{"id":"https://openalex.org/W2170092744","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1093/hwj/dbq047","title":"African Nationalist or British Loyalist? The Complicated Case of Tiyo Soga","display_name":"African Nationalist or British Loyalist? The Complicated Case of Tiyo Soga","publication_year":2011,"publication_date":"2011-01-20","ids":{"openalex":"https://openalex.org/W2170092744","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1093/hwj/dbq047","mag":"2170092744"},"language":"en","primary_location":{"id":"doi:10.1093/hwj/dbq047","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1093/hwj/dbq047","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1093/hwj/dbq047","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4210216037","display_name":"History Workshop Journal","issn_l":"0309-2984","issn":["0309-2984","1363-3554","1477-4569"],"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"listed_in":["anvur-class-a","anvur-scientific","erih-plus","jufo-3","norway-2","poland-140","russia-white-list-1","vabb-shw"],"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310311648","host_organization_name":"Oxford University Press","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310311648","https://openalex.org/P4310311647"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Oxford University Press","University of Oxford"],"type":"journal"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"History Workshop Journal","raw_type":"journal-article"},"volume":null,"type":"conference-paper","indexed_in":["crossref"],"open_access":{"is_oa":false,"oa_status":"closed","oa_url":null,"any_repository_has_fulltext":false},"authorships":[{"author_position":"first","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5087357880","display_name":"Vivian Bickford\u2010Smith","orcid":null,"observed_orcids":[]},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I157614274","display_name":"University of Cape Town","ror":"https://ror.org/03p74gp79","country_code":"ZA","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I157614274"]}],"countries":["ZA"],"is_corresponding":true,"raw_author_name":"V. Bickford-Smith","raw_affiliation_strings":["Vivian Bickford-Smith is Professor in Historical Studies at the University of Cape Town and Visiting Professor of Comparative Metropolitan History at the Institute of Historical Studies, London University. He has published extensively in the area of nineteenth and twentieth-century South African history, particularly within the areas of race, ethnicity and nationalism, urban history and \u2018film and history\u2019. Publications include Ethnic Pride and Racial Prejudice in Victorian Cape Town (Cambridge, CUP, 1995), a co-authored two-volume history of Cape Town and \u2018The Betrayal of Creole Elites\u2019 in Black Experience and the Empire, ed. Philip D. Morgan and Sean Hawkins, (Oxford, OUP, 2004). University of Cape Town; Institute of Historical Research, London"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Vivian Bickford-Smith is Professor in Historical Studies at the University of Cape Town and Visiting Professor of Comparative Metropolitan History at the Institute of Historical Studies, London University. He has published extensively in the area of nineteenth and twentieth-century South African history, particularly within the areas of race, ethnicity and nationalism, urban history and \u2018film and history\u2019. Publications include Ethnic Pride and Racial Prejudice in Victorian Cape Town (Cambridge, CUP, 1995), a co-authored two-volume history of Cape Town and \u2018The Betrayal of Creole Elites\u2019 in Black Experience and the Empire, ed. Philip D. Morgan and Sean Hawkins, (Oxford, OUP, 2004). University of Cape Town; Institute of Historical Research, London","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I157614274"]}]}],"institutions":[],"countries_distinct_count":1,"institutions_distinct_count":1,"corresponding_author_ids":["https://openalex.org/A5087357880"],"corresponding_institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I157614274"],"apc_list":{"value":3125,"currency":"GBP","value_usd":4121},"apc_paid":null,"fwci":24.5647,"has_fulltext":false,"cited_by_count":19,"citation_normalized_percentile":{"value":0.99424736,"is_in_top_1_percent":true,"is_in_top_10_percent":true},"cited_by_percentile_year":{"min":88,"max":98},"biblio":{"volume":"71","issue":"1","first_page":"74","last_page":"97"},"is_retracted":false,"is_paratext":false,"is_xpac":false,"primary_topic":{"id":"https://openalex.org/T14395","display_name":"African history and culture studies","score":0.6147000193595886,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/3314","display_name":"Anthropology"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/33","display_name":"Social Sciences"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/2","display_name":"Social Sciences"}},"topics":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/T14395","display_name":"African history and culture studies","score":0.6147000193595886,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/3314","display_name":"Anthropology"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/33","display_name":"Social Sciences"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/2","display_name":"Social Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11695","display_name":"South African History and Culture","score":0.36160001158714294,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/3312","display_name":"Sociology