name":"Economic and Technological Innovation","score":0.001500000013038516,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2002","display_name":"Economics and Econometrics"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/20","display_name":"Economics, Econometrics and Finance"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/2","display_name":"Social Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11742","display_name":"Economic Theory and Policy","score":0.00139999995008111,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2000","display_name":"General Economics, Econometrics and Finance"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/20","display_name":"Economics, Econometrics and Finance"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/2","display_name":"Social Sciences"}}],"keywords":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/low-growth-trap","display_name":"low-growth trap","score":0.906000018119812},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/overlapping-generations-model","display_name":"overlapping generations model","score":0.7289999723434448},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/product-diversification","display_name":"product diversification","score":0.9940000176429749},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/design-activity","display_name":"design activity","score":0.5960000157356262},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/protection-of-property-rights","display_name":"property rights protection","score":0.7129999995231628},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/labor-market-reform","display_name":"labour market reform","score":0.8539999723434448},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/economic-growth","display_name":"economic growth","score":0.7110000252723694}],"concepts":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/C180916674","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q3711935","display_name":"Diversification (marketing strategy)","level":2,"score":0.7336701154708862},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C16118543","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q275372","display_name":"Externality","level":2,"score":0.6690166592597961},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C190430219","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q576355","display_name":"Endogenous growth theory","level":3,"score":0.6542983055114746},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C204983608","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2111958","display_name":"Productivity","level":2,"score":0.6084320545196533},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C162324750","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q8134","display_name":"Economics","level":0,"score":0.5940564274787903},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C86511162","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q8799101","display_name":"Property rights","level":2,"score":0.5294895768165588},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C7386506","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1036426","display_name":"Overlapping generations model","level":2,"score":0.49982738494873047},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2777185184","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q82107","display_name":"Middle income trap","level":3,"score":0.4768018424510956},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C121099081","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q665580","display_name":"Trap (plumbing)","level":2,"score":0.47326424717903137},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C145236788","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q28161","display_name":"Labour economics","level":1,"score":0.4627380967140198},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2983335520","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q47537570","display_name":"Growth model","level":2,"score":0.4249183237552643},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C175444787","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q39072","display_name":"Microeconomics","level":1,"score":0.3468285799026489},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C144133560","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q4830453","display_name":"Business","level":0,"score":0.26394498348236084},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C34447519","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q179522","display_name":"Market economy","level":1,"score":0.17060363292694092},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C50522688","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q189833","display_name":"Economic growth","level":1,"score":0.1435466706752777},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2776943663","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q165687","display_name":"Human capital","level":2,"score":0.1302165687084198},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C87717796","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q146326","display_name":"Environmental engineering","level":1,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C17744445","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q36442","display_name":"Political science","level":0,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C127413603","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11023","display_name":"Engineering","level":0,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C191935318","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q148","display_name":"China","level":2,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C199539241","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7748","display_name":"Law","level":1,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C162853370","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q39809","display_name":"Marketing","level":1,"score":0.0}],"mesh":[],"locations_count":8,"locations":[{"id":"doi:10.1016/j.rie.2015.04.003","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1016/j.rie.2015.04.003","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1016/j.rie.2015.04.003","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S156260212","display_name":"Research in Economics","issn_l":"0035-5054","issn":["0035-5054","1090-9443","1090-9451","1096-1143"],"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":true,"listed_in":["abdc-b","anvur-scientific","cwts-core","jufo-1","norway-1","poland-70","russia-white-list-2","vabb-shw"],"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310320990","host_organization_name":"Elsevier BV","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310320990"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Elsevier BV"],"type":"journal"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Research in Economics","raw_type":"journal-article"},{"id":"doi:10.1596/1813-9450-6210","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1596/1813-9450-6210","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1596/1813-9450-6210","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306464317","display_name":"World Bank, Washington, DC eBooks","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"listed_in":[],"host_organization":null,"host_organization_name":null,"host_organization_lineage":[],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"ebook