{"id":"https://openalex.org/W2170659242","doi":"https://doi.org/10.2337/diab.45.5.667","title":"Increased Urea Synthesis in Insulin-Dependent Diabetic Dogs Maintained Normoglycemic: Effect of Portal Insulin Administration and Food Protein Content","display_name":"Increased Urea Synthesis in Insulin-Dependent Diabetic Dogs Maintained Normoglycemic: Effect of Portal Insulin Administration and Food Protein Content","publication_year":1996,"publication_date":"1996-05-01","ids":{"openalex":"https://openalex.org/W2170659242","doi":"https://doi.org/10.2337/diab.45.5.667","mag":"2170659242","pmid":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/8621020"},"language":"en","primary_location":{"id":"doi:10.2337/diab.45.5.667","doi":"https://doi.org/10.2337/diab.45.5.667","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.2337/diab.45.5.667","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S129060628","display_name":"Diabetes","issn_l":"0012-1797","issn":["0012-1797","1939-327X"],"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":true,"listed_in":["anvur-scientific","cwts-core","dongbi-a","doyens","jufo-3","ki-jl-3","medline","norway-2","poland-140","russia-white-list-1","vabb-shw"],"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310320274","host_organization_name":"American Diabetes Association","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310320274"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["American Diabetes Association"],"type":"journal"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Diabetes","raw_type":"journal-article"},"volume":null,"type":"article","indexed_in":["crossref","pubmed"],"open_access":{"is_oa":false,"oa_status":"closed","oa_url":null,"any_repository_has_fulltext":false},"authorships":[{"author_position":"first","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5109991401","display_name":"E.-J. Freyse","orcid":null,"observed_orcids":[]},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I4210145262","display_name":"Institute for Diabetes Gerhardt Katsch","ror":"https://ror.org/05d854h51","country_code":"DE","type":"facility","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I4210145262"]}],"countries":["DE"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"E-J Freyse","raw_affiliation_strings":["Gerhardt Katsch Institute of Diabetes\u2008Karlsburg"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Gerhardt Katsch Institute of Diabetes\u2008Karlsburg","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I4210145262"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5090683438","display_name":"Kerstin Rebrin","orcid":null,"observed_orcids":[]},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I4210145262","display_name":"Institute for Diabetes Gerhardt Katsch","ror":"https://ror.org/05d854h51","country_code":"DE","type":"facility","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I4210145262"]}],"countries":["DE"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"K Rebrin","raw_affiliation_strings":["Gerhardt Katsch Institute of Diabetes\u2008Karlsburg"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Gerhardt Katsch Institute of Diabetes\u2008Karlsburg","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I4210145262"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5077817502","display_name":"Thomas R. Schneider","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-9256-0782","observed_orcids":["https://orcid.org/0000-0001-9256-0782"]},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I36522303","display_name":"Universit\u00e4t Greifswald","ror":"https://ror.org/00r1edq15","country_code":"DE","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I36522303"]}],"countries":["DE"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"T Schneider","raw_affiliation_strings":["Institute of Medical Genetics of the Ernst Moritz Arndt University\u2008Greifswald"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Institute of Medical Genetics of the Ernst Moritz Arndt University\u2008Greifswald","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I36522303"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5067219379","display_name":"Marion Petrzika","orcid":null,"observed_orcids":[]},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I4210162705","display_name":"German Institute of Human Nutrition","ror":"https://ror.org/05xdczy51","country_code":"DE","type":"facility","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I315704651","https://openalex.org/I4210162705"]}],"countries":["DE"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"M Petrzika","raw_affiliation_strings":["German Institute of Nutritional Research\u2008Bergholz-Rehbr\u00fccke, Germany"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"German Institute of Nutritional Research\u2008Bergholz-Rehbr\u00fccke, Germany","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I4210162705"]}]},{"author_position":"last","author":{"id":null,"display_name":"U Fischer","orcid":null,"observed_orcids":[]},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I4210145262","display_name":"Institute for Diabetes Gerhardt Katsch","ror":"https://ror.org/05d854h51","country_code":"DE","type":"facility","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I4210145262"]}],"countries":["DE"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"U Fischer","raw_affiliation_strings":["Gerhardt Katsch Institute of Diabetes\u2008Karlsburg"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Gerhardt Katsch Institute of