{"id":"https://openalex.org/W2170131969","doi":null,"title":"Simpson's Paradox","display_name":"Simpson's Paradox","publication_year":2004,"publication_date":"2004-02-02","ids":{"openalex":"https://openalex.org/W2170131969","mag":"2170131969"},"language":"en","primary_location":{"id":"mag:2170131969","doi":null,"is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://171.67.193.20/entries/paradox-simpson/","pdf_url":null,"source":null,"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":null,"is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":null,"raw_type":null},"volume":null,"type":"article","is_traditional":true,"indexed_in":[],"open_access":{"is_oa":false,"oa_status":"closed","oa_url":null,"any_repository_has_fulltext":false},"authorships":[{"author_position":"first","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5062826361","display_name":"Gary Malinas","orcid":null,"observed_orcids":[]},"institutions":[],"countries":[],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Gary Malinas","raw_affiliation_strings":[],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[]},{"author_position":"last","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5064711541","display_name":"John Bigelow","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-3087-2809","observed_orcids":["https://orcid.org/0000-0002-3087-2809"]},"institutions":[],"countries":[],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"John Bigelow","raw_affiliation_strings":[],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-3087-2809","affiliations":[]}],"institutions":[],"countries_distinct_count":0,"institutions_distinct_count":0,"corresponding_author_ids":[],"corresponding_institution_ids":[],"apc_list":null,"apc_paid":null,"fwci":1.9599,"has_fulltext":false,"cited_by_count":61,"citation_normalized_percentile":{"value":0.88166311,"is_in_top_1_percent":false,"is_in_top_10_percent":false},"cited_by_percentile_year":{"min":88,"max":100},"biblio":{"volume":null,"issue":null,"first_page":null,"last_page":null},"is_retracted":false,"is_paratext":false,"is_xpac":false,"primary_topic":{"id":"https://openalex.org/T13500","display_name":"Probability and Statistical Research","score":0.5313000082969666,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2613","display_name":"Statistics and Probability"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/26","display_name":"Mathematics"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},"topics":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/T13500","display_name":"Probability and Statistical Research","score":0.5313000082969666,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2613","display_name":"Statistics and Probability"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/26","display_name":"Mathematics"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11875","display_name":"Statistics Education and Methodologies","score":0.07159999758005142,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2613","display_name":"Statistics and Probability"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/26","display_name":"Mathematics"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10845","display_name":"Advanced Causal Inference Techniques","score":0.06599999964237213,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2613","display_name":"Statistics and Probability"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/26","display_name":"Mathematics"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}}],"keywords":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/simpson-s-paradox","display_name":"Simpson's paradox","score":0.9869999885559082},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/confounding","display_name":"confounding","score":0.503000020980835},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/causal-inference","display_name":"causal inference","score":0.5809999704360962}],"concepts":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/C41008148","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q21198","display_name":"Computer science","level":0,"score":0.36133110523223877},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C162324750","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q8134","display_name":"Economics","level":0,"score":0.3204702138900757}],"mesh":[],"locations_count":1,"locations":[{"id":"mag:2170131969","doi":null,"is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://171.67.193.20/entries/paradox-simpson/","pdf_url":null,"source":null,"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":null,"is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":null,"raw_type":null}],"best_oa_location":null,"sustainable_development_goals":[],"study_designs":[],"awards":[],"funders":[],"has_content":{"grobid_xml":false,"pdf":false},"content_urls":null,"referenced_works_count":0,"referenced_works":[],"related_works":["https://openalex.org/W6903825790","https://openalex.org/W2046317269","https://openalex.org/W7097266099","https://openalex.org/W7096814019","https://openalex.org/W4310032925","https://openalex.org/W2787517908","https://openalex.org/W11528363","https://openalex.org/W2127407959","https://openalex.org/W7095557409","https://openalex.org/W4392537519"],"abstract_inverted_index":null,"counts_by_year":[{"year":2021,"cited_by_count":2},{"year":2020,"cited_by_count":22},{"year":2019,"cited_by_count":2},{"year":2018,"cited_by_count":2},{"year":2017,"cited_by_count":3},{"year":2016,"cited_by_count":4},{"year":2015,"cited_by_count":1},{"year":2014,"cited_by_count":5},{"year":2013,"cited_by_count":3},{"year":2012,"cited_by_count":3}],"updated_date":"2026-11-04T10:54:05.112534","created_date":"2016-06-24T00:00:00"}