{"id":"https://openalex.org/W2170373282","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1118/1.597735","title":"Physical specifications of clinical proton beams from a synchrotron","display_name":"Physical specifications of clinical proton beams from a synchrotron","publication_year":1996,"publication_date":"1996-06-01","ids":{"openalex":"https://openalex.org/W2170373282","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1118/1.597735","mag":"2170373282","pmid":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/8798164"},"language":"en","primary_location":{"id":"doi:10.1118/1.597735","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1118/1.597735","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1118/1.597735","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S95522064","display_name":"Medical Physics","issn_l":"0094-2405","issn":["0094-2405","1522-8541","2473-4209"],"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":true,"listed_in":["cwts-core","dongbi-c","doyens","jufo-1","ki-jl-1","medline","norway-1","poland-100","russia-white-list-1","vabb-shw"],"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310320595","host_organization_name":"Wiley","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310320595"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Wiley"],"type":"journal"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Medical Physics","raw_type":"journal-article"},"volume":null,"type":"article","is_traditional":true,"indexed_in":["crossref","pubmed"],"open_access":{"is_oa":false,"oa_status":"closed","oa_url":null,"any_repository_has_fulltext":false},"authorships":[{"author_position":"first","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5001125471","display_name":"G. Arduini","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-5790-5156","observed_orcids":["https://orcid.org/0000-0002-5790-5156"]},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I4210127391","display_name":"Italian Association for Cancer Research","ror":"https://ror.org/02g2x7380","country_code":"IT","type":"nonprofit","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I4210127391"]}],"countries":["IT"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"G. Arduini","raw_affiliation_strings":["Fondazione Italiana per la Ricerca sul Cancro, Milano, Italy","Fondazione Italiana per la Ricerca sul Cancro, Via F. Corridoni 7, 20122 Milano, Italy"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Fondazione Italiana per la Ricerca sul Cancro, Milano, Italy","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I4210127391"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"Fondazione Italiana per la Ricerca sul Cancro, Via F. Corridoni 7, 20122 Milano, Italy","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I4210127391"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5035223446","display_name":"Raffaella Cambria","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-9894-068X","observed_orcids":["https://orcid.org/0000-0001-9894-068X"]},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I4210126080","display_name":"Fondazione per Adroterapia Oncologica","ror":"https://ror.org/040y40f79","country_code":"IT","type":"facility","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I4210126080"]}],"countries":["IT"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"R. Cambria","raw_affiliation_strings":["Fondazione per Adroterapia Oncologica, Via Puccini 11, 28100 Novara, Italy"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Fondazione per Adroterapia Oncologica, Via Puccini 11, 28100 Novara, Italy","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I4210126080"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5061103245","display_name":"Cristina Canzi","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-8221-1415","observed_orcids":["https://orcid.org/0000-0001-8221-1415"]},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I4210126080","display_name":"Fondazione per Adroterapia Oncologica","ror":"https://ror.org/040y40f79","country_code":"IT","type":"facility","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I4210126080"]}],"countries":["IT"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"C. Canzi","raw_affiliation_strings":["Fondazione per Adroterapia Oncologica, Via Puccini 11, 28100 Novara, Italy"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Fondazione per Adroterapia Oncologica, Via Puccini 11, 28100 Novara, Italy","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I4210126080"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5106855045","display_name":"Fabrizio Gerardi","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-0273-3788","observed_orcids":["https://orcid.org/0000-0003-0273-3788"]},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I4210126080","display_name":"Fondazione per Adroterapia Oncologica","ror":"https://ror.org/040y40f79","country_code":"IT","type":"facility","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I4210126080"]}],"countries":["IT"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"F. Gerardi","raw_affiliation_strings":["Fondazione per Adroterapia Oncologica, Via Puccini 11, 28100 Novara, Italy"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Fondazione per Adroterapia Oncologica, Via Puccini 11, 28100 Novara, Italy","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I4210126080"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5110427127","display_name":"B. Gottschalk","orcid":null,"observed_orcids":[]},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I136199984","display_name":"Harvard University","ror":"https://ror.org/03vek6s52","country_code":"US","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I136199984"]}],"countries":["US"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"B. Gottschalk","raw_affiliation_strings":["Harvard Cyclotron Laboratory, 44 Oxford Street, Cambridge, Massachusetts 02138"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Harvard Cyclotron Laboratory, 44 Oxford Street, Cambridge, Massachusetts 02138","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I136199984"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":null,"display_name":"R. Leone","orcid":null,"observed_orcids":[]},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I4210126080","display_name":"Fondazione per Adroterapia Oncologica","ror":"https://ror.org/040y40f79","country_code":"IT","type":"facility","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I4210126080"]}],"countries":["IT"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"R. Leone","raw_affiliation_strings":["Fondazione