{"id":"https://openalex.org/W2169909283","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1747-4469.1977.tb00723.x","title":"Specialization and Prestige in the Legal Profession: The Structure of Deference","display_name":"Specialization and Prestige in the Legal Profession: The Structure of Deference","publication_year":1977,"publication_date":"1977-01-01","ids":{"openalex":"https://openalex.org/W2169909283","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1747-4469.1977.tb00723.x","mag":"2169909283"},"language":"en","primary_location":{"id":"doi:10.1111/j.1747-4469.1977.tb00723.x","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1747-4469.1977.tb00723.x","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1747-4469.1977.tb00723.x","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S104241220","display_name":"American Bar Foundation Research Journal","issn_l":"0361-9486","issn":["0361-9486","2328-0212"],"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"listed_in":[],"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310311721","host_organization_name":"Cambridge University Press","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310311721","https://openalex.org/P4310311702"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Cambridge University Press","University of Cambridge"],"type":"journal"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"American Bar Foundation Research Journal","raw_type":"journal-article"},"volume":null,"type":"article","is_traditional":true,"indexed_in":["crossref"],"open_access":{"is_oa":false,"oa_status":"closed","oa_url":null,"any_repository_has_fulltext":false},"authorships":[{"author_position":"first","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5112248657","display_name":"Edward O. Laumann","orcid":null,"observed_orcids":[]},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I136199984","display_name":"Harvard University","ror":"https://ror.org/03vek6s52","country_code":"US","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I136199984"]},{"id":"https://openalex.org/I19645662","display_name":"American Bar Foundation","ror":"https://ror.org/02kjq0603","country_code":"US","type":"nonprofit","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I19645662"]},{"id":"https://openalex.org/I40347166","display_name":"University of Chicago","ror":"https://ror.org/024mw5h28","country_code":"US","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I40347166"]},{"id":"https://openalex.org/I70571728","display_name":"Oberlin College","ror":"https://ror.org/05ac26z88","country_code":"US","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I70571728"]}],"countries":["US"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Edward O. Laumann","raw_affiliation_strings":["Edward O. Laumann is Professor of Sociology and Director of the Center for Social Organization Studies, University of Chicago, and Affiliated Scholar, American Bar Foundation. A.B., Oberlin College, 1960; Ph.D., Harvard University, 1964"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Edward O. Laumann is Professor of Sociology and Director of the Center for Social Organization Studies, University of Chicago, and Affiliated Scholar, American Bar Foundation. A.B., Oberlin College, 1960; Ph.D., Harvard University, 1964","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I136199984","https://openalex.org/I19645662","https://openalex.org/I40347166","https://openalex.org/I70571728"]}]},{"author_position":"last","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5108230516","display_name":"John P. Heinz","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-1344-2591","observed_orcids":["https://orcid.org/0000-0002-1344-2591"]},"institutions":[],"countries":[],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"John P. Heinz","raw_affiliation_strings":[],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[]}],"institutions":[],"countries_distinct_count":1,"institutions_distinct_count":4,"corresponding_author_ids":[],"corresponding_institution_ids":[],"apc_list":null,"apc_paid":null,"fwci":55.8419,"has_fulltext":false,"cited_by_count":56,"citation_normalized_percentile":{"value":0.99764387,"is_in_top_1_percent":true,"is_in_top_10_percent":true},"cited_by_percentile_year":{"min":87,"max":97},"biblio":{"volume":"2","issue":"1","first_page":"155","last_page":"155"},"is_retracted":false,"is_paratext":false,"is_xpac":false,"primary_topic":{"id":"https://openalex.org/T13075","display_name":"Legal Systems and Judicial Processes","score":0.6880000233650208,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/3308","display_name":"Law"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/33","display_name":"Social Sciences"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/2","display_name":"Social Sciences"}},"topics":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/T13075","display_name":"Legal Systems and Judicial Processes","score":0.6880000233650208,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/3308","display_name":"Law"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/33","display_name":"Social Sciences"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/2","display_name":"Social Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T12755","display_name":"Legal Education and Practice Innovations","score":0.2824999988079071,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/3308","display_name":"Law"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/33","display_name":"Social