{"id":"https://openalex.org/W2170115853","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1037/a0018920","title":"If at first you don't succeed, try, try again: Understanding race, age, and gender differences in retesting score improvement.","display_name":"If at first you don't succeed, try, try again: Understanding race, age, and gender differences in retesting score improvement.","publication_year":2010,"publication_date":"2010-01-01","ids":{"openalex":"https://openalex.org/W2170115853","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1037/a0018920","mag":"2170115853","pmid":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/20604584"},"language":"en","primary_location":{"id":"doi:10.1037/a0018920","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1037/a0018920","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1037/a0018920","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S166002381","display_name":"Journal of Applied Psychology","issn_l":"0021-9010","issn":["0021-9010","1939-1854"],"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":true,"listed_in":["abdc-a-star","anvur-class-a","anvur-scientific","cwts-core","dongbi-a","erih-plus","fnege-1-star","ft50","jufo-3","ki-jl-1","medline","norway-2","poland-200","russia-white-list-1","vabb-shw"],"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310320262","host_organization_name":"American Psychological Association","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310320262"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["American Psychological Association"],"type":"journal"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Journal of Applied Psychology","raw_type":"journal-article"},"volume":null,"type":"article","indexed_in":["crossref","pubmed"],"open_access":{"is_oa":false,"oa_status":"closed","oa_url":null,"any_repository_has_fulltext":false},"authorships":[{"author_position":"first","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5029506574","display_name":"Deidra J. Schleicher","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-4968-5835","observed_orcids":["https://orcid.org/0000-0002-4968-5835"]},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I219193219","display_name":"Purdue University West Lafayette","ror":"https://ror.org/02dqehb95","country_code":"US","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I219193219"]}],"countries":["US"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Deidra J. Schleicher","raw_affiliation_strings":["Krannert School of Management, Purdue University, 100 South Grant,West Lafayette, IN 47907-2076, USA. deidra@purdue.edu"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Krannert School of Management, Purdue University, 100 South Grant,West Lafayette, IN 47907-2076, USA. deidra@purdue.edu","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I219193219"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5001350369","display_name":"Chad H. Van Iddekinge","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-9813-0660","observed_orcids":["https://orcid.org/0000-0001-9813-0660"]},"institutions":[],"countries":[],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Chad H. Van Iddekinge","raw_affiliation_strings":[],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5046835383","display_name":"Frederick P. Morgeson","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-6858-2594","observed_orcids":["https://orcid.org/0000-0001-6858-2594"]},"institutions":[],"countries":[],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Frederick P. Morgeson","raw_affiliation_strings":[],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[]},{"author_position":"last","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5050328891","display_name":"Michael A. Campion","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-7066-2788","observed_orcids":["https://orcid.org/0000-0001-7066-2788"]},"institutions":[],"countries":[],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Michael A. Campion","raw_affiliation_strings":[],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[]}],"institutions":[],"countries_distinct_count":1,"institutions_distinct_count":1,"corresponding_author_ids":[],"corresponding_institution_ids":[],"apc_list":null,"apc_paid":null,"fwci":8.6607,"has_fulltext":false,"cited_by_count":59,"citation_normalized_percentile":{"value":0.97545605,"is_in_top_1_percent":false,"is_in_top_10_percent":true},"cited_by_percentile_year":{"min":89,"max":99},"biblio":{"volume":"95","issue":"4","first_page":"603","last_page":"617"},"is_retracted":false,"is_paratext":false,"is_xpac":false,"primary_topic":{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10467","display_name":"Psychometric Methodologies and Testing","score":0.5946999788284302,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1803","display_name":"Management Science and Operations Research"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/18","display_name":"Decision Sciences"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/2","display_name":"Social Sciences"}},"topics":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10467","display_name":"Psychometric Methodologies and Testing","score":0.5946999788284302,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1803","display_name":"Management Science and Operations Research"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/18","display_name":"Decision Sciences"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/2","display_name":"Social Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T12602","display_name":"Medical Education and Admissions","score":0.0803999975323677,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2739","display_name":"Public Health, Environmental and Occupational Health"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/27","display_name":"Medicine"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/4","display_name":"Health Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11577","display_name":"Cognitive Abilities and Testing","score":0.0771000012755394,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/3205","display_name":"Experimental and Cognitive Psychology"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/32","display_name":"Psychology"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/2","display_name":"Social Sciences"}}],"keywords":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/retest-effects","display_name":"retest effects","score":0.9399999976158142},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/personnel-selection","display_name":"personnel selection","score":0.6660000085830688},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/demographic-differences","display_name":"demographic differences","score":0.6589999794960022},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/racial-differences","display_name":"racial differences","score":0.6710000038146973},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/age-differences","display_name":"age