platform"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":null,"raw_type":"book"},{"id":"pmh:oai:RePEc:wbk:wbrwps:6210","doi":null,"is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"http://www-wds.worldbank.org/external/default/WDSContentServer/WDSP/IB/2012/09/26/000158349_20120926083026/Rendered/PDF/wps6210.pdf","pdf_url":"http://www-wds.worldbank.org/external/default/WDSContentServer/WDSP/IB/2012/09/26/000158349_20120926083026/Rendered/PDF/wps6210.pdf","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306401271","display_name":"RePEc: Research Papers in Economics","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"listed_in":[],"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/I77793887","host_organization_name":"Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/I77793887"],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":null,"raw_type":"preprint"},{"id":"mag:2170740331","doi":null,"is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://papers.ssrn.com/sol3/Delivery.cfm/6210.pdf?abstractid=2152800&mirid=1","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4210172589","display_name":"SSRN Electronic Journal","issn_l":"1556-5068","issn":["1556-5068"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"listed_in":[],"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/I1318003438","host_organization_name":"RELX Group (Netherlands)","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/I1318003438"],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":"SSRN Electronic Journal","raw_type":null},{"id":"mag:3121602865","doi":null,"is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://EconPapers.repec.org/RePEc:wbk:wbrwps:6210","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306401271","display_name":"RePEc: Research Papers in Economics","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"listed_in":[],"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/I77793887","host_organization_name":"Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/I77793887"],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":"RePEc: Research Papers in Economics","raw_type":null},{"id":"pmh:oai:RePEc:eee:reecon:v:69:y:2015:i:4:p:641-660","doi":null,"is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S1090944315300053","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306401271","display_name":"RePEc: Research Papers in Economics","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"listed_in":[],"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/I77793887","host_organization_name":"Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/I77793887"],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":null,"raw_type":"article"},{"id":"pmh:oai:openknowledge.worldbank.org:10986/12004","doi":null,"is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://hdl.handle.net/10986/12004","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4377196270","display_name":"The World Bank Open Knowledge Repository (World Bank)","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"listed_in":[],"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/I1334329717","host_organization_name":"World Bank","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/I1334329717"],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":null,"raw_type":null},{"id":"pmh:oai:pure.atira.dk:openaire_cris_publications/51255da1-c255-48be-8293-aa15c7cb6421","doi":null,"is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://research.manchester.ac.uk/en/publications/51255da1-c255-48be-8293-aa15c7cb6421","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306400662","display_name":"Research Explorer (The University of Manchester)","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"listed_in":[],"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/I28407311","host_organization_name":"University of Manchester","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/I28407311"],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":"Agenor, P-R & Canuto, O 2012 'Middle-Income Growth Traps' Policy Research Working Paper, World Bank, no. 6210, Washington DC.","raw_type":"info:eu-repo/semantics/workingPaper"}],"best_oa_location":{"id":"mag:2170740331","doi":null,"is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://papers.ssrn.com/sol3/Delivery.cfm/6210.pdf?abstractid=2152800&mirid=1","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4210172589","display_name":"SSRN Electronic Journal","issn_l":"1556-5068","issn":["1556-5068"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"listed_in":[],"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/I1318003438","host_organization_name":"RELX Group (Netherlands)","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/I1318003438"],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":"SSRN Electronic Journal","raw_type":null},"sustainable_development_goals":[{"display_name":"Decent work and economic growth","score":1.0,"id":"https://metadata.un.org/sdg/8"},{"display_name":"Industry, innovation and infrastructure","score":0.651199996471405,"id":"https://metadata.un.org/sdg/9"}],"sustainable_development_goals_aurora":[{"display_name":"Decent work and economic growth","score":0.6600000262260437,"id":"https://metadata.un.org/sdg/8"}],"study_designs":[],"awards":[],"funders":[],"has_content":{"grobid_xml":false,"pdf":false},"content_urls":null,"referenced_works_count":33,"referenced_works":["https://openalex.org/W65628807","https://openalex.org/W1541569398","https://openalex.org/W1574743470","https://openalex.org/W1587101103","https://openalex.org/W1607228703","https://openalex.org/W1786977277","https://openalex.org/W1924031713","https://openalex.org/W1937315645","https://openalex.org/W1966454722","https://openalex.org/W1967248218","https://openalex.org/W1987515747","https://openalex.org/W1989270020","https://openalex.org/W1992697233","https://openalex.org/W1994316205","https://openalex.org/W2007203740","https://openalex.org/W2022473740","https://openalex.org/W2043833064","https://openalex.org/W2048090950","https://openalex.org/W2052139061","https://openalex.org/W2088740764","https://openalex.org/W2100908267","https://openalex.org/W2128302662","https://openalex.org/W2130739083","https://openalex.org/W2158713302","https://openalex.org/W2161899772","https://openalex.org/W2162484441","https://openalex.org/W2172996358","https://openalex.org/W3121855595","https://openalex.org/W3124466576","https://openalex.org/W3125046528","https://openalex.org/W3125767605","https://openalex.org/W6683538923","https://openalex.org/W6692217713"],"related_works":["https://openalex.org/W2954855091","https://openalex.org/W2298443094","https://openalex.org/W157475982","https://openalex.org/W4400550799","https://openalex.org/W7117452941","https://openalex.org/W4240657732","https://openalex.org/W2805543407","https://openalex.org/W2920960990","https://openalex.org/W2332569520","https://openalex.org/W2546712197"],"abstract_inverted_index":null,"counts_by_year":[{"year":2026,"cited_by_count":9},{"year":2025,"cited_by_count":9},{"year":2024,"cited_by_count":14},{"year":2023,"cited_by_count":24},{"year":2022,"cited_by_count":15},{"year":2021,"cited_by_count":29},{"year":2020,"cited_by_count":38},{"year":2019,"cited_by_count":22},{"year":2018,"cited_by_count":20},{"year":2017,"cited_by_count":22},{"year":2016,"cited_by_count":19},{"year":2015,"cited_by_count":18},{"year":2014,"cited_by_count":12},{"year":2013,"cited_by_count":5}],"updated_date":"2026-10-21T09:56:26.102985","created_date":"2016-06-24T00:00:00"}