Sciences"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/2","display_name":"Social Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10344","display_name":"Management and Organizational Studies","score":0.009399999864399433,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1407","display_name":"Organizational Behavior and Human Resource Management"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/14","display_name":"Business, Management and Accounting"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/2","display_name":"Social Sciences"}}],"keywords":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/legal-specialization","display_name":"legal specialization","score":0.8759999871253967},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/occupational-prestige","display_name":"occupational prestige","score":0.7599999904632568},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/legal-profession","display_name":"legal profession","score":0.621999979019165},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/customer-types","display_name":"customer types","score":0.6510000228881836},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/intellectual-challenge","display_name":"intellectual challenge","score":0.824999988079071},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/corporate-law","display_name":"corporate law","score":0.5490000247955322},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/personal-suffering","display_name":"personal suffering","score":0.5950000286102295},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/professional-power","display_name":"professional power","score":0.597000002861023}],"concepts":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2778329345","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q919978","display_name":"Prestige","level":2,"score":0.9644397497177124},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2780597233","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q396568","display_name":"Deference","level":2,"score":0.6791948676109314},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C20387591","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q930752","display_name":"Specialty","level":2,"score":0.6783283948898315},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C170692843","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q15987302","display_name":"Legal profession","level":2,"score":0.4705011546611786},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2776035688","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1606558","display_name":"Affect (linguistics)","level":2,"score":0.4537222683429718},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C57868080","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7075807","display_name":"Occupational prestige","level":4,"score":0.4505966603755951},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C199539241","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7748","display_name":"Law","level":1,"score":0.4424593448638916},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2993791327","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2628882","display_name":"Legal status","level":2,"score":0.4169028401374817},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C17744445","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q36442","display_name":"Political science","level":0,"score":0.40810444951057434},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C144024400","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q21201","display_name":"Sociology","level":0,"score":0.3534456491470337},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C39549134","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q133080","display_name":"Public relations","level":1,"score":0.350711464881897},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C15744967","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q9418","display_name":"Psychology","level":0,"score":0.3034471273422241},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2908647359","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2625603","display_name":"Population","level":2,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C138885662","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q5891","display_name":"Philosophy","level":0,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C147077947","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1515895","display_name":"Socioeconomic status","level":3,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C149923435","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q37732","display_name":"Demography","level":1,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C41895202","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q8162","display_name":"Linguistics","level":1,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C118552586","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7867","display_name":"Psychiatry","level":1,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C46312422","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11024","display_name":"Communication","level":1,"score":0.0}],"mesh":[],"locations_count":2,"locations":[{"id":"doi:10.1111/j.1747-4469.1977.tb00723.x","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1747-4469.1977.tb00723.x","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1747-4469.1977.tb00723.x","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S104241220","display_name":"American