and Political Science"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/33","display_name":"Social Sciences"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/2","display_name":"Social Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T13863","display_name":"Cultural History and Identity Formation","score":0.0052999998442828655,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1202","display_name":"History"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/12","display_name":"Arts and Humanities"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/2","display_name":"Social Sciences"}}],"keywords":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/british-loyalism","display_name":"British loyalism","score":0.8930000066757202},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/black-nationalism","display_name":"Black nationalism","score":0.6610000133514404},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/civilizing-mission","display_name":"civilizing mission","score":0.7509999871253967},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/respectability","display_name":"respectability","score":0.5950000286102295},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/british-nationalism","display_name":"British nationalism","score":0.6499999761581421},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/ethiopianism","display_name":"Ethiopianism","score":0.5440000295639038},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/african-national-congress","display_name":"African National Congress","score":0.7649999856948853},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/black-modernity","display_name":"Black modernity","score":0.625},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/historiography","display_name":"historiography","score":0.47099998593330383},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/john-chalmers","display_name":"John Chalmers","score":0.6340000033378601}],"concepts":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/C521449643","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q6235","display_name":"Nationalism","level":3,"score":0.6646329760551453},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2777628658","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1034198","display_name":"Cape","level":2,"score":0.576170802116394},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C95457728","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q309","display_name":"History","level":0,"score":0.5257580876350403},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2780769345","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q9309","display_name":"Welsh","level":2,"score":0.5037207007408142},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C137403100","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q41710","display_name":"Ethnic group","level":2,"score":0.4500957131385803},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C29595303","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q165650","display_name":"Media studies","level":1,"score":0.4301602244377136},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C108905452","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q149813","display_name":"History of Africa","level":2,"score":0.4167403280735016},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C19165224","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q23404","display_name":"Anthropology","level":1,"score":0.28679537773132324},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C144024400","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q21201","display_name":"Sociology","level":0,"score":0.2854515314102173},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C17744445","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q36442","display_name":"Political science","level":0,"score":0.21670001745224},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C195244886","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q41493","display_name":"Ancient history","level":1,"score":0.1890030801296234},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C166957645","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q23498","display_name":"Archaeology","level":1,"score":0.16713780164718628},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C199539241","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7748","display_name":"Law","level":1,"score":0.16097357869148254},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C94625758","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7163","display_name":"Politics","level":2,"score":0.10959765315055847}],"mesh":[],"locations_count":2,"locations":[{"id":"doi:10.1093/hwj/dbq047","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1093/hwj/dbq047","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1093/hwj/dbq047","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4210216037","display_name":"History Workshop Journal","issn_l":"0309-2984","issn":["0309-2984","1363-3554","1477-4569"],"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"listed_in":["anvur-class-a","anvur-scientific","erih-plus","jufo-3","norway-2","poland-140","russia-white-list-1","vabb-shw"],"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310311648","host_organization_name":"Oxford University Press","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310311648","https://openalex.org/P4310311647"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Oxford