per Adroterapia Oncologia, Via Puccini 11, 28100 Novara, Italy"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Fondazione per Adroterapia Oncologia, Via Puccini 11, 28100 Novara, Italy","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I4210126080"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5031808751","display_name":"L. Sangaletti","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-9312-5862","observed_orcids":["https://orcid.org/0000-0001-9312-5862"]},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I4210127391","display_name":"Italian Association for Cancer Research","ror":"https://ror.org/02g2x7380","country_code":"IT","type":"nonprofit","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I4210127391"]}],"countries":["IT"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"L. Sangaletti","raw_affiliation_strings":["Fondazione Italiana per la Ricerca sul Cancro, Via F. Corridoni 7, 20122 Milano, Italy"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Fondazione Italiana per la Ricerca sul Cancro, Via F. Corridoni 7, 20122 Milano, Italy","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I4210127391"]}]},{"author_position":"last","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5019006926","display_name":"M. Silari","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-8851-0950","observed_orcids":["https://orcid.org/0000-0001-8851-0950"]},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I4210155236","display_name":"National Research Council","ror":"https://ror.org/04zaypm56","country_code":"IT","type":"nonprofit","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I4210155236"]}],"countries":["IT"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"M. Silari","raw_affiliation_strings":["Consiglio Nazionale delle Ricerche, Istituto Tecnologie Biomediche Avanzate, Via Ampe\u0300re 56, 20131 Milano, Italy"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Consiglio Nazionale delle Ricerche, Istituto Tecnologie Biomediche Avanzate, Via Ampe\u0300re 56, 20131 Milano, Italy","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I4210155236"]}]}],"institutions":[],"countries_distinct_count":2,"institutions_distinct_count":4,"corresponding_author_ids":[],"corresponding_institution_ids":[],"apc_list":{"value":3360,"currency":"USD","value_usd":3360},"apc_paid":null,"fwci":0.0,"has_fulltext":false,"cited_by_count":28,"citation_normalized_percentile":{"value":0.0,"is_in_top_1_percent":false,"is_in_top_10_percent":false},"cited_by_percentile_year":{"min":87,"max":94},"biblio":{"volume":"23","issue":"6","first_page":"939","last_page":"951"},"is_retracted":false,"is_paratext":false,"is_xpac":false,"primary_topic":{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11176","display_name":"Radiation Therapy and Dosimetry","score":0.9980000257492065,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/3108","display_name":"Radiation"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/31","display_name":"Physics and Astronomy"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},"topics":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11176","display_name":"Radiation Therapy and Dosimetry","score":0.9980000257492065,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/3108","display_name":"Radiation"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/31","display_name":"Physics and Astronomy"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10358","display_name":"Advanced Radiotherapy Techniques","score":0.0007999999797903001,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/3108","display_name":"Radiation"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/31","display_name":"Physics and Astronomy"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11367","display_name":"Particle accelerators and beam dynamics","score":0.0006000000284984708,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/3106","display_name":"Nuclear and High Energy Physics"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/31","display_name":"Physics and Astronomy"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}}],"keywords":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/proton-therapy","display_name":"proton therapy","score":0.859000027179718},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/synchrotron","display_name":"synchrotron","score":0.7860000133514404},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/beam-transport","display_name":"beam transport","score":0.42899999022483826},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/beam-delivery","display_name":"beam delivery","score":0.44999998807907104},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/energy-range","display_name":"energy range","score":0.7099999785423279},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/beam-intensity","display_name":"beam intensity","score":0.9620000123977661},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/lateral-penumbra","display_name":"lateral penumbra","score":0.9359999895095825},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/dose-fall-off","display_name":"dose fall-off","score":0.8700000047683716},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/source-to-surface-distance","display_name":"source-to-surface distance","score":0.9750000238418579},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/beam-time-structure","display_name":"beam time structure","score":0.8500000238418579},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/raster-scanning","display_name":"raster scanning","score":0.9869999885559082},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/particle-accelerator-design","display_name":"accelerator design","score":0.5630000233650208}],"concepts":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/C21368211","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q689863","display_name":"Synchrotron","level":2,"score":0.5855490565299988},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C19527891","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1120908","display_name":"Medical physics","level":1,"score":0.5347391963005066},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C54516573","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2294","display_name":"Proton","level":2,"score":0.5157046914100647},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2776691733","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q673122","display_name":"Proton Synchrotron","level":3,"score":0.4662564992904663},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C16332341","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q212871","display_name":"Synchrotron