Diabetes\u2008Karlsburg","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I4210145262"]}]}],"institutions":[],"countries_distinct_count":1,"institutions_distinct_count":3,"corresponding_author_ids":[],"corresponding_institution_ids":[],"apc_list":null,"apc_paid":null,"fwci":0.7831,"has_fulltext":false,"cited_by_count":13,"citation_normalized_percentile":{"value":0.71613594,"is_in_top_1_percent":false,"is_in_top_10_percent":false},"cited_by_percentile_year":{"min":88,"max":94},"biblio":{"volume":"45","issue":"5","first_page":"667","last_page":"674"},"is_retracted":false,"is_paratext":false,"is_xpac":false,"primary_topic":{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10560","display_name":"Diabetes Management and Research","score":0.9204000234603882,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2712","display_name":"Endocrinology, Diabetes and Metabolism"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/27","display_name":"Medicine"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/4","display_name":"Health Sciences"}},"topics":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10560","display_name":"Diabetes Management and Research","score":0.9204000234603882,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2712","display_name":"Endocrinology, Diabetes and Metabolism"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/27","display_name":"Medicine"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/4","display_name":"Health Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11399","display_name":"Muscle metabolism and nutrition","score":0.03660000115633011,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1307","display_name":"Cell Biology"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/13","display_name":"Biochemistry, Genetics and Molecular Biology"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/1","display_name":"Life Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10839","display_name":"Pancreatic function and diabetes","score":0.008899999782443047,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2746","display_name":"Surgery"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/27","display_name":"Medicine"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/4","display_name":"Health Sciences"}}],"keywords":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/type-1-diabetes","display_name":"type 1 diabetes","score":0.8600000143051147},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/urea-synthesis","display_name":"urea synthesis","score":0.9120000004768372},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/amino-acid-catabolism","display_name":"amino acid catabolism","score":0.7730000019073486},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/gluconeogenesis","display_name":"gluconeogenesis","score":0.8859999775886536},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/high-protein-diet","display_name":"high-protein diet","score":0.7910000085830688},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/protein-intake","display_name":"protein intake","score":0.5529999732971191},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/normoglycemia","display_name":"normoglycemia","score":0.7879999876022339},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/alpha-amino-nitrogen","display_name":"alpha-amino nitrogen","score":0.7110000252723694},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/alanine","display_name":"alanine","score":0.9570000171661377},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/glucose-turnover","display_name":"glucose turnover","score":0.6389999985694885},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/dogs","display_name":"dogs","score":0.48500001430511475},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/isotope-dilution","display_name":"isotope dilution","score":0.6800000071525574},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/insulin-delivery-route","display_name":"insulin delivery route","score":0.4090000092983246},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/glucagon","display_name":"glucagon","score":0.5289999842643738},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/free-fatty-acids","display_name":"free fatty acids","score":0.7250000238418579}],"concepts":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/C126322002","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11180","display_name":"Internal medicine","level":1,"score":0.8918036818504333},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C134018914","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q162606","display_name":"Endocrinology","level":1,"score":0.8406646251678467},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2779306644","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2002370","display_name":"Insulin","level":2,"score":0.8202643990516663},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2778563252","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q170617","display_name":"Glucagon","level":3,"score":0.6731929183006287},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C96942376","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q21130714","display_name":"Catabolism","level":3,"score":0.6419766545295715},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2780365088","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q48318","display_name":"Urea","level":2,"score":0.5559591054916382},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C20904676","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q191835","display_name":"Gluconeogenesis","level":3,"score":0.49097827076911926},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C197683979","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q14876077","display_name":"Protein