differences","score":0.9509999752044678},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/gender-differences","display_name":"gender differences","score":0.9990000128746033},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/written-examinations","display_name":"written examinations","score":0.7609999775886536},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/performance-testing","display_name":"performance testing","score":0.9929999709129333},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/adverse-impact","display_name":"adverse impact","score":0.9079999923706055},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/feedback-receptivity","display_name":"feedback receptivity","score":0.7900000214576721}],"concepts":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/C15744967","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q9418","display_name":"Psychology","level":0,"score":0.7483937740325928},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C76509639","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q918036","display_name":"Race (biology)","level":2,"score":0.6875636577606201},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C81917197","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q628760","display_name":"Selection (genetic algorithm)","level":2,"score":0.6158595085144043},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C64543145","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q162942","display_name":"Intersection (aeronautics)","level":2,"score":0.5716640949249268},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2993970742","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q438946","display_name":"Age discrimination","level":2,"score":0.48474761843681335},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C3019921246","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q104853310","display_name":"Differential effects","level":2,"score":0.44486528635025024},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2777207495","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2072146","display_name":"Personnel selection","level":2,"score":0.43647778034210205},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C70410870","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q199906","display_name":"Clinical psychology","level":1,"score":0.38888227939605713},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C77805123","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q161272","display_name":"Social psychology","level":1,"score":0.3807162344455719},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C75630572","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q538904","display_name":"Applied psychology","level":1,"score":0.32568180561065674},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C71924100","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11190","display_name":"Medicine","level":0,"score":0.15949156880378723},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C105795698","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q12483","display_name":"Statistics","level":1,"score":0.0937964916229248},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C17744445","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q36442","display_name":"Political science","level":0,"score":0.06950962543487549},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C33923547","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q395","display_name":"Mathematics","level":0,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C127413603","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11023","display_name":"Engineering","level":0,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C126322002","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11180","display_name":"Internal medicine","level":1,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C199539241","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7748","display_name":"Law","level":1,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C146978453","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q3798668","display_name":"Aerospace engineering","level":1,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C41008148","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q21198","display_name":"Computer science","level":0,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C86803240","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q420","display_name":"Biology","level":0,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C59822182","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q441","display_name":"Botany","level":1,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C154945302","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11660","display_name":"Artificial intelligence","level":1,"score":0.0}],"mesh":[{"descriptor_ui":"D000328","descriptor_name":"Adult","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D000367","descriptor_name":"Age Factors","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D001076","descriptor_name":"Aptitude","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D001077","descriptor_name":"Aptitude Tests","qualifier_ui":"Q000706","qualifier_name":"statistics & numerical data","is_major_topic":true},{"descriptor_ui":"D001213","descriptor_name":"Asian","qualifier_ui":"Q000523","qualifier_name":"psychology","is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D001290","descriptor_name":"Attitude","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D005260","descriptor_name":"Female","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D006630","descriptor_name":"Hispanic or Latino","qualifier_ui":"Q000523","qualifier_name":"psychology","is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D006801","descriptor_name":"Humans","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D008297","descriptor_name":"Male","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D009042","descriptor_name":"Motivation","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D010560","descriptor_name":"Personnel Selection","qualifier_ui":"Q000379","qualifier_name":"methods","is_major_topic":true},{"descriptor_ui":"D011214","descriptor_name":"Practice, Psychological","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D012737","descriptor_name":"Sex Factors","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D030141","descriptor_name":"Feedback, Psychological","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D044383","descriptor_name":"Black People","qualifier_ui":"Q000523","qualifier_name":"psychology","is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D044465","descriptor_name":"White People","qualifier_ui":"Q000523","qualifier_name":"psychology","is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D044469","descriptor_name":"Racial