radiation","level":2,"score":0.4170393943786621},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C31601959","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q931309","display_name":"Medical imaging","level":2,"score":0.41294345259666443},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C121332964","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q413","display_name":"Physics","level":0,"score":0.39188992977142334},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C185544564","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q81197","display_name":"Nuclear physics","level":1,"score":0.3585050702095032},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C71924100","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11190","display_name":"Medicine","level":0,"score":0.2947860360145569},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C126838900","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q77604","display_name":"Radiology","level":1,"score":0.20607447624206543}],"mesh":[{"descriptor_ui":"D001703","descriptor_name":"Biophysics","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D006801","descriptor_name":"Humans","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D008962","descriptor_name":"Models, Theoretical","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D009369","descriptor_name":"Neoplasms","qualifier_ui":"Q000532","qualifier_name":"radiotherapy","is_major_topic":true},{"descriptor_ui":"D011522","descriptor_name":"Protons","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D011879","descriptor_name":"Radiotherapy Dosage","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D017356","descriptor_name":"Synchrotrons","qualifier_ui":"Q000295","qualifier_name":"instrumentation","is_major_topic":true},{"descriptor_ui":"D017356","descriptor_name":"Synchrotrons","qualifier_ui":"Q000706","qualifier_name":"statistics & numerical data","is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D055592","descriptor_name":"Biophysical Phenomena","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D061766","descriptor_name":"Proton Therapy","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":true}],"locations_count":2,"locations":[{"id":"doi:10.1118/1.597735","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1118/1.597735","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1118/1.597735","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S95522064","display_name":"Medical Physics","issn_l":"0094-2405","issn":["0094-2405","1522-8541","2473-4209"],"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":true,"listed_in":["cwts-core","dongbi-c","doyens","jufo-1","ki-jl-1","medline","norway-1","poland-100","russia-white-list-1","vabb-shw"],"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310320595","host_organization_name":"Wiley","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310320595"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Wiley"],"type":"journal"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Medical Physics","raw_type":"journal-article"},{"id":"pmid:8798164","doi":null,"is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/8798164","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306525036","display_name":"PubMed","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"listed_in":[],"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/I1299303238","host_organization_name":"National Institutes of Health","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/I1299303238"],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Medical physics","raw_type":"Journal Article"}],"best_oa_location":null,"sustainable_development_goals":[{"score":0.5683000087738037,"id":"https://metadata.un.org/sdg/3","display_name":"Good health and well-being"}],"study_designs":[],"awards":[],"funders":[],"has_content":{"grobid_xml":false,"pdf":false},"content_urls":null,"referenced_works_count":0,"referenced_works":[],"related_works":["https://openalex.org/W7002039661","https://openalex.org/W2911777535","https://openalex.org/W2159337521","https://openalex.org/W2142694240","https://openalex.org/W7051443221","https://openalex.org/W4237627763","https://openalex.org/W4238893815","https://openalex.org/W2010549841","https://openalex.org/W1984324807","https://openalex.org/W1509698163"],"abstract_inverted_index":{"Tumor":[0],"treatment":[1],"with":[2],"charged":[3,30],"particle":[4,157],"beams":[5],"is":[6,100],"a":[7,33,60,140,148],"quickly":[8],"developing":[9],"field":[10],"aimed":[11],"to":[12,54,58,93],"translate":[13],"the":[14,19,42,70,74,78,85,95,103,122,134,152],"potential":[15],"advantages":[16],"offered":[17],"by":[18],"superior":[20],"physical":[21,135],"dose":[22,115],"distribution":[23],"and":[24,45,62,76,81,129],"relative":[25],"biological":[26],"effectiveness":[27],"of":[28,36,73,77,84,121,154],"heavy":[29],"particles":[31],"into":[32],"real":[34],"improvement":[35],"tumor":[37],"therapy.":[38],"To":[39],"this":[40],"purpose":[41],"new":[43],"proton":[44],"light-ion":[46],"radiation":[47],"therapy":[48],"facilities":[49],"must":[50],"be":[51,91,145],"designed":[52],"according":[53],"strict":[55],"clinical":[56,96],"specifications":[57,72,136],"provide":[59],"reliable":[61],"effective":[63],"tool":[64],"against":[65],"cancer.":[66],"This":[67],"paper":[68],"provides":[69],"performance":[71],"accelerator":[75,158],"beam":[79,110,130],"transport":[80],"delivery":[82],"systems":[83],"Italian":[86],"Hadrontherapy":[87],"Centre,":[88],"which":[89],"should":[90],"satisfied":[92],"meet":[94],"specifications.":[97],"A":[98],"discussion":[99],"given":[101,138],"on":[102,105],"requirements":[104],"energy":[106,108],"range,":[107],"variability,":[109],"intensity,":[111],"lateral":[112],"penumbra,":[113],"distal":[114],"falloff,":[116],"source-to-surface":[117],"distance,":[118],"time":[119],"structure":[120],"extracted":[123],"beam,":[124],"raster":[125],"scanning":[126],"system":[127],"specifications,":[128],"abort":[131],"time.":[132],"Though":[133],"are":[137],"for":[139,151],"particular":[141],"accelerator,":[142],"they":[143],"can":[144],"used":[146],"as":[147],"general":[149],"guideline":[150],"design":[153],"future":[155],"biomedical":[156],"facilities.":[159]},"counts_by_year":[{"year":2023,"cited_by_count":1},{"year":2021,"cited_by_count":1},{"year":2020,"cited_by_count":1},{"year":2018,"cited_by_count":1},{"year":2017,"cited_by_count":1},{"year":2012,"cited_by_count":1}],"updated_date":"2026-11-07T11:25:07.637180","created_date":"2016-06-24T00:00:00"}