{"id":"https://openalex.org/W2170435532","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1186/1472-6920-7-49","title":"Assessment of higher order cognitive skills in undergraduate education: modified essay or multiple choice questions? Research paper","display_name":"Assessment of higher order cognitive skills in undergraduate education: modified essay or multiple choice questions? Research paper","publication_year":2007,"publication_date":"2007-11-28","ids":{"openalex":"https://openalex.org/W2170435532","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1186/1472-6920-7-49","mag":"2170435532","pmid":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/18045500","pmcid":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/2148038"},"language":"en","primary_location":{"id":"doi:10.1186/1472-6920-7-49","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1186/1472-6920-7-49","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1186/1472-6920-7-49","pdf_url":"https://bmcmededuc.biomedcentral.com/counter/pdf/10.1186/1472-6920-7-49","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S144187503","display_name":"BMC Medical Education","issn_l":"1472-6920","issn":["1472-6920"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":true,"is_core":true,"listed_in":["cwts-core","doaj","doyens","jufo-1","ki-jl-1","medline","norway-1","poland-140","russia-white-list-1","vabb-shw"],"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310320256","host_organization_name":"BioMed Central","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310320256","https://openalex.org/P4310319965"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["BioMed Central","Springer Nature"],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"BMC Medical Education","raw_type":"journal-article"},"volume":null,"type":"article","indexed_in":["crossref","doaj","pubmed"],"open_access":{"is_oa":true,"oa_status":"gold","oa_url":"https://bmcmededuc.biomedcentral.com/counter/pdf/10.1186/1472-6920-7-49","any_repository_has_fulltext":true},"authorships":[{"author_position":"first","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5017838778","display_name":"Edward Palmer","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-9654-5213","observed_orcids":["https://orcid.org/0000-0001-9654-5213"]},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I5681781","display_name":"The University of Adelaide","ror":"https://ror.org/00892tw58","country_code":"AU","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I4405259444","https://openalex.org/I5681781"]}],"countries":["AU"],"is_corresponding":true,"raw_author_name":"Edward J Palmer","raw_affiliation_strings":["Centre for Learning and Professional Development, University of Adelaide, Adelaide, Australia. edward.palmer@adelaide.edu.au","Centre for Learning and Professional Development, University of Adelaide, Adelaide, Australia"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Centre for Learning and Professional Development, University of Adelaide, Adelaide, Australia. edward.palmer@adelaide.edu.au","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I5681781"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"Centre for Learning and Professional Development, University of Adelaide, Adelaide, Australia","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I5681781"]}]},{"author_position":"last","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5110323574","display_name":"Peter G. Devitt","orcid":null,"observed_orcids":[]},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I5681781","display_name":"The University of Adelaide","ror":"https://ror.org/00892tw58","country_code":"AU","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I4405259444","https://openalex.org/I5681781"]}],"countries":["AU"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Peter G Devitt","raw_affiliation_strings":["Dept of Surgery, University of Adelaide, Adelaide, Australia"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Dept of Surgery, University of Adelaide, Adelaide, Australia","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I5681781"]}]}],"institutions":[],"countries_distinct_count":1,"institutions_distinct_count":1,"corresponding_author_ids":["https://openalex.org/A5017838778"],"corresponding_institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I5681781"],"apc_list":{"value":2990,"currency":"USD","value_usd":2990},"apc_paid":{"value":2990,"currency":"USD","value_usd":2990},"fwci":30.7241,"has_fulltext":true,"cited_by_count":294,"citation_normalized_percentile":{"value":0.99515337,"is_in_top_1_percent":true,"is_in_top_10_percent":true},"cited_by_percentile_year":{"min":99,"max":100},"biblio":{"volume":"7","issue":"1","first_page":"49","last_page":"49"},"is_retracted":false,"is_paratext":false,"is_xpac":false,"primary_topic":{"id":"https://openalex.org/T12884","display_name":"Educational Assessment and Pedagogy","score":0.6288999915122986,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/3304","display_name":"Education"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/33","display_name":"Social Sciences"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/2","display_name":"Social Sciences"}},"topics":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/T12884","display_name":"Educational Assessment and Pedagogy","score":0.6288999915122986,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/3304","display_name":"Education"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/33","display_name":"Social Sciences"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/2","display_name":"Social Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10254","display_name":"Innovations in Medical Education","score":0.36230000853538513,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2739","display_name":"Public Health, Environmental