University Press","University of Oxford"],"type":"journal"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"History Workshop Journal","raw_type":"journal-article"},{"id":"pmh:oai:muse.jhu.edu:/article/427307","doi":null,"is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://muse.jhu.edu/article/427307","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4377196299","display_name":"Project Muse (Johns Hopkins University)","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"listed_in":[],"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/I145311948","host_organization_name":"Johns Hopkins University","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/I145311948"],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":"","raw_type":"text"}],"best_oa_location":null,"sustainable_development_goals":[],"study_designs":[],"awards":[],"funders":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/F4320321091","display_name":"Coordena\u00e7\u00e3o de Aperfei\u00e7oamento de Pessoal de N\u00edvel Superior","ror":"https://ror.org/00x0ma614"}],"has_content":{"pdf":false,"grobid_xml":false},"content_urls":null,"referenced_works_count":35,"referenced_works":["https://openalex.org/W573253018","https://openalex.org/W578549124","https://openalex.org/W593677739","https://openalex.org/W604003537","https://openalex.org/W605212913","https://openalex.org/W1508733971","https://openalex.org/W1517438660","https://openalex.org/W1520325221","https://openalex.org/W1531468172","https://openalex.org/W1555677092","https://openalex.org/W1563966611","https://openalex.org/W1564298805","https://openalex.org/W1579405738","https://openalex.org/W1586329218","https://openalex.org/W1597614835","https://openalex.org/W1996328737","https://openalex.org/W2012914444","https://openalex.org/W2017413079","https://openalex.org/W2024855664","https://openalex.org/W2027055339","https://openalex.org/W2027847621","https://openalex.org/W2048326362","https://openalex.org/W2072749042","https://openalex.org/W2090636301","https://openalex.org/W2106594414","https://openalex.org/W2133363231","https://openalex.org/W2143150650","https://openalex.org/W2151212657","https://openalex.org/W2300425264","https://openalex.org/W2485673055","https://openalex.org/W2796532145","https://openalex.org/W2797213627","https://openalex.org/W2799378189","https://openalex.org/W2801328113","https://openalex.org/W3205008518"],"related_works":["https://openalex.org/W7166809649","https://openalex.org/W115709804","https://openalex.org/W72774727","https://openalex.org/W7138962209","https://openalex.org/W2125035350","https://openalex.org/W4320073923","https://openalex.org/W4415703955","https://openalex.org/W7139638357","https://openalex.org/W1208036697","https://openalex.org/W4402602459"],"abstract_inverted_index":{"The":[0,106],"\u2018true\u2019":[1],"identity":[2],"and":[3,44,77,80,118,126,135,161],"supposed":[4],"historical":[5],"significance":[6],"of":[7,34,70,75,84,92,121,139,150,165,174],"Tiyo":[8],"Soga":[9,50],"(1829\u201371)":[10],"has":[11,51],"changed":[12],"through":[13,38],"time.":[14],"Lauded":[15],"by":[16],"his":[17,48,136],"first":[18,41,65],"biographer":[19],"(John":[20],"Chalmers)":[21],"as":[22],"\u2018A":[23],"Model":[24],"Kafir\u2019,":[25],"someone":[26],"who":[27],"lived":[28],"an":[29],"exemplary":[30],"life":[31],"in":[32,61,97,113,153,155,167,178],"terms":[33],"the":[35,40,64,73,78,81,90,148],"\u2018civilizing":[36],"mission\u2019":[37],"becoming":[39],"Xhosa":[42,141],"minister":[43],"tireless":[45],"missionary":[46],"to":[47],"\u2018countrymen\u2019,":[49],"subsequently":[52],"been":[53],"hailed,":[54],"one":[55],"might":[56],"say":[57],"claimed":[58],"(or":[59],"reclaimed?),":[60],"succession":[62],"as:":[63],"\u2018New":[66],"African\u2019;":[67],"\u2018the":[68],"father":[69,83],"black":[71,85,143],"nationalism\u2019;":[72],"progenitor":[74],"Ethiopianism":[76],"ANC;":[79],"\u2018founding":[82],"modernity\u2019.":[86],"This":[87],"article":[88],"revisits":[89],"question":[91],"Soga\u2019s":[93,116,163],"self-avowed,":[94],"but":[95],"now":[96],"contemporary":[98],"South":[99],"Africa":[100],"downplayed":[101],"or":[102,142],"disavowed,":[103],"British":[104,124],"loyalism.":[105],"argument":[107],"is":[108],"that":[109,127],"such":[110,133,157],"loyalism":[111,158],"was":[112],"keeping":[114],"with":[115,180],"experience":[117],"theoretical":[119],"understanding":[120],"mid":[122],"nineteenth-century":[123],"nationalism":[125],"he":[128],"saw":[129],"no":[130,176],"contradiction":[131],"between":[132],"Britishness":[134],"own":[137],"sense":[138],"\u2018Gaika\u2019,":[140],"African":[144],"identity.":[145],"To":[146],"paraphrase":[147],"words":[149],"John":[151],"Iliffe":[152],"Honour":[154],"Africa,":[156],"stemmed":[159],"from,":[160],"allowed,":[162],"adoption":[164],"\u2018respectability\u2019":[166],"order":[168],"\u2018to":[169],"liberate\u2019":[170],"himself":[171],"\u2018from":[172],"ideas":[173],"honour":[175],"longer":[177],"tune":[179],"[his":[181],"perception":[182],"of]":[183],"reality\u2019.":[184]},"counts_by_year":[{"year":2026,"cited_by_count":2},{"year":2024,"cited_by_count":2},{"year":2022,"cited_by_count":1},{"year":2021,"cited_by_count":1},{"year":2020,"cited_by_count":2},{"year":2019,"cited_by_count":2},{"year":2017,"cited_by_count":2},{"year":2016,"cited_by_count":4},{"year":2015,"cited_by_count":1},{"year":2014,"cited_by_count":1}],"updated_date":"2026-09-23T05:00:35.095934","created_date":"2016-06-24T00:00:00"}
