{"id":"https://openalex.org/W2170597142","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1037//0022-3514.71.3.464","title":"Automatic activation of impression formation and memorization goals: Nonconscious goal priming reproduces effects of explicit task instructions.","display_name":"Automatic activation of impression formation and memorization goals: Nonconscious goal priming reproduces effects of explicit task instructions.","publication_year":1996,"publication_date":"1996-01-01","ids":{"openalex":"https://openalex.org/W2170597142","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1037//0022-3514.71.3.464","mag":"2170597142"},"language":"en","primary_location":{"id":"doi:10.1037//0022-3514.71.3.464","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1037//0022-3514.71.3.464","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1037//0022-3514.71.3.464","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S29984966","display_name":"Journal of Personality and Social Psychology","issn_l":"0022-3514","issn":["0022-3514","1939-1315"],"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":true,"listed_in":["abdc-a-star","anvur-class-a","anvur-scientific","cwts-core","dongbi-a","erih-plus","fnege-2","jufo-3","ki-jl-2","medline","norway-2","poland-200","russia-white-list-1","vabb-shw"],"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310320262","host_organization_name":"American Psychological Association","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310320262"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["American Psychological Association"],"type":"journal"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Journal of Personality and Social Psychology","raw_type":"journal-article"},"volume":null,"type":"article","indexed_in":["crossref"],"open_access":{"is_oa":false,"oa_status":"closed","oa_url":null,"any_repository_has_fulltext":false},"authorships":[{"author_position":"first","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5113492488","display_name":"Tanya L. Chartrand","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0009-0001-4644-8279","observed_orcids":["https://orcid.org/0009-0001-4644-8279"]},"institutions":[],"countries":[],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Tanya L. Chartrand","raw_affiliation_strings":[],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[]},{"author_position":"last","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5000424744","display_name":"John A. Bargh","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-2114-1921","observed_orcids":["https://orcid.org/0000-0003-2114-1921"]},"institutions":[],"countries":[],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"John A. Bargh","raw_affiliation_strings":[],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[]}],"institutions":[],"countries_distinct_count":0,"institutions_distinct_count":0,"corresponding_author_ids":[],"corresponding_institution_ids":[],"apc_list":null,"apc_paid":null,"fwci":39.6612,"has_fulltext":false,"cited_by_count":882,"citation_normalized_percentile":{"value":0.99744819,"is_in_top_1_percent":true,"is_in_top_10_percent":true},"cited_by_percentile_year":{"min":92,"max":100},"biblio":{"volume":"71","issue":"3","first_page":"464","last_page":"478"},"is_retracted":false,"is_paratext":false,"is_xpac":false,"primary_topic":{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10314","display_name":"Social and Intergroup Psychology","score":0.5493000149726868,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/3312","display_name":"Sociology and Political Science"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/33","display_name":"Social Sciences"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/2","display_name":"Social Sciences"}},"topics":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10314","display_name":"Social and Intergroup Psychology","score":0.5493000149726868,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/3312","display_name":"Sociology and Political Science"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/33","display_name":"Social Sciences"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/2","display_name":"Social Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11542","display_name":"Behavioral Health and Interventions","score":0.19040000438690186,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/3202","display_name":"Applied Psychology"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/32","display_name":"Psychology"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/2","display_name":"Social Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T13841","display_name":"Psychology of Social