Groups","qualifier_ui":"Q000523","qualifier_name":"psychology","is_major_topic":true}],"locations_count":2,"locations":[{"id":"doi:10.1037/a0018920","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1037/a0018920","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1037/a0018920","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S166002381","display_name":"Journal of Applied Psychology","issn_l":"0021-9010","issn":["0021-9010","1939-1854"],"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":true,"listed_in":["abdc-a-star","anvur-class-a","anvur-scientific","cwts-core","dongbi-a","erih-plus","fnege-1-star","ft50","jufo-3","ki-jl-1","medline","norway-2","poland-200","russia-white-list-1","vabb-shw"],"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310320262","host_organization_name":"American Psychological Association","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310320262"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["American Psychological Association"],"type":"journal"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Journal of Applied Psychology","raw_type":"journal-article"},{"id":"pmid:20604584","doi":null,"is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/20604584","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306525036","display_name":"PubMed","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"listed_in":[],"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/I1299303238","host_organization_name":"National Institutes of Health","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/I1299303238"],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"The Journal of applied psychology","raw_type":"Journal Article"}],"best_oa_location":null,"sustainable_development_goals":[{"id":"https://metadata.un.org/sdg/10","score":0.7578999996185303,"display_name":"Reduced inequalities"}],"study_designs":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/study-designs/observational-study","display_name":"Observational Study"}],"awards":[],"funders":[],"has_content":{"pdf":false,"grobid_xml":false},"content_urls":null,"referenced_works_count":60,"referenced_works":["https://openalex.org/W55901578","https://openalex.org/W74460332","https://openalex.org/W148154975","https://openalex.org/W1557941956","https://openalex.org/W1588156489","https://openalex.org/W1592330160","https://openalex.org/W1607529401","https://openalex.org/W1920715936","https://openalex.org/W1963707914","https://openalex.org/W1969870724","https://openalex.org/W1971256939","https://openalex.org/W1980391516","https://openalex.org/W1984481023","https://openalex.org/W1986117379","https://openalex.org/W1991630067","https://openalex.org/W1995119892","https://openalex.org/W1995789563","https://openalex.org/W1998561015","https://openalex.org/W2000524368","https://openalex.org/W2002906919","https://openalex.org/W2005842200","https://openalex.org/W2006028865","https://openalex.org/W2009199185","https://openalex.org/W2010879654","https://openalex.org/W2017136788","https://openalex.org/W2037124948","https://openalex.org/W2038260004","https://openalex.org/W2042848338","https://openalex.org/W2043999373","https://openalex.org/W2059293854","https://openalex.org/W2062306902","https://openalex.org/W2063830880","https://openalex.org/W2067724039","https://openalex.org/W2069331691","https://openalex.org/W2077841474","https://openalex.org/W2081778785","https://openalex.org/W2084196932","https://openalex.org/W2087095639","https://openalex.org/W2092931035","https://openalex.org/W2093510798","https://openalex.org/W2096285822","https://openalex.org/W2098062962","https://openalex.org/W2107031757","https://openalex.org/W2108858345","https://openalex.org/W2121364895","https://openalex.org/W2122095182","https://openalex.org/W2122414467","https://openalex.org/W2130975486","https://openalex.org/W2138105492","https://openalex.org/W2141510128","https://openalex.org/W2144266336","https://openalex.org/W2144789222","https://openalex.org/W2145871833","https://openalex.org/W2146362431","https://openalex.org/W2149741225","https://openalex.org/W2150386467","https://openalex.org/W2170594921","https://openalex.org/W2498779411","https://openalex.org/W2767515764","https://openalex.org/W2930159219"],"related_works":["https://openalex.org/W2033189363","https://openalex.org/W2186343273","https://openalex.org/W1565510579","https://openalex.org/W2475082172","https://openalex.org/W2563541039","https://openalex.org/W7161629383","https://openalex.org/W3035546655","https://openalex.org/W2613043304","https://openalex.org/W2522724703","https://openalex.org/W1995119892"],"abstract_inverted_index":{"This":[0],"article":[1],"explores":[2],"the":[3,62,65,73,78,133],"intersection":[4],"of":[5,31,61,68,89,130,149],"2":[6],"critical":[7],"and":[8,15,40,84,99,122,124,160],"timely":[9],"concerns":[10],"in":[11,21,113,118,144,162],"personnel":[12],"selection-applicant":[13],"retesting":[14,95,114,158],"subgroup":[16],"differences-by":[17],"exploring":[18],"demographic":[19,111],"differences":[20,112,117],"retest":[22,52],"effects":[23],"across":[24],"multiple":[25],"assessments.":[26,63],"Results":[27],"from":[28],"large":[29],"samples":[30],"applicants":[32,85,100,138],"taking":[33],"3":[34],"written":[35,74],"tests":[36,43,75,142],"(N":[37,44],"=":[38,45],"7,031)":[39],"5":[41],"performance":[42,79],"2,060)":[46],"revealed":[47],"that":[48,136],"Whites":[49,69],"showed":[50,91],"larger":[51,92],"score":[53],"improvements":[54,93],"than":[55,76,96],"Blacks":[56],"or":[57],"Hispanics":[58],"on":[59,72,77],"several":[60],"However,":[64],"differential":[66],"improvement":[67],"was":[70],"greater":[71],"tests.":[80],"In":[81,128],"addition,":[82],"women":[83],"under":[86],"40":[87],"years":[88],"age":[90],"with":[94],"did":[97],"men":[98],"over":[101],"40.":[102],"We":[103],"offer":[104],"some":[105,145],"preliminary":[106],"theoretical":[107],"explanations":[108],"for":[109,157],"these":[110],"gains,":[115],"including":[116],"ability,":[119],"testing":[120],"attitudes":[121],"motivation,":[123],"receptivity":[125],"to":[126,139],"feedback.":[127],"terms":[129],"practical":[131],"implications,":[132],"results":[134],"suggest":[135],"allowing":[137],"retake":[140],"selection":[141],"may,":[143],"cases,":[146],"exacerbate":[147],"levels":[148],"adverse":[150],"impact,":[151],"which":[152],"can":[153],"have":[154],"distinct":[155],"implications":[156],"policy":[159],"practices":[161],"organizations.":[163]},"counts_by_year":[{"year":2026,"cited_by_count":4},{"year":2025,"cited_by_count":5},{"year":2024,"cited_by_count":3},{"year":2023,"cited_by_count":3},{"year":2022,"cited_by_count":3},{"year":2021,"cited_by_count":2},{"year":2019,"cited_by_count":1},{"year":2018,"cited_by_count":5},{"year":2017,"cited_by_count":4},{"year":2016,"cited_by_count":4},{"year":2015,"cited_by_count":3},{"year":2014,"cited_by_count":2},{"year":2013,"cited_by_count":8},{"year":2012,"cited_by_count":9}],"updated_date":"2026-11-03T10:50:19.383937","created_date":"2016-06-24T00:00:00"}