Bar Foundation Research Journal","issn_l":"0361-9486","issn":["0361-9486","2328-0212"],"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"listed_in":[],"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310311721","host_organization_name":"Cambridge University Press","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310311721","https://openalex.org/P4310311702"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Cambridge University Press","University of Cambridge"],"type":"journal"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"American Bar Foundation Research Journal","raw_type":"journal-article"},{"id":"doi:10.1086/491825","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1086/491825","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1086/491825","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S104241220","display_name":"American Bar Foundation Research Journal","issn_l":"0361-9486","issn":["0361-9486","2328-0212"],"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"listed_in":[],"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310311721","host_organization_name":"Cambridge University Press","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310311721","https://openalex.org/P4310311702"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Cambridge University Press","University of Cambridge"],"type":"journal"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"American Bar Foundation Research Journal","raw_type":"journal-article"}],"best_oa_location":null,"sustainable_development_goals":[{"score":0.6601999998092651,"id":"https://metadata.un.org/sdg/16","display_name":"Peace, justice, and strong institutions"}],"study_designs":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/study-designs/observational-study","display_name":"Observational Study"}],"awards":[],"funders":[],"has_content":{"pdf":false,"grobid_xml":false},"content_urls":null,"referenced_works_count":14,"referenced_works":["https://openalex.org/W1974851736","https://openalex.org/W1983606116","https://openalex.org/W1998871699","https://openalex.org/W2007736205","https://openalex.org/W2011416247","https://openalex.org/W2021111214","https://openalex.org/W2024353499","https://openalex.org/W2036103251","https://openalex.org/W2108047036","https://openalex.org/W2108325248","https://openalex.org/W2138989645","https://openalex.org/W2582804207","https://openalex.org/W2797615991","https://openalex.org/W3130177879"],"related_works":["https://openalex.org/W2151566656","https://openalex.org/W2312516741","https://openalex.org/W2564459533","https://openalex.org/W2795543229","https://openalex.org/W2315882993","https://openalex.org/W2031581722","https://openalex.org/W2011416247","https://openalex.org/W574227368","https://openalex.org/W3004029843","https://openalex.org/W1982116903"],"abstract_inverted_index":{"The":[0,145],"process":[1],"of":[2,20,30,34,56,72,75,80,99,113,121,180,188,200,212,214],"specialization":[3],"is":[4,131,167,191],"now":[5],"well":[6],"advanced":[7],"within":[8,92,164],"the":[9,13,23,28,31,35,51,57,67,70,84,93,97,102,111,118,122,125,136,143,165,171,175,178,185,189,195,201,210],"legal":[10,94,149],"profession,":[11],"and":[12,54,96,110,124,183,197,207],"specialties":[14,150,190],"have":[15],"acquired":[16],"clearly":[17],"varying":[18,186],"levels":[19],"prestige":[21,52,91,109,130,163,187],"among":[22],"practicing":[24,141],"bar.":[25],"What":[26],"are":[27,86],"characteristics":[29],"specialties,":[32],"or":[33],"lawyers":[36,140,202,215],"who":[37,203],"practice":[38,204],"in":[39,47,142,205],"them,":[40,66],"that":[41,59,101,129,148,151,162,184],"might":[42,60],"account":[43,64],"for":[44,65],"these":[45],"variations":[46],"prestige?":[48],"In":[49],"describing":[50],"differences":[53],"several":[55],"variables":[58],"be":[61],"thought":[62],"to":[63,170,173,193,208],"authors":[68,146],"analyze":[69],"results":[71],"a":[73,76,87,105,160],"survey":[74],"large":[77],"random":[78],"sample":[79],"Chicago":[81],"lawyers.":[82],"Among":[83],"findings":[85],"strong":[88],"relationship":[89],"between":[90,108],"profession":[95,166],"type":[98],"clients":[100],"specialty":[103,176],"serves,":[104],"substantial":[106],"correlation":[107],"degree":[112,172],"intellectual":[114],"challenge":[115],"presented":[116],"by":[117,139],"subject":[119],"matter":[120],"specialty,":[123],"perhaps":[126],"surprising":[127],"result":[128],"not":[132],"significantly":[133],"associated":[134],"with":[135],"income":[137],"earned":[138],"specialty.":[144],"conclude":[147],"regularly":[152],"confront":[153],"personal":[154],"suffering":[155],"lose":[156],"social":[157],"standing":[158],"as":[159],"result,":[161],"directly":[168],"proportional":[169],"which":[174],"facilitates":[177],"conduct":[179],"corporate":[181],"enterprise,":[182],"likely":[192],"affect":[194],"political":[196],"professional":[198],"power":[199],"them":[206],"influence":[209],"patterns":[211],"recruitment":[213],"into":[216],"law":[217],"practice.":[218]},"counts_by_year":[{"year":2025,"cited_by_count":1},{"year":2024,"cited_by_count":2},{"year":2023,"cited_by_count":2},{"year":2022,"cited_by_count":1},{"year":2021,"cited_by_count":1},{"year":2020,"cited_by_count":1},{"year":2019,"cited_by_count":1},{"year":2018,"cited_by_count":1},{"year":2016,"cited_by_count":1},{"year":2015,"cited_by_count":2},{"year":2014,"cited_by_count":1},{"year":2013,"cited_by_count":3},{"year":2012,"cited_by_count":2}],"updated_date":"2026-11-10T11:39:43.021295","created_date":"2016-06-24T00:00:00"}