Influence","score":0.05270000174641609,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/3312","display_name":"Sociology and Political Science"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/33","display_name":"Social Sciences"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/2","display_name":"Social Sciences"}}],"keywords":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/goal-priming","display_name":"goal priming","score":0.8360000252723694},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/impression-formation","display_name":"impression formation","score":0.8009999990463257},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/memorization","display_name":"memorization","score":0.8949999809265137},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/goal-directed-behavior","display_name":"goal-directed behavior","score":0.527999997138977},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/selective-attention","display_name":"selective attention","score":0.48399999737739563},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/social-perception","display_name":"social perception","score":0.6119999885559082}],"concepts":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/C15744967","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q9418","display_name":"Psychology","level":0,"score":0.8755762577056885},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C81444415","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7243535","display_name":"Priming (agriculture)","level":3,"score":0.7578891515731812},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C30038468","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q4354775","display_name":"Memorization","level":2,"score":0.7534880638122559},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2780451532","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q759676","display_name":"Task (project management)","level":2,"score":0.7153991460800171},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C17822864","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q6007588","display_name":"Impression formation","level":4,"score":0.6692628860473633},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C180747234","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q23373","display_name":"Cognitive psychology","level":1,"score":0.6331384778022766},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C77805123","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q161272","display_name":"Social psychology","level":1,"score":0.504055380821228},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C129484327","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q177603","display_name":"Social perception","level":3,"score":0.25382834672927856},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C26760741","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q160402","display_name":"Perception","level":2,"score":0.22705364227294922},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C169760540","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q207011","display_name":"Neuroscience","level":1,"score":0.10539436340332031},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C86803240","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q420","display_name":"Biology","level":0,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C59822182","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q441","display_name":"Botany","level":1,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C162324750","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q8134","display_name":"Economics","level":0,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C187736073","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2920921","display_name":"Management","level":1,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C100701293","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q193838","display_name":"Germination","level":2,"score":0.0}],"mesh":[],"locations_count":2,"locations":[{"id":"doi:10.1037//0022-3514.71.3.464","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1037//0022-3514.71.3.464","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1037//0022-3514.71.3.464","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S29984966","display_name":"Journal of Personality and Social Psychology","issn_l":"0022-3514","issn":["0022-3514","1939-1315"],"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":true,"listed_in":["abdc-a-star","anvur-class-a","anvur-scientific","cwts-core","dongbi-a","erih-plus","fnege-2","jufo-3","ki-jl-2","medline","norway-2","poland-200","russia-white-list-1","vabb-shw"],"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310320262","host_organization_name":"American