and Occupational Health"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/27","display_name":"Medicine"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/4","display_name":"Health Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T12574","display_name":"Clinical Reasoning and Diagnostic Skills","score":0.002199999988079071,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2714","display_name":"Family Practice"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/27","display_name":"Medicine"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/4","display_name":"Health Sciences"}}],"keywords":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/multiple-choice-questions","display_name":"multiple-choice questions","score":0.9990000128746033},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/higher-order-thinking-skills","display_name":"higher-order thinking skills","score":0.9409999847412109},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/clinical-problem-solving","display_name":"clinical problem solving","score":0.7289999723434448},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/bloom-s-taxonomy","display_name":"Bloom's taxonomy","score":0.652999997138977},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/item-writing-flaws","display_name":"item-writing flaws","score":0.6000000238418579},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/test-item-quality","display_name":"test item quality","score":0.5329999923706055},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/summative-assessment","display_name":"summative assessment","score":0.7770000100135803},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/undergraduate-medical-education","display_name":"undergraduate medical education","score":0.7670000195503235},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/exit-exams","display_name":"exit exams","score":0.40700000524520874},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/factual-recall","display_name":"factual recall","score":0.5559999942779541}],"concepts":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/C152747807","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1854913","display_name":"Summative assessment","level":3,"score":0.7753396034240723},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2777004525","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q5757990","display_name":"Higher-order thinking","level":4,"score":0.723314642906189},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C176730311","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q867668","display_name":"Multiple choice","level":3,"score":0.6718968152999878},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C169900460","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2200417","display_name":"Cognition","level":2,"score":0.6670985221862793},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C100660578","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q18733","display_name":"Recall","level":2,"score":0.6153571605682373},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C134290984","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q5141241","display_name":"Cognitive skill","level":3,"score":0.6078868508338928},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C47177190","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q207137","display_name":"Curriculum","level":2,"score":0.591554582118988},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C15744967","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q9418","display_name":"Psychology","level":0,"score":0.5051427483558655},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C120912362","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q136822","display_name":"Higher education","level":2,"score":0.5013790130615234},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C509550671","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q126945","display_name":"Medical education","level":1,"score":0.43898364901542664},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2780451532","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q759676","display_name":"Task (project management)","level":2,"score":0.43353596329689026},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C145420912","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q853077","display_name":"Mathematics education","level":1,"score":0.42697200179100037},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C88610354","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1813494","display_name":"Teaching method","level":2,"score":0.2501043379306793},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C71924100","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11190","display_name":"Medicine","level":0,"score":0.24949011206626892},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C42525527","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1209955","display_name":"Formative assessment","level":2,"score":0.2433432936668396},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C19417346","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7922","display_name":"Pedagogy","level":1,"score":0.22319281101226807},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C180747234","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q23373","display_name":"Cognitive psychology","level":1,"score":0.1976357102394104},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C106165879","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q5141259","display_name":"Cognitively Guided Instruction","level":3,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C187736073","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2920921","display_name":"Management","level":1,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C126322002","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11180","display_name":"Internal