catabolism","level":3,"score":0.4866655468940735},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C71924100","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11190","display_name":"Medicine","level":0,"score":0.48388394713401794},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C62231903","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1057","display_name":"Metabolism","level":2,"score":0.46094805002212524},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C555293320","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q12206","display_name":"Diabetes mellitus","level":2,"score":0.4393303394317627},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C17093226","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2734081","display_name":"Carbohydrate metabolism","level":2,"score":0.41447895765304565},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C515207424","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q8066","display_name":"Amino acid","level":2,"score":0.39475566148757935},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C185592680","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2329","display_name":"Chemistry","level":0,"score":0.3156379461288452},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C55493867","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7094","display_name":"Biochemistry","level":1,"score":0.1189882755279541}],"mesh":[{"descriptor_ui":"D000818","descriptor_name":"Animals","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D001786","descriptor_name":"Blood Glucose","qualifier_ui":"Q000378","qualifier_name":"metabolism","is_major_topic":true},{"descriptor_ui":"D003921","descriptor_name":"Diabetes Mellitus, Experimental","qualifier_ui":"Q000097","qualifier_name":"blood","is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D003921","descriptor_name":"Diabetes Mellitus, Experimental","qualifier_ui":"Q000188","qualifier_name":"drug therapy","is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D003921","descriptor_name":"Diabetes Mellitus, Experimental","qualifier_ui":"Q000378","qualifier_name":"metabolism","is_major_topic":true},{"descriptor_ui":"D003922","descriptor_name":"Diabetes Mellitus, Type 1","qualifier_ui":"Q000097","qualifier_name":"blood","is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D003922","descriptor_name":"Diabetes Mellitus, Type 1","qualifier_ui":"Q000188","qualifier_name":"drug therapy","is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D003922","descriptor_name":"Diabetes Mellitus, Type 1","qualifier_ui":"Q000378","qualifier_name":"metabolism","is_major_topic":true},{"descriptor_ui":"D004044","descriptor_name":"Dietary Proteins","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":true},{"descriptor_ui":"D004285","descriptor_name":"Dogs","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D005260","descriptor_name":"Female","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D007004","descriptor_name":"Hypoglycemic Agents","qualifier_ui":"Q000008","qualifier_name":"administration & dosage","is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D007004","descriptor_name":"Hypoglycemic Agents","qualifier_ui":"Q000627","qualifier_name":"therapeutic use","is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D007262","descriptor_name":"Infusions, Intravenous","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D007279","descriptor_name":"Injections, Subcutaneous","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D007328","descriptor_name":"Insulin","qualifier_ui":"Q000008","qualifier_name":"administration & dosage","is_major_topic":true},{"descriptor_ui":"D007328","descriptor_name":"Insulin","qualifier_ui":"Q000627","qualifier_name":"therapeutic use","is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D008297","descriptor_name":"Male","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D010180","descriptor_name":"Pancreatectomy","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D011169","descriptor_name":"Portal Vein","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D014508","descriptor_name":"Urea","qualifier_ui":"Q000378","qualifier_name":"metabolism","is_major_topic":true},{"descriptor_ui":"D018753","descriptor_name":"Diet, Protein-Restricted","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":false}],"locations_count":3,"locations":[{"id":"doi:10.2337/diab.45.5.667","doi":"https://doi.org/10.2337/diab.45.5.667","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.2337/diab.45.5.667","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S129060628","display_name":"Diabetes","issn_l":"0012-1797","issn":["0012-1797","1939-327X"],"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":true,"listed_in":["anvur-scientific","cwts-core","dongbi-a","doyens","jufo-3","ki-jl-3","medline","norway-2","poland-140","russia-white-list-1","vabb-shw"],"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310320274","host_organization_name":"American Diabetes Association","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310320274"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["American Diabetes Association"],"type":"journal"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Diabetes","raw_type":"journal-article"},{"id":"doi:10.2337/diabetes.45.5.667","doi":"https://doi.org/10.2337/diabetes.45.5.667","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.2337/diabetes.45.5.667","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S129060628","display_name":"Diabetes","issn_l":"0012-1797","issn":["0012-1797","1939-327X"],"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":true,"listed_in":["anvur-scientific","cwts-core","dongbi-a","doyens","jufo-3","ki-jl-3","medline","norway-2","poland-140","russia-white-list-1","vabb-shw"],"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310320274","host_organization_name":"American