Psychological Association","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310320262"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["American Psychological Association"],"type":"journal"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Journal of Personality and Social Psychology","raw_type":"journal-article"},{"id":"doi:10.1037/0022-3514.71.3.464","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1037/0022-3514.71.3.464","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1037/0022-3514.71.3.464","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S29984966","display_name":"Journal of Personality and Social Psychology","issn_l":"0022-3514","issn":["0022-3514","1939-1315"],"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":true,"listed_in":["abdc-a-star","anvur-class-a","anvur-scientific","cwts-core","dongbi-a","erih-plus","fnege-2","jufo-3","ki-jl-2","medline","norway-2","poland-200","russia-white-list-1","vabb-shw"],"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310320262","host_organization_name":"American Psychological Association","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310320262"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["American Psychological Association"],"type":"journal"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Journal of Personality and Social Psychology","raw_type":"journal-article"}],"best_oa_location":null,"sustainable_development_goals":[],"study_designs":[],"awards":[],"funders":[],"has_content":{"grobid_xml":false,"pdf":false},"content_urls":null,"referenced_works_count":80,"referenced_works":["https://openalex.org/W90719097","https://openalex.org/W111504200","https://openalex.org/W167412732","https://openalex.org/W201642763","https://openalex.org/W617833728","https://openalex.org/W950082919","https://openalex.org/W958725275","https://openalex.org/W1488837022","https://openalex.org/W1511223926","https://openalex.org/W1520494989","https://openalex.org/W1557998370","https://openalex.org/W1603542031","https://openalex.org/W1690968151","https://openalex.org/W1701749658","https://openalex.org/W1708089250","https://openalex.org/W1748903792","https://openalex.org/W1934932225","https://openalex.org/W1949419226","https://openalex.org/W1965514675","https://openalex.org/W1965942338","https://openalex.org/W1969233283","https://openalex.org/W1970421090","https://openalex.org/W1970846337","https://openalex.org/W1978138377","https://openalex.org/W1996376285","https://openalex.org/W1996538871","https://openalex.org/W1996725351","https://openalex.org/W1997681484","https://openalex.org/W2000900121","https://openalex.org/W2001623158","https://openalex.org/W2007870888","https://openalex.org/W2008535010","https://openalex.org/W2011638765","https://openalex.org/W2019591258","https://openalex.org/W2027932861","https://openalex.org/W2035480180","https://openalex.org/W2041426214","https://openalex.org/W2044637401","https://openalex.org/W2047145999","https://openalex.org/W2050284148","https://openalex.org/W2056512260","https://openalex.org/W2066759017","https://openalex.org/W2066956760","https://openalex.org/W2068834287","https://openalex.org/W2068995476","https://openalex.org/W2077355242","https://openalex.org/W2079457499","https://openalex.org/W2080527437","https://openalex.org/W2083587597","https://openalex.org/W2083595270","https://openalex.org/W2084325639","https://openalex.org/W2090342559","https://openalex.org/W2094925370","https://openalex.org/W2096226180","https://openalex.org/W2106975592","https://openalex.org/W2110710591","https://openalex.org/W2119266780","https://openalex.org/W2119347471","https://openalex.org/W2120401236","https://openalex.org/W2130464457","https://openalex.org/W2138340231","https://openalex.org/W2144157951","https://openalex.org/W2152929314","https://openalex.org/W2154634575","https://openalex.org/W2164391693","https://openalex.org/W2168348263","https://openalex.org/W2169455100","https://openalex.org/W2271792395","https://openalex.org/W2494487601","https://openalex.org/W2497351050","https://openalex.org/W2783497009","https://openalex.org/W2798780544","https://openalex.org/W2973660757","https://openalex.org/W2993990903","https://openalex.org/W3128452343","https://openalex.org/W3146762631","https://openalex.org/W4246565384","https://openalex.org/W4296586302","https://openalex.org/W4296978926","https://openalex.org/W4323283447"],"related_works":["https://openalex.org/W2379910926","https://openalex.org/W2000995175","https://openalex.org/W2171838050","https://openalex.org/W2121291149","https://openalex.org/W2163739787","https://openalex.org/W7097647831","https://openalex.org/W3097177266","https://openalex.