medicine","level":1,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C162324750","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q8134","display_name":"Economics","level":0,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C199539241","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7748","display_name":"Law","level":1,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C17744445","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q36442","display_name":"Political science","level":0,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C169760540","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q207011","display_name":"Neuroscience","level":1,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C3018023364","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q425265","display_name":"Significant difference","level":2,"score":0.0}],"mesh":[{"descriptor_ui":"D003071","descriptor_name":"Cognition","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":true},{"descriptor_ui":"D004504","descriptor_name":"Education, Medical, Undergraduate","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":true},{"descriptor_ui":"D004521","descriptor_name":"Educational Measurement","qualifier_ui":"Q000379","qualifier_name":"methods","is_major_topic":true},{"descriptor_ui":"D006801","descriptor_name":"Humans","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D011340","descriptor_name":"Problem Solving","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":true},{"descriptor_ui":"D011594","descriptor_name":"Psychometrics","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D013021","descriptor_name":"South Australia","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D015203","descriptor_name":"Reproducibility of Results","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":false}],"locations_count":5,"locations":[{"id":"doi:10.1186/1472-6920-7-49","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1186/1472-6920-7-49","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1186/1472-6920-7-49","pdf_url":"https://bmcmededuc.biomedcentral.com/counter/pdf/10.1186/1472-6920-7-49","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S144187503","display_name":"BMC Medical Education","issn_l":"1472-6920","issn":["1472-6920"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":true,"is_core":true,"listed_in":["cwts-core","doaj","doyens","jufo-1","ki-jl-1","medline","norway-1","poland-140","russia-white-list-1","vabb-shw"],"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310320256","host_organization_name":"BioMed Central","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310320256","https://openalex.org/P4310319965"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["BioMed Central","Springer Nature"],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"BMC Medical Education","raw_type":"journal-article"},{"id":"pmh:oai:pubmedcentral.nih.gov:2148038","doi":null,"is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/2148038","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S2764455111","display_name":"PubMed Central","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"listed_in":[],"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/I1299303238","host_organization_name":"National Institutes of Health","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/I1299303238"],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"BMC Med Educ","raw_type":"Text"},{"id":"pmid:18045500","doi":null,"is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/18045500","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306525036","display_name":"PubMed","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"listed_in":[],"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/I1299303238","host_organization_name":"National Institutes of Health","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/I1299303238"],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"BMC medical education","raw_type":"Comparative Study"},{"id":"pmh:oai:digital.library.adelaide.edu.au:2440/41297","doi":null,"is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"http://hdl.handle.net/2440/41297","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306401835","display_name":"Adelaide Research & Scholarship (AR&S) (University of Adelaide)","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"listed_in":[],"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/I5681781","host_organization_name":"The University of Adelaide","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/I5681781"],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":"http://www.biomedcentral.com/1472-6920/7/49","raw_type":"Journal article"},{"id":"pmh:oai:doaj.org/article:87dc5a03aee746fd97ef02cb713bed95","doi":null,"is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doaj.org/article/87dc5a03aee746fd97ef02cb713bed95","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306401280","display_name":"DOAJ (DOAJ: Directory of Open Access Journals)","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"listed_in":[],"host_organization":null,"host_organization_name":null,"host_organization_lineage":[],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":"cc-by-sa","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by-sa","version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":"BMC Medical Education, Vol 7, Iss 1, p 49 (2007)","raw_type":"article"}],"best_oa_location":{"id":"doi:10.1186/1472-6920-7-49","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1186/1472-6920-7-49","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1186/1472-6920-7-49","pdf_url":"https://bmcmededuc.biomedcentral.com/counter/pdf/10.1186/1472-6920-7-49","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S144187503","display_name":"BMC