Diabetes Association","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310320274"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["American Diabetes Association"],"type":"journal"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Diabetes","raw_type":"journal-article"},{"id":"pmid:8621020","doi":null,"is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/8621020","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306525036","display_name":"PubMed","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"listed_in":[],"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/I1299303238","host_organization_name":"National Institutes of Health","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/I1299303238"],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Diabetes","raw_type":"Comparative Study"}],"best_oa_location":null,"sustainable_development_goals":[{"score":0.6960999965667725,"id":"https://metadata.un.org/sdg/3","display_name":"Good health and well-being"}],"study_designs":[],"awards":[],"funders":[],"has_content":{"pdf":false,"grobid_xml":false},"content_urls":null,"referenced_works_count":0,"referenced_works":[],"related_works":["https://openalex.org/W4241914058","https://openalex.org/W2081090650","https://openalex.org/W1990976017","https://openalex.org/W2088217840","https://openalex.org/W2043688399","https://openalex.org/W6983459150","https://openalex.org/W2095179316","https://openalex.org/W2071015058","https://openalex.org/W2316891576","https://openalex.org/W1901501472"],"abstract_inverted_index":{"In":[0,131,149],"IDDM,":[1,323],"the":[2,29,37,48,64,134,155,182],"gluconeogenic":[3,165],"turnover":[4,180],"of":[5,24,39,41,66,93,107,121,164,306],"amino":[6,57,166,333],"acids":[7],"is":[8,13,53,319,327,330,345],"increased":[9,332,342],"even":[10,324],"if":[11,325],"glycemia":[12],"well":[14],"controlled":[15],"and":[16,60,83,118,123,162,178],"may":[17],"be":[18],"restored":[19],"to":[20,35,55,62],"normal":[21],"by":[22,97,111,140],"means":[23],"prehepatic":[25],"insulin":[26,42,142,190,196,208,286,300,313,339],"substitution.":[27],"Therefore,":[28],"present":[30],"study":[31,99,113,150,153,233,237],"was":[32,229],"designed":[33],"1)":[34,100],"investigate":[36],"influence":[38],"route":[40],"administration":[43],"(portal":[44],"versus":[45,152,192,206],"peripheral)":[46],"on":[47,185,267,284],"urea":[49,124,307],"production":[50,228],"rate,":[51],"which":[52],"considered":[54],"measure":[56],"acid":[58,334],"catabolism,":[59],"2)":[61,114],"elucidate":[63],"impact":[65],"different":[67],"food-protein":[68],"intake.":[69],"Paired":[70],"studies":[71],"were":[72,86,125,137,171,198,225],"conducted":[73],"in":[74,175,216,232,322],"chronic":[75],"insulin-dependent":[76],"diabetic":[77,135,201,294],"dogs":[78,266,283,295],"maintained":[79,138,203,296],"normoglycemic.":[80],"Diabetic":[81],"animals":[82,136,156,202],"nondiabetic":[84],"controls":[85],"fed":[87],"either":[88,145,186],"a":[89,102],"high-protein":[90,349],"diet":[91,105],"(46%":[92],"energy":[94,108],"intake":[95,109],"provided":[96,110],"proteins;":[98],"or":[101,147,188,223],"low-protein":[103],"carbohydrate-supplemented":[104],"(20%":[106],"protein;":[112],"for":[115,200,291],"2":[116],"days,":[117],"flux":[119],"rates":[120,305],"glucose":[122,177,179],"measured":[126],"using":[127],"isotope":[128],"dilution":[129],"techniques.":[130],"both":[132],"studies,":[133],"normoglycemic":[139,297],"glucose-controlled":[141],"infusion":[143,191,314],"delivered":[144],"systemically":[146],"portally.":[148],"1":[151,234],"2,":[154],"showed":[157],"lower":[158],"alpha-amino":[159],"nitrogen":[160],"levels":[161,197],"concentrations":[163],"acids,":[167,222],"predominantly":[168],"alanine.":[169],"There":[170],"no":[172],"significant":[173,214],"differences":[174,215],"plasma":[176],"between":[181],"experimental":[183],"groups":[184],"systemic":[187,205,285,299,338],"portal":[189,207,268,312],"controls;":[193],"however,":[194],"peripheral":[195],"higher":[199,231,304],"with":[204,236,298,311,336],"delivery":[209],"(P":[210,315],"<":[211,289,316],"0.05).":[212,317],"No":[213],"glucagon,":[217],"lactate,":[218],"pyruvate,":[219],"nonesterified":[220],"fatty":[221],"beta-hydroxybutyrate":[224],"observed.":[226],"Urea":[227],"significantly":[230,303,331],"compared":[235],"2:":[238],"7.48":[239],"+/-":[240,244,254,258,271,275],"0.83":[241],"vs.":[242,256,273],"5.97":[243],"0.59":[245],"micromol":[246,260,277],"/":[247,249,261,263,278,280],"kg":[248,262,279],"min":[250,264,281],"(normal":[251],"dogs);":[252],"12.97":[253],"1.86":[255],"5.54":[257],"0.60":[259],"(diabetic":[265,282],"insulin);":[269],"16.11":[270],"2.59":[272],"6.82":[274],"0.70":[276],"infusion);":[287],"P":[288],"0.05":[290],"all.":[292],"The":[293],"infusions":[301],"had":[302],"synthesis":[308],"than":[309],"those":[310],"It":[318],"concluded":[320],"that":[321],"normoglycemia":[326],"managed,":[328],"there":[329],"catabolism":[335],"posthepatic":[337],"treatment.":[340],"This":[341],"catabolic":[343],"rate":[344],"more":[346],"pronounced":[347],"during":[348],"nourishment.":[350]},"counts_by_year":[{"year":2022,"cited_by_count":1},{"year":2018,"cited_by_count":1},{"year":2013,"cited_by_count":1}],"updated_date":"2026-11-04T10:54:05.112534","created_date":"2016-06-24T00:00:00"}