org/W1834531903","https://openalex.org/W2982617553","https://openalex.org/W2030056648"],"abstract_inverted_index":{"According":[0],"to":[1,136,231,262,281],"the":[2,25,34,47,56,65,75,78,81,90,101,104,110,113,164,188,213,228,235,263,269,334],"auto-motive":[3],"model":[4],"(J.":[5],"A.":[6],"Bargh,":[7,316],"1990),":[8],"intentions":[9,125],"and":[10,126,146,171,193,208,232,245,255,282,296,306,311,331],"goals":[11,66,108,127,223,275],"are":[12],"represented":[13],"mentally":[14],"and,":[15],"as":[16,70,237,239,303],"representations,":[17],"should":[18],"be":[19],"capable":[20],"of":[21,45,62,93,106,121,167,203,217,265,284,299,309],"nonconscious":[22,116],"activation":[23,114],"by":[24],"environmental":[26],"context":[27],"(i.e.,":[28],"priming).":[29],"To":[30,177],"test":[31],"this":[32,260],"hypothesis,":[33],"authors":[35,79],"replicated":[36],"2":[37],"well-known":[38],"experiments":[39],"that":[40,103,149,152,179,191,206,220,247,271],"had":[41,71],"demonstrated":[42],"differential":[43],"effects":[44],"varying":[46],"information-processing":[48],"goal":[49],"(impression":[50],"formation":[51,83],"or":[52,84,117,242],"memorization)":[53],"on":[54,278,333],"processing":[55],"identical":[57],"behavioral":[58],"information.":[59,150],"However,":[60],"instead":[61,308],"giving":[63],"participants":[64],"via":[67],"explicit":[68],"instructions,":[69],"been":[72,325],"done":[73],"in":[74,234,293,329],"original":[76,91],"studies,":[77],"primed":[80],"impression":[82],"memorization":[85],"goal.":[86],"In":[87],"both":[88],"cases,":[89],"pattern":[92],"results":[94],"was":[95,159,183,212],"reproduced.":[96],"The":[97,201],"findings":[98],"thus":[99],"support":[100],"hypothesis":[102],"effect":[105],"activated":[107],"is":[109,115,153],"same":[111],"whether":[112],"through":[118],"an":[119,221],"act":[120],"will.":[122],"One's":[123],"current":[124],"affect":[128],"not":[129],"only":[130],"what":[131],"one":[132,143],"considers":[133],"important":[134],"enough":[135],"pay":[137],"attention":[138,280],"to,":[139],"but":[140],"also":[141],"how":[142,240],"uses,":[144],"interprets,":[145],"subsequently":[147,258],"remembers":[148,246],"Although":[151],"a":[154,160,184,291,326],"noncontroversial":[155],"statement":[156],"today,":[157],"it":[158],"radical":[161],"departure":[162],"from":[163],"dominant":[165],"view":[166,190],"perception":[168,182,192,211],"when":[169],"Bruner":[170],"Postman":[172],"(1948)":[173],"originally":[174],"proposed":[175],"it.":[176],"claim":[178,205],"motivation":[180],"influences":[181],"major":[185],"break":[186],"with":[187],"then-dominant":[189],"judgment":[194],"were":[195,301],"entirely":[196],"stimulus-driven":[197],"(Stevens,":[198],"1951":[199],").":[200],"result":[202],"their":[204],"needs":[207],"motivations":[209],"influence":[210,225,270],"New":[214],"Look--a":[215],"flood":[216],"studies":[218],"demonstrating":[219],"individual's":[222],"greatly":[224],"which":[226,294],"information":[227,248,285],"individual":[229],"attends":[230],"perceives":[233],"environment,":[236],"well":[238],"he":[241],"she":[243],"interprets":[244],"(Allport,":[249],"1955;":[250],"Bruner,":[251],"1951,":[252],"1957).":[253],"Jones":[254],"Thibaut":[256],"(1958)":[257],"introduced":[259],"idea":[261],"domain":[264],"social":[266],"perception,":[267],"describing":[268],"various":[272],"potential":[273],"interaction":[274,288],"might":[276],"have":[277],"selective":[279],"use":[283],"about":[286],"one's":[287],"partner.":[289],"After":[290],"period":[292],"motivational":[295],"cognitive":[297],"accounts":[298],"phenomena":[300],"viewed":[302],"mutually":[304],"exclusive":[305],"competing":[307],"complementary":[310],"interdependent":[312],"(see":[313],"Gollwitzer":[314],"&":[315,319,342,346],"1996;":[317,344],"Sorrentino":[318],"Higgins,":[320],"1986b),":[321],"there":[322],"recently":[323],"has":[324],"significant":[327],"advance":[328],"theory":[330],"research":[332],"motivation-cognition":[335],"interface":[336],"(e.g.,":[337],"Chaiken,":[338],"Giner-Sorolla,":[339],"C":[340],"Goilwitzer":[341],"Moskowitz,":[343],"Higgins":[345]},"counts_by_year":[{"year":2026,"cited_by_count":1},{"year":2025,"cited_by_count":13},{"year":2024,"cited_by_count":6},{"year":2023,"cited_by_count":9},{"year":2022,"cited_by_count":16},{"year":2021,"cited_by_count":18},{"year":2020,"cited_by_count":31},{"year":2019,"cited_by_count":27},{"year":2018,"cited_by_count":18},{"year":2017,"cited_by_count":35},{"year":2016,"cited_by_count":49},{"year":2015,"cited_by_count":50},{"year":2014,"cited_by_count":39},{"year":2013,"cited_by_count":46},{"year":2012,"cited_by_count":59}],"updated_date":"2026-11-03T10:50:19.383937","created_date":"2016-06-24T00:00:00"}