Medical Education","issn_l":"1472-6920","issn":["1472-6920"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":true,"is_core":true,"listed_in":["cwts-core","doaj","doyens","jufo-1","ki-jl-1","medline","norway-1","poland-140","russia-white-list-1","vabb-shw"],"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310320256","host_organization_name":"BioMed Central","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310320256","https://openalex.org/P4310319965"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["BioMed Central","Springer Nature"],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"BMC Medical Education","raw_type":"journal-article"},"sustainable_development_goals":[{"display_name":"Quality education","score":0.9235000014305115,"id":"https://metadata.un.org/sdg/4"}],"study_designs":[],"awards":[],"funders":[],"has_content":{"pdf":true,"grobid_xml":true},"content_urls":{"pdf":"https://content.openalex.org/works/W2170435532.pdf","grobid_xml":"https://content.openalex.org/works/W2170435532.grobid-xml"},"referenced_works_count":26,"referenced_works":["https://openalex.org/W64275879","https://openalex.org/W67149822","https://openalex.org/W1580749063","https://openalex.org/W1967519322","https://openalex.org/W1972815748","https://openalex.org/W1987004809","https://openalex.org/W1991227778","https://openalex.org/W2019594528","https://openalex.org/W2036649696","https://openalex.org/W2049728196","https://openalex.org/W2081393797","https://openalex.org/W2089110015","https://openalex.org/W2098454906","https://openalex.org/W2107034142","https://openalex.org/W2107737073","https://openalex.org/W2112630006","https://openalex.org/W2139001711","https://openalex.org/W2141945954","https://openalex.org/W2141964226","https://openalex.org/W2147870237","https://openalex.org/W2168372785","https://openalex.org/W2318079588","https://openalex.org/W2573894086","https://openalex.org/W3217611625","https://openalex.org/W4231378812","https://openalex.org/W4253876460"],"related_works":["https://openalex.org/W4399185808","https://openalex.org/W2808193302","https://openalex.org/W1574580828","https://openalex.org/W2168372785","https://openalex.org/W19804843","https://openalex.org/W1156544353","https://openalex.org/W1519851042","https://openalex.org/W7216838408","https://openalex.org/W4379879923","https://openalex.org/W1960226593"],"abstract_inverted_index":{"BACKGROUND:":[0],"Reliable":[1],"and":[2,97,118,144,164,272],"valid":[3],"written":[4],"tests":[5],"of":[6,18,40,52,79,94,115,121,136,161,172,179,181,193,206,221,225,268],"higher":[7,32,56,67,153,209,230,261],"cognitive":[8,69,85,154,210,232],"function":[9],"are":[10,26,266],"difficult":[11],"to":[12,29,37,75,82,151,190,237,258],"produce,":[13],"particularly":[14],"for":[15,103,250],"the":[16,77,80,137,148,170,182,191,213,253,270],"assessment":[17,105],"clinical":[19,108],"problem":[20],"solving.":[21],"Modified":[22],"Essay":[23],"Questions":[24],"(MEQs)":[25,101],"often":[27,47],"used":[28,102],"assess":[30,66,76,229],"these":[31,64],"order":[33,68,231,262],"abilities":[34],"in":[35,55,87,106,203],"preference":[36],"other":[38],"forms":[39],"assessment,":[41],"including":[42],"multiple-choice":[43,95],"questions":[44,65,96,100,138,149],"(MCQs).":[45],"MEQs":[46,122,183,251,254],"form":[48],"a":[49,107,159,239,247,277],"vital":[50],"component":[51],"end-of-course":[53],"assessments":[54],"education.":[57],"It":[58],"is":[59],"not":[60],"clear":[61],"how":[62],"effectively":[63],"skills.":[70,263],"This":[71,187],"study":[72],"was":[73,111,139,145,188],"designed":[74,257],"effectiveness":[78,135],"MEQ":[81],"measure":[83,152],"higher-order":[84],"skills":[86,211,233],"an":[88],"undergraduate":[89,109],"institution.":[90],"METHODS:":[91],"An":[92],"analysis":[93],"modified":[98,199],"essay":[99,200],"summative":[104],"curriculum":[110],"undertaken.":[112],"A":[113],"total":[114],"50":[116],"MCQs":[117,194,243,265],"139":[119],"stages":[120],"were":[123],"examined,":[124],"which":[125,227],"came":[126],"from":[127],"three":[128],"exams":[129],"run":[130],"over":[131],"two":[132,142],"years.":[133],"The":[134,198],"determined":[140,157,168],"by":[141,147,158,169,276],"assessors":[143],"defined":[146],"ability":[150],"skills,":[155],"as":[156,167],"modification":[160],"Bloom's":[162],"taxonomy,":[163],"its":[165,204],"quality":[166],"presence":[171],"item":[173],"writing":[174],"flaws.":[175],"RESULTS:":[176],"Over":[177],"50%":[178],"all":[180],"tested":[184,216],"factual":[185,196],"recall.":[186,197],"similar":[189],"percentage":[192],"testing":[195],"question":[201],"failed":[202],"role":[205],"consistently":[207],"assessing":[208],"whereas":[212],"MCQ":[214],"frequently":[215],"more":[217],"than":[218],"mere":[219],"recall":[220],"knowledge.":[222],"CONCLUSION:":[223],"Construction":[224],"MEQs,":[226],"will":[228],"cannot":[234,255],"be":[235,238,245,256],"assumed":[236],"simple":[240],"task.":[241],"Well-constructed":[242],"should":[244],"considered":[246],"satisfactory":[248],"replacement":[249],"if":[252],"adequately":[259],"test":[260],"Such":[264],"capable":[267],"withstanding":[269],"intellectual":[271],"statistical":[273],"scrutiny":[274],"imposed":[275],"high":[278],"stakes":[279],"exit":[280],"examination.":[281]},"counts_by_year":[{"year":2026,"cited_by_count":14},{"year":2025,"cited_by_count":13},{"year":2024,"cited_by_count":20},{"year":2023,"cited_by_count":27},{"year":2022,"cited_by_count":22},{"year":2021,"cited_by_count":23},{"year":2020,"cited_by_count":24},{"year":2019,"cited_by_count":16},{"year":2018,"cited_by_count":16},{"year":2017,"cited_by_count":23},{"year":2016,"cited_by_count":17},{"year":2015,"cited_by_count":12},{"year":2014,"cited_by_count":11},{"year":2013,"cited_by_count":11},{"year":2012,"cited_by_count":13}],"updated_date":"2026-10-31T12:09:11.096373","created_date":"2016-06-24T00:00:00"}
